Transcript
Page 1: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.0x Earth from the moon

Page 2: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.1 Distribution and abundance of the red kangaroo in Australia, based on aerial surveys

Page 3: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.x1 Patterns of distribution in the biosphere

Page 4: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.2 Sample questions at different levels of ecology

Page 5: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.4 Biogeographic realms

Page 6: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.5 Flowchart of factors limiting geographic distribution

Page 7: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.6 Set of transplant experiments for a hypothetical species

Page 8: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.7 Spread of the African honeybee in the Americas since 1956

Page 9: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.8 Expansion of the geographic range of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) since its discovery near Detroit in 1988

Page 10: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.7x Zebra mussels

Page 11: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.9 Predator-removal experiments

Page 12: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.10 A climograph for some major kinds of ecosystems (biomes) in North America

Page 13: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.11 Solar radiation and latitude

Page 14: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.12 What causes the seasons?

Page 15: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.13 Global air circulation, precipitation, and winds

Page 16: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.14 How mountains affect rainfall

Page 17: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.15 Lake stratification and seasonal turnover (Layer 4)

Page 18: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.16 Current geographic range and predicted future range for the American beech (Fagus grandifolia) under two climate-change scenarios

Page 19: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.17 The distribution of major aquatic biomes

Page 20: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.18 Zonation in a lake

Page 21: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.19 Freshwater biomes: Oligotrophic lake (left), eutrophic lake (top right), stream flowing into a river (bottom right)

Page 22: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.20 Damming the Columbia River Basin

Page 23: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.21 Wetlands (top) and estuaries (bottom)

Page 24: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.22 Zonation in the marine environment

Page 25: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.23 Examples of marine biomes

Page 26: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.23cx Black smoker

Page 27: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.24 The distribution of major terrestrial biomes

Page 28: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.25a Tropical forests

Page 29: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.25b Savanna

Page 30: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.25bx Savanna

Page 31: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.25c Deserts

Page 32: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.25d Chaparral

Page 33: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.25dx Chaparral

Page 34: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.25e Temperate grassland

Page 35: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 20.25f Temperate deciduous forest

Page 36: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 20.25g Coniferous forests

Page 37: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 20.25h Tundra

Page 38: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.26 A hierarchy of scales for analyzing the geographic distribution of the moss Tetraphis

Page 39: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 50.27 Most species have small geographic ranges

Page 40: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 52.0 Monarch butterflies

Page 41: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 52.1 Aerial census for African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Serengeti of East Africa

Page 42: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 52.2 Patterns of dispersion within a population’s geographic range

Page 43: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 52.2ax2 Clumped dispersion: buffalo, swans, fish, lupine

Page 44: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Table 52.1 Life Table for Belding Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus beldini) at Tioga Pass, in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California

Page 45: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Table 52.2 Reproductive Table for Belding Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi) at Tioga Pass, in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California

Page 46: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 52.3 Idealized survivorship curves

Page 47: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 52.4 An example of big-bang reproduction: Agave (century plant)

Page 48: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 52.5 Cost of reproduction in female red deer on the island of Rhum, in Scotland

Page 49: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 52.6 Probability of survival over the following year for European kestrels after raising a modified brood

Page 50: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 52.7 Variation in seed crop size in plants: Dandelion and coconut palm

Page 51: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 52.8 Population growth predicted by the exponential model

Page 52: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 52.9 Example of exponential population growth in nature

Page 53: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 52.10 Reduction of population growth rate with increasing population size (N)

Page 54: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Table 52.3 A Hypothetical Example of Logistic Population Growth, Where K=1,000 and rmax=0.05 per Individual per Year

Page 55: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 52.11 Population growth predicted by the logistic model

Page 56: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 52.12 How well do these populations fit the logistic population growth model?

