© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 1
BRKSPM-5127
3G/4G FemtocellArchitecture and Design
Dave Burns
July 12, 2011
Manager, Systems Engineering
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 2
• Femtocell Introduction and Review
• Market Drivers
• Femtocell Standards/Architectures
• Cisco Femtocell StrategyHome Node B, Home Node B Gateway, Zero Touch Provisioning, and Network Elements
• Cisco Femtocell Key Features
• Cisco Femtocell Architecture Evolution
• Summary
Agenda
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Femto Introduction and Review
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What Is a Femtocell?
Picocell
Macrocell
Femtocell
In-Home
• Focus of this topic is FemtocellIn-house coverage
• Compare and contrast with Macrocell, PicocellFemto provides in fill for Macro and Pico
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What Is a Femtocell?
OperatorManagement & Services
Standard Handset
FemtocellHome Node B
FemtocellHNB Gateway
BroadbandConnection
LicensedSpectrum
LicensedSpectrum
Residential GW
Macro Cellular Network
Femto Cellular Network
Tiny Home Base Station Radio signal inside
the home Standalone device or
integrated into home gateway Works with all standard
handsets
Connects to the Core Network via the Internet Part of the wireless carrier’s
network Uses home broadband
connection for backhaul
Typical Specification
Low power output Short range
BTSWireless Core(MSC,SGSN)
Internet
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2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Femtocell Market Accelerates Mass Market Femtocell Adoption
Technology challenges are being ironed out- Luh standardized and gains momentum- Interference problem solved in mass market- Femto from/to macro handover- Provisioning and Management still in the works
Market launches are driven by HSPA - Coverage benefits with bb speeds of 7.2 Mbps- Major infrastructure vendors support femto- ASP goes down from $200 to sub $150
Regulation - Spectrum ownership an issue - Competition with bb fixed- Health risks
Technology is market proven- Interference and handover solved- Multiple architectures deployed- Cost effectiveness of mass deployment- OpEx reductions from mobile offload
Market develops- Consumer and enterprise market develop sophisticated offerings (DSL+VOIP+mobilebb+mobile+femto) - Pricing sub $100 gets widely available. bb cpe vendors such as Netgear get into the market
Regulation evolves to accommodate femtos - Services based requirements begin- Universal coverage - No professional installation required
Sources Infonetics, (03/09)
Femtocell Deployment to Accelerate
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Market Drivers
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Hierarchical Networks are the Only Answer
Spectrum allocation is not increasing significantly Small cells are the only answer to exponential growth in data traffic Ultimately, physics will drive this transition
Macro
ConsumerFemto
BusinessFemto Metro Femto
In Summary: Why Femto?Scaling CoverageDelivering 66 Fold Increase in Capacity
1000
100
10
11990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Gro
wth
Spectrum
AverageMacro CellEfficiency
Capacity
Source: Agilent
Future Networks supporting the Mobile Internet will need to seamlessly integrate a lot more smaller cells
Femtocells Reduce Costs
A 66-fold increase in mobile data over five years will make femtocells irresistible as a cost reduction play
For any carrier, the tipping point existsThe key is to develop tools and techniques to determine where the crossover point lies
kbps per subscriber
Dollarcost per
subscriberFemtocell Costs
Macrocell Costs
Tipping Point
Time
Femtocells Have Many Cisco Adjacencies
Increasing Price and Complexity
Open InterfacesAdjacency to
ConnectedHome
Adjacency to ConnectedEnterprise
ASR 5000
Other FAP Partners
Home SMB EnterpriseCommercial
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Mobile Operator Opportunities With Femto
Reducing Operational Costs• Backhaul of cell tower traffic accounts
for 20% of mobile operator OpEx
• Site acquisition, leasing costs, power costs
• Capacity demand is expected to be 4x to 10x as migration to 3Gand 4G proceeds
Increasing Revenue/Reducing Churn• High quality WiFi/3G/4G signal in the home
• Enables new bundled service offerings (triple/ quad play)
Improving In-Home Coverage Significant percentage of mobile
voice originates in the home
Poor coverage leads to unhappy customers – churn
Delivery of high speed data in the home is challenging with macrocell network
Increase mobile device battery life
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Mobile Operator Opportunities With Femto
Femtozone Services Leveraging Location Awareness and Local IP Access (LIPA) Capabilities
Virtual home number
Presence alerts in entering and exiting the home
Photo and video upload to home computer
Instant Podcast reload
Seamless mobility between home and macro network
Home network available from anywhere
Control Security, Appliance, Temperature
Synchronize music and video
Automatically backup content
Secure Access to home server, media
Connected Home ServicesSecure Remote IP Access (RIPA)
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Mobile Operator: Femto Market Insertion*
Subs
crib
er T
raffi
c an
d R
even
ue G
row
th
Service Adoption Timeline
Cross Chasm
2008 2012
Connected Home Device convergence, home gateway Improved applications; QoS, presence,
immersion gaming More trust in SP
Connected Enterprise / UC Managed voice and data Always secure Triple play for businessesStandalone Femto
Improve indoor coverage Mostly voice, some data Price and business
case being worked on
Early Adopters Mass Market
*Based on Operator’s feedback and present industry direction
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Smaller Cells for Increased Capacity• MSP are faced with capacity crunch in their network (radio, backhaul, core)
• Three ways to increase network capacity
Additional spectrum
Radio access efficiency
Densify the network by adding sites
• Various status and gains with the options
Spectrum is a finite resource
Radio technology is getting closer to the physical limit (see graph)
Smaller cells is a valid option but requires tight interference management
• Femto/Pico is definitely one way to maximize the radio capacity while avoiding congestion on the backhaul
• Femto will be even more attractive for higher spectrum radio (e.g. LTE)
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Projected Femtocell CPE Shipment
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Projected Femtocell CPE Price per Unit
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Femto Positioning
Complements Macro• Improved Coverage for users• Cost Efficient Backhaul Model• Willingness to pay and how much?
