Download pdf - Fadzilah Siraj - ict4t.cms.net.my · ASMIDAH ALWI, Azizi Ab Aziz, Noraziah ChePa, Juliana A Abubakar, Ahmad Hanis Mohd Shabli, Wan Mohd Taufik Wan Ismail, MALAYSIA 164 31. PID 39

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Proceeding of the First International Conference on ICT for Transformation 2016

e-Proceedings of the INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ICT FOR TRANSFORMATION 2016 (IC-ICT4T 2016) Editors

Azizah Ahmad Kamarul Faizal Hashim Rahayu Ahmad Muhammad Husni Md Juperi Rafidah Razak Fadzilah Siraj

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ICT-4T 2016 TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

Conference Chair Prof Dr. Zulkhairi Md. Dahalin

Proceedings Azizah Ahmad Kamarul Faizal Hashim Rahayu Ahmad Rafidah Razak Fadzilah Siraj

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LIST OF REVIEWERS OF IC-ICT4T 2016

Assoc prof Faudziah Ahmad

Assoc Prof Dr Haslina Mohd

Associate Profesor Angela amphawan

Associate Professor

Associate Professor Dr. Munawwer Husain

Associate Professor Fadzilah Siraj

Associate Professor Shafiz Affendi Bin Mohd Yusof

Associate Professor Dr Suzaimah Ramli

Associate Professor Dr Zurinah Suradi

Azham Hussain

Dr Abdul Manaf Bohari

Dr Adib M. Monzer Habbal

Dr Alawiyah Abd Wahab

Dr Azizah Ahmad

Dr Azizi Aziz

Dr Azrina Kamaruddin

Dr Azrul Hazri Jantan

Dr Dr Haryani Haron

Dr Fadhilah Mat Yamin

Dr Halikul Lenando

Dr Husniza Husni

Dr Ishola Dada Muraina

Dr Jasber Kaur

Dr Kamarul Faizal Bin Hashim

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DR Lee Jun Choi

Dr Maizatul Akmar Ismail

Dr Marhaiza Ibrahim

Dr Maslinda binti Mohd Nadzir

Dr Mohamad Farhan Mohamad Mohsin

Dr Mohammad Bin Hossin

Dr Mohan A/L Rathakrishnan

Dr Mohd Shamrie Sainin

Dr Nafisah Othman

Dr Nor Badrul Anuar

Dr Nor Hazlyna Harun

Dr Nor Intan Saniah Sulaiman

Dr Nor Laily Hashim

Dr Norazlina Khamis

Dr Norbayah Mohd Suki

Dr Noreen Izza Arshad

Dr Nur Haryani Zakaria

Dr Rahayu Ahmad

Dr Rasimah Che Mohd Yusoff

Dr Rohaida Romli

Dr Rozi Nor Haizan binti Nor

Dr Ruzinoor Che Mat

Dr Shahrul Azmi Mohd yusof

Dr Sobihatun Nur Abdul Salam

Dr Yuhanis Yusof

Dr Zuriani Ahmad Zukarnain

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Dr. Amirrudin Kamsin

Dr. Azman Taa

Dr. Chin Kim On

Dr. Chin Kim On

Dr. Hazaruddin Harun

Dr. Noorihan Abdul Rahman

Dr. Norisma Idris

Dr. Roshidi Din

Dr. Salimonu Rasheed Ishaq

Dr. Siti Sakira bt. Kamaruddin

Dr. Tan Kian Lam

Dr. Wiwied Virgiyanti

Madam Rafidah Abd Razak

Miss Nuur Shuhada Mohd Najib

Mr Mohd Rushdi Idrus

Mr Suwannit Chareen Chit

Mr Wan Hussain Wan Ishak

Mr. Nurnasran Puteh

Mrs Aeni Zuhana Saidin

Mrs Cik Fazilah Hibadullah

Mrs Nor Iadah Yusop

Mrs. Asma Hanee Ariffin

Mrs. Hamirul'Aini Hambali

Mrs. Juhaida Abu Bakar

Mrs. Juliana Binti Wahid

Ms Noraziah ChePa

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Ms. Musyrifah Mahmod

Professor Zulkhairi Md Dahalin

Rohaya Dahari

Zahurin Mat Aji

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

No ID/Title Page No

THEME: ICT FOR COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND LEARNING