Page 57: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 52.14 Decreased fecundity at high population densities

Page 58: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 52.15 Decreased survivorship at high population densities

Page 59: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 52.16 Decline in the breeding population of the northern pintail (Anas actua) from 1955 to 1998

Page 60: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 52.17 Long-term study of the moose (Alces alces) population of Isle Royale, Michigan

Page 61: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 52.18 Extreme population fluctuations

Page 62: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 52.19 Population cycles in the snowshoe hare and lynx

Page 63: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 52.20 Human population growth

Page 64: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 52.21 Demographic transition in Sweden and Mexico, 1750-1997

Page 65: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 52.22 Age-structure pyramids for the human population of Kenya (growing at 2.1% per year), the United States (growing at 0.6% per year), and Italy (zero growth) for 1995

Page 66: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 52.23 Ecological footprint in relation to available ecological capacity

Page 67: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.0 Lion with kill in a grassland community

Page 68: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.1 Testing the individualistic and interactive hypotheses of communities

Page 69: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Table 53.1 Interspecific Interactions

Page 70: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.2 Testing a competitive exclusion hypothesis in the field

Page 71: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.3a Resource partitioning in a group of lizards

Page 72: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.3bc Anolis distichus (left) and Anolis insolitus (right)

Page 73: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.4 Character displacement: circumstantial evidence for competition in nature

Page 74: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.5 Camouflage: Poor-will (left), lizard (right)

Page 75: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.6 Aposematic (warning) coloration in a poisonous blue frog

Page 76: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.x1 Deceptive coloration: moth with "eyeballs"

Page 77: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.7 Batesian mimicry

Page 78: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.8 Müllerian mimicry: Cuckoo bee (left), yellow jacket (right)

Page 79: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.x2 Parasitic behavior: A female Nasonia vitripennis laying a clutch of eggs into the pupa of a blowfly (Phormia regina)

Page 80: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.9 Mutualism between acacia trees and ants

Page 81: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.x3 Commensalism between a bird and mammal

Page 82: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.10 Examples of terrestrial and marine food chains

Page 83: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.11 An antarctic marine food web

Page 84: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.12 Partial food web for the Chesapeake Bay estuary on the U.S. Atlantic coast

Page 85: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.13 Test of the energetic hypothesis for the restriction on food chain length

Page 86: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.14a Testing a keystone predator hypothesis

Page 87: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.14b Testing a keystone predator hypothesis

Page 88: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.15 Sea otters as keystone predators in the North Pacific

Page 89: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.16 Routine disturbance in a grassland community

Page 90: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.17 Storm disturbance to coral reef communities: Heron Island Reef in Australia

Page 91: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.x4 Environmental patchiness caused by small-scale disturbances: A fallen tree

Page 92: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.18x2 Forest fire

Page 93: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.18 Patchiness and recovery following a large-scale disturbance

Page 94: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.18x1 Large-scale disturbance: Mount St. Helens

Page 95: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.19 A glacial retreat in southeastern Alaska

Page 96: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Table 53.2 The Pattern of Succession on Moraines in Glacier Bay

Page 97: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.20 Alders and cottonwoods covering the hillsides

Page 98: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.20 Spruce coming into the alder and cottonwood forest

Page 99: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.20 Spruce and hemlock forest

Page 100: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.21 Which forest is more diverse?

Page 101: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.22 Relative abundance of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) captured in a light trap in Rothamsted, England

Page 102: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.24 Energy and species richness

Page 103: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.25 Species-area curve for North American birds

Page 104: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.26 The hypothesis of island biogeography

Page 105: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 53.27 Number of plant species on the Galápagos Islands in relation to the area of the island

Page 106: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.0 A terrarium, an example of an ecosystem

Page 107: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.1 An overview of ecosystem dynamics

Page 108: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.2 Fungi decomposing a log

Page 109: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.3 Primary production of different ecosystems

Page 110: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.4 Regional annual net primary production for Earth

Page 111: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.5 Vertical distribution of temperature, nutrients, and production in the upper layer of the central North Pacific during summer