Personalized Experience• New Revenue Streams• Creates stickiness, Service bundling• User willing to pay premium
Balance Femto Positioning to Both Sides of the Equation
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Sample of Femto Commercial OffersOperator Offering Technology Launch Country Vendor
Airave CDMA (1xRTT) Aug 08 USA Samsung
Home Zone WCDMA (HSDPA) Dec 08 Singapore Huawei
Network Extender CDMA (1xRTT) Jan 09 USA Samsung
Sure Signal (UK)Voz y Datos Premium (Sp)Vodafone Access Gateway (Gr)
WCDMA (HSDPA)July 09June 10July 10
UKSpainGreece
ALUHuaweiHuawei
Microcell WCDMA (HSDPA) Sept 09Apr 10 (Nal)
USA Cisco
3G Inn WCDMA (HSDPA) Oct 09 China Huawei
MyArea WCDMA (HSDPA) Nov 09 Japan NEC, Mitsubishi
Home 3G WCDMA (HSDPA) Nov 09 France NEC, Ubiquisys& Kineto
Sinal On HSDPA Dec 09 Portugal Huawei
FT Home Antenna HSDPA Jan 2010 Japan NEC, Ubiquisys
Au Femtocell CDMA June 2010 Japan Airvana, Hitachi
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AT&T Deployment• AT&T microcell officially announced during CTIA
http://www.wireless.att.com/learn/why/3gmicrocell/
• National network has been deployed with full zero-touch provisioning
• Full Cisco solution see the following link
http://cisco.com/en/US/solutions/ns341/ns973/att_microcell.html
BEST COMMERCIAL FEMTO LAUNCH
AT&T’s 3G MicroCell National Deployment
“AT&T’s 3G MicroCell deployment with Cisco caught the judges’ eyes fortwo crucial reasons. First and foremost, it emphasised the importance ofthe customer at the heart of the femtocell experience, positioningtechnology very much as an enabler, rather than an end in itself. Secondly,the deployment is on a national scale, which given the US market’s sizeadds an additional layer of complexity”, agreed the judges.
London, England - June 23, 2010
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Femtocell Standards/Architectures
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Organisations and Standards Bodies Involved in Femtocell
• Market representative organisation pushing femto as the de facto solution for in home coverage for all technologies (WCDMA, CDMA, WiMAX)
Several working groups covering service requirements (wg1), radio and interference management (wg2), network architecture (wg3) and legal issues (wg4)
• 3G/GSM standardisation BodyDefining standards femtocell architecture and interface for 3G and LTER8 contains initial set of standards published. Follow-on functionalities being specified in R9 and R10.
• DSL standardisation bodyObjective is to reuse TR-069 framework for zero-touch provisioning of FemtocellAccess Point. Femto specific data model (WT-196) published in April 2009
• Mobile SP organisation looking at beyond 3G services and architectureFully supporting FemtoForum work on Femtocell for LTE
• Mobile SP organisation defining interoperability and deployment guidelinesPublished guidelines on Femto security and broadband network reqs
www.femtoforum.org
www.gsmworld.com
www.3gpp.org
www.ngmn.org
www.broadband-forum.org
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Femto Forum Activities• Defined Femtocell requirements (including end-user services, OAM,
Security, Network Integration, Enterprise femto, etc.)
• Whitepapers available on the femto forum website: www.femtoforum.org
• Femto Forum major deliverablesBusiness case (full analysis has been recently released)
Interference management whitepapers (3G and LTE)
UE power consumption
• Femto Forum current focusFemto enterprise architecture and use cases
Chipset API (FAPI)
Local breakout requirements
Legal and regulatory requirements
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FemtoAccess PointMobile
Device
Home GW
Femto GW
Femto Management System
FAP-MS FGW-MS
FL
Fa/Iuh
SeGW
Fixed Broadband Interconnect
Radio/Uu
Fm/TR-069
Fg/tbd
CS Core
PS Core
Subscriber Databases
Fb-cs/Iu-cs
Fb-ps/Iu-ps
Fr/tbd
HPLMN Core Network
IMS Core
Fb-ims/I2
HPLMN RAN
FemtoForum Reference Architecture
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3GPP Femto Standards Content• WCDMA and LTE Femto standard defined in 3GPP starting with R8• RAN-based architecture with standard interface between H(e)NB and H(e)NBGW
Iuh for WCDMA (3G TS 25.467, 468, 469) S1 for LTE (note that for LTE HNBGW is optional)
• Standard interfaces to the core network• Access control
Based on Closed Subscriber Group definition (CSG Id is broadcasted by the HNB and part of user subscription data)
• Full Mobility support (starting with R9), inc. femto-to-femto as well• IPSec tunnel between HNB and HNBGW
IKEv2 with X.509 based authentication (SIM based is optional)
• HNB ProvisioningTR-069/TR-196 interface and data model
• Management (3G TS 32.581, 582, 583, 584)Standard configuration and performance management interface (XML based)
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Iuh Interface Details
• HNBAP defined in 3G TS
• Procedures includes
HNB (de)registration
UE (de)registration
UEUTRAN
MSC/VLR
HNB-GWIuh
HNB
L1/L2IP
HNBAP
SCTP
IPsec
L1/L2IP
RANAP
SCTPIPsec
RUA
Iu CS – ATM or IP
SGSNIu PS – ATM or IP
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Iuh Stack – Control Plane
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Iuh Stack – CS and PS Bearer Planes
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3GPP R9 and R10 focus
• HeNB architecture specification (3G TS 36.300) RF aspects Core Architecture (couple of options still in discussion, i.e. with or without HeNB gw)
• CSG concept finalisation• Full Femto mobility
Hand-in and inter-femto (esp. Important for pico)
• Open/hybrid access mode specification• Roaming support• IMS-based femto architecture (postponed to R10)
Different options being discussed: IMS interworking in Femto or in core
• Local Breakout (postponed to R10)Also know as LIPA (Local IP Access)Mechanism to allow traffic to egress directly in the home environmentLikely to be based on local GGSN/PGW in the Femtocell