1. PID 25 - THE UTILIZATION OF NEW MEDIA TECHNOLOGY IN IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING AND LEARNING IN UNIMAP: A STUDY Adila Ismail, Nur Azila Azahari, Edzham Armin Abdul Rahim, Habee Bullah Affandy, MALAYSIA

1

2. PID 27 - FACTORS INFLUENCING KNOWLEDGE SHARING BEHAVIOR IN VIRTUAL COMMUNITIES UNDER DISASTER CONDITIONS: A CASE STUDY OF BANGLADESH Mahmudul Hasan, Rasimah Che Mohd Yusoff, Nurazean Maarop, Suriani Mohd Sam and Norziha Megat Mohd Zainuddin, MALAYSIA

6

3. PID 28 - A REVIEW OF HEALTH WEBSITES IN MALAYSIA TOWARDS MALAYSIA VISION 2020 Farhana Aini Binti Saludin , Nurazean Maarop, Rasimah Che Mohd. Yusoff, MALAYSIA

11

4. PID 49 - COMPUTER ANXIETY AND SKILLS: A SURVEY AMONGST UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS FROM RURAL AREAS IN MALAYSIA Wan Nor Al-Ashekin Wan Husin, Rajermani Thinakaran and Wan Zakiyatussariroh Wan Husin, MALAYSIA

17

5. PID 53 - A STUDY OF COMPUTER SELF-EFFICACY UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS FROM RURAL AREAS Rajermani Thinakaran, Rosmah Ali, Wan Nor Al-Ashekin Wan Husin, MALAYSIA

23

6. PID 55 – CREATING A KNOWLEDGE SHARING PORTAL TO SUPPORT THE TEACHING OF MALAYSIAN INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE Mazlina Mehat, MALAYSIA

30

7. PID 59 - A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH COMPUTER WORK-RELATED MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS IN OFFICE WORKSTATION Mohd Nasrull Abdol Rahman and Siti Shafika Binti Mohamad, MALAYSIA

36

8. PID 60 - COMPUTER BASED OBSERVATIONAL TECHNIQUES FOR ASSESSING EXPOSURE TO RISK FACTORS FOR WORK-RELATED MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS : A REVIEW SYAHRUL AZIANA BINTI ABDUL RAHMAN, MOHD NASRULL ABDOL RAHMAN, MALAYSIA

40

9. PID 61 - DESIGNING A TECHNOLOGY FOR THE ELDERLY: ELDERBAND AND ELDERALERT Noreen Izza Arshad, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, MALAYSIA

45

10. PID 64 - COMMUNITY BASED INFORMATION SERVICES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN BANGLADESH AND PHILIPPINE TELECENTRES Jeremy Brown and Shah Md. Safiul Hoque, OMAN

52

11. PID 67 - THE MODERATING EFFECT OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ON TELECENTRE VALUE CREATION Zulkhairi Md Dahalin; Nafishah Othman; Zahurin Mat Aji; Nor Iadah Md Yusop, MALAYSIA

58

12. PID 84 - A STUDY OF EXPERIENCE SHARING IN COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT Khaiziliyah Khalid, Haryani Haron and Natrah Abdullah, MALAYSIA

63

13. PID 86 - YOUNG CHILDREN’S EXPERIENCE INTERACTING WITH LESS FUN AND FUN EDUTAINMENT COURSEWARE Yusrita Mohd Yusoff, Ian Ruthven, Monica Landoni, Nassiriah Shaari, Azliza Othman, MALAYSIA

69

14. PID 87 - PRELIMINARY SURVEY ON EDUCATIONAL SIMULATIONS TOWARDS EDUCATIONAL CONTEXT Roznim Binti Mohamad Rasli, Norita Binti Md Norwawi, Nurlida Binti Basir, MALAYSIA