Page 112: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.6 Experiments on nutrient limitations to phytoplankton production in coastal waters of Long Island

Page 113: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Table 54.1 Nutrient Enrichment Experiments for Sargasso Sea Samples

Page 114: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.7 Remote sensing of primary production in oceans

Page 115: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.8 The experimental eutrophication of a lake

Page 116: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.9 Nutrient addition experiments in a Hudson Bay salt marsh

Page 117: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.10 Energy partitioning within a link of the food chain

Page 118: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.11 An idealized pyramid of net production

Page 119: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.12 Pyramids of biomass (standing crop)

Page 120: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.13 A pyramid of numbers

Page 121: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.14 Food energy available to the human population at different trophic levels

Page 122: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.15 A general model of nutrient cycling

Page 123: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.16 The water cycle

Page 124: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.17 The carbon cycle

Page 125: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.18 The nitrogen cycle

Page 126: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.19 The phosphorous cycle

Page 127: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.20 Review: Generalized scheme for biogeochemical cycles

Page 128: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.21 Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Concrete dams (left), logged watersheds (right)

Page 129: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.21c Nutrient cycling in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: an example of long-term ecological research

Page 130: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.22 Agricultural impact on soil nutrients

Page 131: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.23a Distribution of acid precipitation in North America and Europe

Page 132: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.23b U.S. map profiling pH averages for precipitation in 1999

Page 133: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.24 We’ve changed our tune

Page 134: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.25 Biological magnification of DDT in a food chain

Page 135: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.26 The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide and average temperatures from 1958 to 2000

Page 136: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.27a Erosion of Earth’s ozone shield: The ozone hole over the Antarctic

Page 137: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 54.27b Erosion of Earth’s ozone shield: Thickness of the ozone layer

Page 138: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.0 Deforestation of tropical forests

Page 139: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.00x Deforestation in the United States

Page 140: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.1 Three levels of biodiversity

Page 141: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.2 A hundred heartbeats from extinction: Philippine eagle (left), Chinese river dolphin (right)

Page 142: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.3 The rosy periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus): a plant that saves lives

Page 143: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.4 What scientists learned about ecosystem services from the world’s largest terrarium

Page 144: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.5 Fragmentation of a forest ecosystem

Page 145: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.6 The history of habitat reduction and fragmentation in a Wisconsin forest

Page 146: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.7 Disastrous species introductions: Nile perch (top left), brown tree snake (top right), Argentine ants (bottom left), seaweed Caulerpa (bottom right)

Page 147: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.7x Zebra mussels

Page 148: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.8 The great auk (Pinguinis impennis)

Page 149: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.9 North Atlantic bluefin tuna auctioned in a Japanese fish market

Page 150: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.10 The extinction vortex of the small-population approach

Page 151: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.11 The decline of the greater prairie chicken (Tympanuchus cupido) in central Illinois from 1970 to 1997

Page 152: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.12 Two species of edible plants whose persistence is threatened by habitat loss and overharvesting

Page 153: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.13 Long-term monitoring of a grizzly bear population

Page 154: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.14 Habitat requirements of the red-cockaded woodpecker

Page 155: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.15 Edges between ecosystems

Page 156: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.16 An artificial corridor

Page 157: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.17 Some biodiversity hot spots

Page 158: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.18 The legal and biotic boundaries for grizzly bears in Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks

Page 159: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.19 Zoned reserves in Costa Rica

Page 160: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.19 Local schoolchildren marvel at the diversity of life in one of Costa Rica's reserves

Page 161: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.20b An endangered, endemic species in its unique habitat

Page 162: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.21 The size-time relationship for community recovery from natural (salmon-colored) and human-caused (white) disasters

Page 163: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.22 Restoration of degraded roadsides in the tropics

Page 164: Figure 50.0x  Earth from the moon

Figure 55.23 Biophilia, past and present