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Cisco Femtocell Strategy
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Devices and Applications
WiFiFemto
Radio Unified ServiceDelivery
WiMAX
3GLTE
DataCenter
IMS
4G3G
IP RAN
IP/MPLSCore
RAN Backhaul
IP Core
Mobile Packet Core
Enabling Next-Generation Mobile Multimedia Applications and Services
Cisco End-to-End Mobile Internet Network Architecture
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Solution Delivery Service-led approach Prime and take end-to-end responsibility Plan for scale
Technology and Products Design end-to-end architecture with best-of-breed products Pre-standard solution for early delivery Committed to drive and deliver standard solution
Cisco Femtocell Overall Strategy
Solution Definition Leverage Cisco leadership in IP, broadband and mobile Aligns with Connected Home strategy Future integration with Cisco enterprise solutions Initial focus on 3G technology
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Cisco Femtocell Solution
• World Class Zero Touch ProvisioningTrue plug’n’play customer experienceDramatic OpEx reductionThe key to scaling service
• Industry-Leading Mobile Packet Core IntelligencePerformance optimized for throughput, transactions, and densityStandard support easing interoperability (e.g. with third party HNB vendors)
• State of the Art Femtocell APSuperior indoor signal strength and coverageHigh data speeds for an enhanced multimedia experienceSelf-optimization tied to backend network intelligence
•Largest Femtocell DeploymentLarge North American carrierVast experience with integration into carrier network for location verification, billing, management, regulatory compliance
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Project PlanHLDMigration Tools
Femto End-to-End Solution LLDNetwork Migration PlanTest and Validation
Migration ExecutionLab Verification and Multi-Vendor Integration
Discovery WorkshopNetwork AssessmentSite SurveyPrepare
PlanOptimize
Implementation
DesignOperate
Scale for Market Rollout
Operationalize with OSS Systems
Femtocell System IntegrationCisco Services Capabilities
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Zero-touch Provisioning for user self installCheck location (multiple methods: GPS, NWL, IP@, MAC@, etc.)
Customised provisioning integrating with existing backend
Design to minimize user requests to Customer Care
Interference Management (with macro and between femto)Network Listen on all available radio bands (2G and 3G)
Automatic radio settings configuration (UARFCN, SC, CPICH, neighbours, etc.)
Regular monitoring for fine tuning
Network integrationSupport of all existing bearer services (CS and/or PS bearers)
Mobility (Idle and Active mode (Hand-out and Hand-in))
Backhaul support (DL/UL bandwidth, jitter, delay, DSCP)
Key Challenges for Mass Deployment
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• Femtocell managementScalable architecture (design to manage 100ks of HNBs)Non-real time and real time capabilities (Stats file and remote management) Automatic firmware management and upgradeWhitelist management for IMSI based access control
• Securing the femtocellX.509 certificate authentication for HNB (hardware and software (signature)Encryption of all traffic (SSL for management and IPSec for Iuh)Tampering detection
CPE specific requirementsCustomised form factor and capabilitiesIntegrated capabilities (Router, GPS, WiFi (Future))
Key Challenges for Mass Deployment
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Cisco Femtocell End-to-End Solution
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Three Pillars of Femto 3GPP Radio Access Network
Femto Provisioning and Management System
Service Assurance
• These 3 domains are interdependent
• All three required for deployment
• Cisco offers cohesive fully integrated solution
Protocols: Iuh, IPSec, IKE, x.509, RADIUS, DHCP
Radio Signaling, Voice and Data Traffic
Cisco Solution: ASR5000 (HNBW/SeGW); Opt. WSG/7600 (External SeGW)
Protocols: TR-069, HTTPS, x.509, NTP, XMLAuthorization, Configuration, Software Management, Monitoring and Troubleshooting of HNBsCisco Solution: BAC & PMG/FRM (HMS), CAR (AAA), CNR (DHCP)
Protocols: SNMP, Syslog, XML PM Files, HTTPSAlarms, Performance, Config Monitoring, User Authentication, Backup/Restore for Entire Back-EndCisco Solution: EMS (WEM (ASR5k)), Stats Server, Fault, Performance and Config Management
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Cisco End-to-End Femtocell Architecture
5mW output power, configurable (up to 20mW in Q1CY11)
Network Listen (NWL) for auto configuration, interference management and location verification
4 simultaneous active users Up to 3.6Mbps HSDPA (7.2 in
Q1CY11) Emergency call support Certificate based authentication Secure transport (Iuh over Ipsec and
SSL for TR-069)
Optional components Secure DMZ access Single point of termination
for signaling/ management security
ASR5000 SeGW//HNBGW Multifunction platform: S/GGSN,
LTE EPC, etc. High capacity 1:n Stateful redundancy Open/Closed Mode Full mobility
Auto discovery of the network to provide full visibility of network changes
Alarm Monitoring, reporting SLA, statistics monitoring
Fully redundant and scalable architecture
TR-069 standard compliance (planned support for full TR)196)
Northbound interface/API for OSS&BSS integration
Access Control list management HNB status monitoring
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Cisco Femtocell Interoperability• Cisco Femtocell solution complies with 3GPP standards
R8 for Iuh and Iu
R6 (HSDPA/HSUPA) for Uu
• Cisco participated to the first ETSI IOT Plugfest for Iuh with the ASR5k HNBGW (March 2010) and will participate to the next one (April 2011)
Refer to the plugfest test results
• Femto interoperability Status
Iuh - Advanced Iuh Testing has been performed with Argela, Picochip, (Airvana)Customer lab with Femtel, Digimoc, ZyXEL, Panda, etc.
Iu - Core Network IOT includes NSN, Ericsson and ZTE
Uu - Successful test done with major vendors of UEs/Smartphones
• Focus is now on TR-196 support for femto provisioning and management
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Cisco Femto Home Node B (HNB)• Femtocell Hardware
PicoChip chipset for the radio access
Dual memory banks for easy upgrade
• Femtocell Software
IP.Access (for radio and core interfaces)
Cisco Remote Management module (RMM) for provisioning and management; Optionally, integrated router can be supported
• 3G R6 Radio Compliant
UMTS Band I, II, IV and V Support
Single carrier with up to 5 mW (7 dBm) output power
• NetworkListen (NWL) for autoconfiguration/optimisation
Macro network (2G & 3G) scan to select radio parameters (SC, LAC/RAC) & create neighbour list
Interference management (CPICH and power control) based on macro measures
Macro Synchronisation to set internal oscillator (NTP used as backup)
• Service mix
CS and PS support ; up to 3.6Mbps HSDPA (7.2Mbps and 1.4Mbps HSUPA in next release)
4 simultaneous user service limit - Multi-RAB CS/PS combinations per-user
• Transport and Security Capability
IPSec for transport security based on IKEv2 & X.509 certificates, NAT traversal, bandwidth mgmt
Configurable DSCP marking per femto traffic
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Combining Intelligence and Performance
Multimedia Core Platform
ASR 5000
Processing Power
Bandwidth
ROUTER / SWITCH
Servers
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Security Gateway
Access Service Network (ASN) Gateway
Platform
GGSN / SGSN Femto GW
HA / PDSN
Session Control Manager
IP Services Gateway
Network Function Modules
In-Line Services
Enhanced Charging Service
Content Filtering
Stateful Firewall
Peer-to-Peer Detection and Control Dynamic Policy
Intelligent Traffic Control
MME / SGWY / PGWY
TTG / PDG
ASR 5000
Product PortfolioOnly Multi Access Solution Today
Traffic Performance Optimization
DPI
EMS
Mobility Unified
Reporting
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HNB Gateway• Terminate IuH Protocol• Optimized to aggregate more than 100 thousand of HNBs
(Femtocells) into a singe interface to the Core network• Standards-based interfaces with 3GPP Core Network or IMS/SIP
Network• Handover capabilities
Outgoing to Macro (2G, 3G)—Based on identified neighbour cell listIncoming from Macro
• Paging – IMSI based routing• Fully redundant hardware and software architecture • 3G Iu Connectivity
Iuh over IP
IuCS over IP or ATM
IuPS over IP or ATM
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ASR5KOperator Benefits – Deployment Flexibility
IntelligenceMulti-Access Scalability Availability
LTE
Operator BenefitsPerformance
Market Leading Performance
Network intelligenceRecognize and Shape Transactions; In-Line Services
Reliability Voice Grade Reliability
Flexibility Single Node for Multiple Functions; Access Independent
4G / LTE Software Migration to 4G/LTE
Mobile Network
Internet
Enterprise
CDMA2000 or UMTS / HSPA
Femto / WiFi/WiMAX
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MME
PGW/ePDG/HA
GGSNSGW
HNBGW
SGSN
2G/3G EPC/WiFi
Cisco ASR5K: Only Flexible Complete Mobile Core SolutionSeamless Evolution Between 2.5G, 3G, and 4G
• Ultra-high performanceMost bps, MIPS & memory
ThroughputSessionsCall transactions
• Integrated intelligenceIn-line Services and policy enforcement with no performance degradation
• FlexibilityMultiple functions, integration, seamless migration to 4G
• Voice-grade reliability• All functional blocks available on the
same platform today=> no forklift
• Multi access by nature
TTG/PDG
HeNBGW/ePDG
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Internet
UMTS Femto HNB Solution
IuCS
RNC IuPS
MSC/VLR
OAM&P
Iu-PS
D’/Gr’/WxHLR/HSS
Broadband Internet IPSec/Iuh
IPsec/Iuh
RNC
Uu/Um
Uu/Um
HMSEMS
IuCSBB-GW
BB-GW
SeGWHNB-GW
Gn
Uu/Um
HNB BB-GW
IPSec/Iuh
Gn
Gr
Legacy Services
Ga
Femto
Femto
Femto MobileData
Uu/Um
HNB
Uu/Um
HNBSGSN
GGSN
OSS,BSS
BACDPE
BACRDU
FPG
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Iuh Registration with HNB-GW
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ASR5k Combined SeGW/HNBGW
• Integrated Security Gateway 1M+ IPSec IKEv2 TunnelsNAT and Firewall TraversalHNB Authentication (X.509 & EAP-SIM/AKA)SeGW can be enabled/disabled
• Standard compliance (3GPP R8)Iuh over IPIuCS/IuPS over IP or ATMFull Idle and Active mode mobilityOpen/Closed Access modeIntelligent PagingIu Flex
• Future CapabilitiesInternet Offload (SIPTO)3G Packet Core IntegrationIMS Integration & InterworkingIn-Line Service (ITC, ECS, Firewall etc.)
Internet
MSC
SGSN
GGSN
Internet
HNB
IPS
ec
Iuh
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HNBGW Performance and Reliability• Performance
See table below
3,000+ Session/Second
1024 VC per ATM Line Card
• Reliability1:N session redundancy on a single chassis
5 nines figure
Inter-chassis redundancy planned
Parameter Per PPC Max per PPC Chassis
Per PSC2 Max per PSC2 Chassis
# IPSec Tunnels 40,000 500,000 80,000 1,000,000
# HNB with IPSec
40,000 500,000 80,000 1,000,000
# User Sessions 160,000 2,000,000 320,000 4,000,000
# Voice Bearers 20,000 240,000 20,000 240,000
Throughput (Gbps)
1 12 3 36
Note: These Are Max Figures per Dimensioning Parameters, Actual Performance Will Depend on the Specific Traffic Model
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EnginesRoute Switch Processor 720
Ethernet Services ModulesGE and 10GE
with Rich QoS, Distributed, Line-Rate Performance
Services ModulesFirewall, IDS,
SSL Termination, Load Balancing
S Chassis7609-S, 7606-S,
7603-S, 7604Traditional Chassis
7606, 7609, 7613
SeGWScalable IPSec
Termination
Cisco 7600 DMZ Router
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Cisco Wireless Security Gateway (WSG)
Scales by Adding Security Gateway Feature Modules in the Chassis. Up to 8 Modules per 7613
Technology Requirements
Standards Compliance Complies with IETF RFCs for IPSec and IKEv2 to ensure interoperabilityNEBS 3-compliant
Redundancy First release N+1 Load Balancing using ACE (1+1 stateful redundancy is a candidate feature for release 2.0)
Extensions
ESP in Tunnel ModePre-Shared Key, X.509 Certificate Authentication, CRLDead Peer Detection (DPD) for IKE transactionsNAT TraversalAnti ReplayQoS: inner-to-outer ToS/DSCP marking during encapsulation
Flexible Mobile Security Solution
Femtocells, Picocells, UMA, connections to 3G/4G macrocells (LTE) over untrusted networks, etc…
Security GatewayFeature Modules
Cisco 7609S
Performance Per SAMI Per ChassisTunnels 100,000 800,000Throughput 2 Gbps* 16 Gbps*Initiations 270/sec 2160/sec
*With small packets. Up to 5 Gbps per SAMI w/ large packets**A Tunnel is defined as 3 SAs, thus the numbers above would be multiplied by 3 from a SA perspective.
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Femto Secure Connectivity
HNBGW
MSCIu-cs
Management and Provisioning
3G UE
UuIPSec Tunnel
(Iu+ and CS/PS bearer traffic) SGSN
SSL Connection (mgmt traffic)
FWSM
WSG
AC
E
SUP
SSL termination& load balancing
ACLs for whole traffic
Iu-ps
HNB
Firewalling
IPSec termination
7609 Chassis
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HNB Provisioning
BAC/DPE
Femtocell Service Assurance
Fault Management
ConfigurationManagement
Scheduled Data Retrieval
(SCP, FTP)
BAC/DPE
BAC/RDU
Cisco Statistics Server
Performance Management
HNB Gw
ConfigureMonitor & Control(SNMP, CORBA)
Change Monitor &
Control
HNB Device Provisioning
& Control(TR-069)
SNMP Remedy/ClarifyJava/PERL/SOAP API
PMG
XML Femto Interface
Integration Layer
ExistingOSS & BSS
SNMP, Syslog, Other
HNB Other Components (DMZ, NTP, etc.)
WEM
Stats File Upload (HTTPS)
Bulkstats(FTP,
HTTPS)
To Customer CareTo Web Subscription GUI
Alarm &Events
(SNMP, Syslog)
Alarm Events
(SNMP)
Java API
Perf(SNMP)
DB
FRM
Existing Component
Cisco Component
Optional Component
Femtocell NMS Architecture
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 53
Cisco Broadband Access Center (BAC)• Cornerstone of the Femto Zero Touch System• Mass-scale CPE provisioning product
Started as DOCSIS provisioning
Evolved to TR-069 on the same proven platform
• Policy-based CPE managementConfiguration and firmware
• Distributed design for mass scaleBAC RDU (Regional Distribution Unit)
Centralised authority for all Femtocell Provisioning
Up to 2 Millions HNBs per pair of RDU
BAC DPE (Distributed Provisioning Engine)
Provides scalable CWMP support and local femto policy
Up to 250k HNBs per pair of DPEs
• Carrier-grade productRedundancy, instrumentation, auditing, security
• Over 150 SP customers worldwide
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 54
• NMS architecture manages all Femto components (HNBGW and HNB) as well as all of the IP networking elements (Routers, Firewalls, LoadBalancers, etc.)
• All elements do open interfaces/API allowing for integration with existing OSS&BSS
• Fault Management (e.g. Cisco CIC)
Auto discovery of network
Alarm Monitoring and browsing through customisable GUI
Collect, Filter, Consolidate Alarms and Report
• Performance Management (3rd party (e.g. IBM Netcool PM))
Rich Reporting collecting information from all network elements
Collect statistics from the HNB file
SLA, statistics monitoring
Capacity planning
Apply Service level metrics
• Configuration Management
Autodiscovery of the network to provide full visibility of network changes
Track and regulate configuration and software changes for the whole solution
Enforce compliance to defined policies
Regular reporting of network configuration status
Note: HNB configuration management is supported through Cisco BAC
NMS Components Overview
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 55
Client Workstation• Browser based interface to server• Full configuration • Graphing• Up to 100 clients per server
Network Provisioning Level• Element Management Server
• Service provisioning & commissioning
• Multi-protocol:R6,R4,R3,AAA• 50 managed client workstations• Bulk statistics collection• Trap server (e.g. CORBA/SNMP)
Application Control Level• Interface to application/billing servers • Export bulkstats data into commonly
used formats (Eg CSV, MS Excel)
Local Craft Level• Command line interface• Full configuration
OSS Provisioning Level• Integration with 3rd party NMS• CORBA objects exposed for
higher level management systems• XML interface from bulkstats
processor & NMS
RS-232,Telnet, SSH
CORBA, SNMPJAVA
CORBA, SNMPRADIUS
CORBAASR5000
Web Element Manager (WEM)Complete FCAPS Functionality
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 56
Cisco Femtocell Key Features
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 57
Cisco Femtocell Solution Key Features• Self-install activation
Automated activation flowsXML interface to the SP backend systems
• Self-optimizing network concept for automatic assignment of RAN parametersAdaptable parameters (e.g. per location or SP): frequencies, scrambling codesUnique SAI for billing, unique OTA Cell ID
• Automatic Location VerificationActivation time, on boot, nightly using NWL and optionally Passive GPSPossibility to use IP/MAC address detection
• Extensive RAN Data Management ToolsDaily reporting of access statisticsHNB re-assignment to gateways, bulk frequency changes, etc.
• ManageabilityOn-demand TR-069 session for debugging, status request or activation/shutdownNon-disruptive config and firmware upgrades
• ConfigurationSecure whitelist provisioning to HNBGW (via RADIUS)Authorization of access to HNB via SeGW
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 58
Femtocell Specific Features
• Location AwarenessControlling where the Femto is operating
• Security and Access ControlControlling the allowed users on femto and securing all traffic
• Interference Management (to macro and between femto)Making sure the Femto does not impact the macro layer
• Handover Support (hand-in/hand-out)• Zero-touch Provisioning
Safely installing an operator managed Node B in the user environment
• Emergency call supportMeet the regulatory requirements
• Local Breakout of IP trafficEnabling new services and further offloading the core network
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 59
Femtocell Interference ManagementWhat Is the Issue?
• Interference between Macro and Femto layers
– Downlink interference from Femto (HNB) to a non-registered UE
– Downlink interference from nearby Macro cell to a UE camping on the HNB
– Uplink interference from UE connected to the HNB to nearby Macro cell receiver
– Uplink interference from UE connected to the Macro cell to nearby HNB receiver
• Interference between Femtocells
– Downlink interference from Femto1 to the UE connected to nearby Femto2
– Uplink interference from UE connected to Femto2 on the nearby Femto1 receiver
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 60
Femtocell Interference ManagementDedicated or Co-Channel?
• How to minimize interference between the Femto and Macro layers?
– Dedicated channel deployment gives optimal performance
– Co-channel deployment is possible and understood. Scenarios are complicated but detailed modelling (TS 25.820) of different configurations show that femtocells will not impact the Macro network
– Co-channel deployment was successfully deployed within a service provider environment during a femto trial
• In many situations femtocells improve coverage and capacity of the network as a whole
• Both options are valid although co-channel deployments requires a tighter control on the emitting power
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 63
Cisco Femtocell Evolution
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 64
Enterprise Femtocell• Can support large number of simultaneous call – up to 16• Self-installation capabilities• Provides the capacity of a picocell but with lower cost and ease of installation
similar to residential femtos• Open & closed UE access options
Whitelists up to 1500 users or open to all
• Standards-basedIuh for HNB – HNB-GW signaling
TR-069 protocol for HNB – HMS interactions
• Possible FeaturesLocal break outEnterprise PBX integrationQuality of Service - Prioritization of enterprise usersSoft handover (femto to femto)Location AwarenessLocal Paging or Broadcast
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 65
Enterprise Femtocell Architecture
Provisioning &ManagementSystem
CiscoEnterpriseFemtocell
Web Portal for EnterpriseAdmin
FemtoGateway
PublicInternet
SecurityGateway
Enterprise Facilities Service Provider Facilities
Web Portal for SP Ops
Local Web UIfor IP Setup
Other Options:VPN ConcentratorFemtocell Controller
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 66
Cloud Based Wireless Solution Phase 1
VPN (Internet)
HNB
WiFi AP
Data Center
HNB-GWIMS
HostedUC Services
WLAN Contr
Local Network
Hosted WiFi and Cellular Solution Zero/Light Touch WiFi and Cellular Configur
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 67
Cloud Based Wireless Solution - Phase 2
VPN (Internet) Data Center
IMSHostedUC Services
Local Network
Wi-Fi + Femto ManagementSystem
WLANController+HNB-GW
IntegratedWIFi+HNB
Integrated WLAN Controller and HNB-GW Integrated Wi-Fi AP and HNB Local Gateway (Breakout) integrated with HNB Local breakout of Wi-Fi and Cellular
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 68
Increased Operational Synergies and Revenue
Operations• Integrated Management Systems
• Integrated components
• Extending Cisco’s WLAN RRM (Radio Resource Management) technology to Enterprise Femtos
Revenue Managed Enterprise WiFi/Femtocell
Guest Access for partners
WiFi/Femtocell Hotspot at Enterprise
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 69
LTE Femtocell Driver
• Small cells- fewer users and more bandwidth allocated to each user
• User device such mobile phones, dongle, data card have smaller cell radius. The closer to the radio limits signal degradation
• Many little femtocells will be a less expensive compare to capital cost of more 4G towers
• High frequencies 4G systems degrade fast in-door and in-buildings
• Seamless application roaming. Ubiquitous network access.
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 70
HeNB Architecture (See 3G TS 36.300) HeNB gateway is optional No X2 interface between HeNB and eNB Security Gateway is required
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 71
IMS-Based Femtocell
• Several challenges comes with an IMS-based approach
Services: Availability of IMS and supporting of legacy services (esp. voice)
Location of the SIP/IMS client (Remote User Agent - RUA): HNB, HNBGW, other
Evolution: in the long term, IMS will be natively supported in the UE
Mobility: network-based mobility only as the SIP/IMS client is not in the handset
• Initial IMS based femto comes with 3GPP R10
Several alternatives were studied (see 3G TS 23.832)
Decision was made to interface with an ICS
No impacting on existing femto standards (Iu-cs to new ICS-IWF)
UE HNB
HNB subsystem
ICSIWF
I2/I3IuH HNBGW
Iu-csUu
IMS
HSS
D
MSCServer
E/Nc
GERAN/UTRAN
A/Iu
HO between Macro and IMS-HNB
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 72
IPv6 Problem Definition
IPv6 is being deployed due to IPv4 address depletion.
Cisco FAP needs to operate in different IPv6 transition technologies while not relying on the transition services provided by other ISPs to reduce service call.
A transition proposal is desired from Cisco to help AT&T planning this transition.
A two-step approach is provided following SP XYZ’s guideline.
Step 1: Allow IPv4 FAP to connect to IPv4 3G servers tunnelling across IPv6 WAN
Step 2: Dual-stack FAP to enable native IPv6 support
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 73
Step1: IPv6 Tunnel Through Translators Customer’s ISP has IPv6 WAN
WAN SLA monitoring and fault detection (not isolation)Tools to isolate an end to end issue into an administrative domain
WSG and ACS (Provisioning) will remain IPv4-only in a cloud behind SP’s IPv6 network
Leverage existing SP’s operations practices within the private IPv4 only network FAP will implement algorithm based on RFC3484 to determine if IPv6 is the preferred
route (e.g. native IPv6 v.s. 6to4). FAP operational reachability for both cases Spilt operations and diagnostic models IPv4 ping, trace route, IPv4 tools work as is, as currently possible within NAT
environments IPv6 ICMP translator is required for simple diagnostic tools – ping, traceroute
If IPv6 is to be used, a tunnel will be built through NAT46 and NAT64 services. DNS46 and NAT46 translators are added on FAP for IPv6-bound packets DNSv6 and NAT64 servers will be added by 3G SP to translate packets back to
IPv4 Both IPv6 & IPv4 will be provided to cell phones on data connections (capable now)
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 74
Step 2: Dual Stack to Enable Native IPv6
Customer’s ISP has IPv6 WAN Step 2 and Step 1 both have same considerations. IPv6 will be enabled by applications peer-to-peer on phases
IPv6 IPsec from FAP to WSG
(IPv4 inside tunnel) 3G stack IPv6 support from FAP to AC
(IPv6 inside tunnel) TR-069 IPv6 support from FAP to ACS (Provisioning)
NAT46 & NAT64 to be decommissioned when all services are upgraded to support IPv6
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 75
Step 1: FAP Translator Module Details
This solution has minimum change on IP Access stack. NAT46 & DNS46 Translator module is added in FAP IPv6 operations:
Translator module get IPv6 address from Internet SP through SLAAC mechanism used on the home GW.
Visibility – success/failure, logging, IP assignment life cycle (thrashing) Translator module replaces IPv4 header to IPv6 for outbound traffic and
reverse versa. Success/failure logging, statistics
Translator module will implement algorithm (RFC3484) to decide if DNS46 & NAT46 module should be enabled.
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 76
Router CPU get IPv4 address assigned from Home GW Femto CPU get IPv4 address from Router CPU IPv4 NAT or NAPT on SP 7600 before ACE
Note: We Must Support Combinations of All Three Scenarios as Below…
RouterCPU
SP ‘A’ Network
ACE(VIP)
IPv4
Scenario I: 4-4-4 NAT Solution (Current)Get Info on Current Operational and Management Tools/Procedures. Leverage Forward as Possible.
IPv4-Public
IPv4
IPv4-Only Private
IPv4-Private
SP ‘B’ Network
IPv4-Private
AC/FGW
BAC(ACS)
FemtoCPU NTP
Home Network
HomeGW
NAT44
7600DMZ/WSG
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 77
Employs v4 to v6 translation at Translator Module and v6 to v4 at 7600.
Translator Module configuration.1. ISP IPv6 prefix/address (SLAAC assigned)2. Learn AT&T 7600 IPv6/v4 address from DNS
• Femto CPU configuration – same as normal
Scenario II: 4-6-4 NAT Solution
AC/FGW
TranslatorModule
NAT46
ISP Network (e.g. SP ‘A')
IPv6
IPv4-Public
IPv6
IPv4-Only Private
SP IPv6
SP ‘B’ Network
IPv6-Public
FemtoCPU
Home Network
HomeGW
ACE(VIP)
IPv4-PrivateBAC
(ACS)
NTP7600
DMZ/WSG
NAT64
SLAACLink Local IPv61) Preferred2) Deprecated
DHCP or ManualGlobal Unique IPv6
Ping, Traceroute,MIBSSyslogQoS Interworking Authenticated Peers
SLAAC – DiagnoseCapability - Logging
Round Trip Delay Monitor
ARIN IPv6 -• Service providers may have IPv6 transit or peering, but those
connections may not be dual-stacked and so IPv6 operates over a separate physical interface than the IPv4 traffic.
• The IPv6 path is more circuitous than IPv4 because of sub-optimized routes to get to the target node. Because there are so (comparatively) few IPv6 links, the physical path to the target mode may be indirect.
• The service provider may have less-optimized transit or peering links than IPv4, and so while they may have IPv4 peering with Company A and B, they may not have IPv6 peering with Company B.
• An intermediate router(s) may not be able to route IPv6 in hardware but only in software, and relatively low levels of traffic may bring the router to a very high level of CPU utilization resulting in lower IPv6 throughput.
• The service provider may be using tunnelling or 6to4. • http://www.getipv6.info/index.php/Troubleshoot_IPv6_Issues
Assigned IPv4
6 -4 Nat on 7600Consider PPS
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 78
Packet Walk-Through: 4-6-4 NAT
1. Femto CPU sends DNSv4 packet to find ACS IP address. Translator Module translate the request to both DNSv4 and DNSv6 to get both address. Only the IPv4 address will be passed to Femto CPU. The mapping will be saved in the translation table for future usage.
2. Femto CPU sends IPv4 packet to SP’s ACS IPv4 address. Source IP is private IPv4 provided by Translator Module. Destination IP is public IPv4 provided by SP’s DNS server.
3. Translator Module takes the packet and do the NAT46 translation. Source IP will be IPv6 address derived from home gateway. Destination IPv6 address will be matched on the NAT46 table. The packet will have IPv6 header replacing IPv4 header. The destination IP will be routed to NAT64 server in SP's network.
4. The IPv6 packet arrive at 7600 and NAT64 translate IPv6 destination through algorithm or stateful mapping to ACS’s IPv4 address. The source IP address is translated to private IP of NAT64 server on IPv4 side. The IPv6 header is replaced by IPv4 header and sends to ACS. NAT64 server maintains static/dynamic mappings for the address translation.
5. ACS received the IPv4 packet and establish session with NAT64 server’s IPv4 address and port number.
TranlatorModule
NAT46
SP Network (eg. SP ‘A’)
IPv6
IPv4-Public
IPv6
IPv4-Only Private
SP IPv6
SP ‘B’ Network
IPv6-Public
FemtoCPU
Home Network
HomeGW
ACE(VIP)
IPv4-Private
AC
BAC(ACS)
NTP7600
DMZ WSG
NAT64
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 79
IPv4 infrastructure in customer ISP network ISP supports IPv6 through 6RD
IPv4 tunnel provided for IPv6 traffic between 6RD Home GW and 6RDBR (Border Relay)
Employs v4 to v6 translation at Translator Module and v6 to v4 at ACE. Translator Module & Femto CPU configuration same as Scenario II. MTU size will become smaller !! Need IPv6 Path MTU discovery
TranslatorModule
NAT46
SP Network(e.g. SP ‘A’ or ‘B’)
IPv6
Scenario III: 4-6-4-6-4 NAT Solution (Not Ideal, Better Use Native IPv4)
IPv4-Public
IPv4& 6RD
IPv4-Only Private
SP 6RD IPv6
SP ‘B’ Network
IPv6-Public
FemtoCPU
Home Network
6RD HomeGW BR
IPv6ACE(VIP)
IPv4-Private
AC/FGW
BAC(ACS)
NTP7600
DMZ WSG
NAT64
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 80
Summary
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 81
Summary
Future Networks Supporting the Mobile Internet Will Need to Seamlessly Integrate a Lot More Smaller Cells
RAN-Gateway Approach by Standards Bodies, 3GPP and Femto Forum Makes It Easy to Integrate with the Existing Macrocell and Service Providers Core Node Network
Femto Success = Seamless Integration with Macro, Auto-Provisioning, Ease of Use and Self Optimization
Femtocell Will Be an Integral Part of Large Scale LTE Deployments
In Addition, Key Directions Will Be Considered for Further Evolution:• Alignment with SAE/LTE with delivery of femto HeNBGW• Local breakout support• Integration of Pico/Femto with enterprise solutions
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 82
Further Reading• IP Design for Mobile Networks, ISBN: 978-1-58705-826-4 or
978-1-58705-937-7
• Plan Your Long Term Evolution (LTE) Network Deployment, coming late this year, ISBN: 978-1-58714-282-1
• Building the Mobile Internet, ISBN: 978-1-58714-243-7 or 978-0-13-139050-8
• Recommended Breakout Sessions in Cisco Live 2011:BRKSPM-5143 IPv4-Exhaustion and IPv6-Transition in Mobile Networks
BRKSPM-5288 LTE Design and Deployment Strategies
BRKSPM-5244 Mobile Video Optimization and Delivery
BRKSPM-5149 Next Gen Datacenter for Mobile Operators
BRKSPM-5293 Mobile Multimedia, Messaging and Voice over LTE
BRKSPM-2483 Deploying Timing Services in Packet based Networks
TECSPM-2188 Next Generation Mobile Networks
TECSPM-3040 Enabling an Intelligent Mobile Network
© 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco PublicBRKSPM-5127 83
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