74

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No ID/Title Page No

15. PID 90 - AGENT BASED MODEL FOR MEASURING THE IMPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE ON TELECENTRES OPERATION Azizi Ab Aziz,Faudziah Ahmad, Nor Iadah Yusop and Zahurin Mat Aji, MALAYSIA

80

16. PID 91 - EFFECT OF TRUST ON VIRTUAL COMMUNITY COHESION Nor Iadah Bt Yusop, Zahurin Mat Aji, Zulkhairi Md. Dahalin, Mohd Khairudin Kasiran, Huda Ibrahim, MALAYSIA

86

17. PID 92 - GENDERS? CONTRIBUTIONS IN OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE COMMUNITY: A TECHNOFEMINIST PERSPECTIVE Musyrifah Mahmod, Zulkhairi Md. Dahalin, MALAYSIA

92

18. PID 93 - PBWIKI ON-LINE LEARNING: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PEDAGOGICAL ROLE ONLINE TEACHERS’ ON STUDENTS WITH DIFFERENCE LEARNING STYLE IN THEIR CRITICAL THINKING Mohan A/L Rathakrishnan, MALAYSIA

98

19. PID 97 - BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE DEPLOYMENT FOR RURAL TELECENTER SUCCESS Abdul Razak Rahmat;Azizah Ahmad, Azman Ta'a & Mohd Rushdi Idrus, MALAYSIA

102

20. PID 107 - EXPLORING THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE GRADUATES USING EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS AND LOGISTIC REGRESSION Fadzilah Siraj, Nur Azzah Abu Bakar, MALAYSIA

107

THEME: ICT FOR ECONOMY TRANSFORMATION

21. PID 10 - ENTERPRISE RESOURCES PLANNING IMPLEMENTATION SUCCESS FACTORS OF STEEL INDUSTRY Nurazean Maarop, MALAYSIA

114

22. PID 24 - TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY OF EA PRACTICES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW Surya Sumarni Hussein, Zuraini Ismail, Mohamad Zainuddi Mat Taib, MALAYSIA

119

23. PID 44 - TOWARDS MANAGING THE GREEN HOTEL INITIATIVES EVALUATION Yusmadi Yah Jusoh, Salmi Baharom, Ainita Ban, Naurah Malihah Zakaria and Siti Aishah Nordin, MALAYSIA

124

24. PID 54 - NATIONAL ISSUES FACING COLLABORATIVE MOBILE MONEY SERVICE PROVISION Azza Z. Karrar, Azizah Abdul Rahman*, MALAYSIA

130

25. PID 80 - ASSESSING THE INFLUENCE OF SELF-REPORTED REQUIREMENTS IMPORTANCE ON THE PERCEIVED QUALITY OF PROPOSED SOFTWARE PRODUCTS Azham Hussain & Emmanuel O.C. Mkpojiogu, MALAYSIA

137

26. PID 105 - RISK FACTORS IN OUTSOURCED SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW Teh Piak San and Alawiyah Bt Abd Wahab, MALAYSIA

142

THEME: TECHNOLOGY AND INFRASTRUCTURE

27. PID 18 - DEVELOPMENT OF DYNAMIC LOCATION-BASED EVENTS AS MOBILE LEARNING AND EXPLORATION TOOL FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE Tan Kian Lam, MALAYSIA

147

28. PID 21 - MOBILE EDUCATION, ENTERTAINMENT, AND EXPLORATION (MEEE) AT HERITAGE SITES Tan Kian Lam, MALAYSIA

152

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No ID/Title Page No

29. PID 23 - A PROPOSED FRAMEWORK FOR FISH BEHAVIOURS BASED ON BOID SIMULATOR Lim Chen Kim, Tan Kian Lam, MALAYSIA

158

30. PID 31 - HUMAN AGENT SUPPORT MODEL FOR VOLUNTEERS DURING FLOOD ASMIDAH ALWI, Azizi Ab Aziz, Noraziah ChePa, Juliana A Abubakar, Ahmad Hanis Mohd Shabli, Wan Mohd Taufik Wan Ismail, MALAYSIA

164

31. PID 39 - REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION SYSTEM MODEL FOR CURRICULUM DESIGN Thong Chee Ling, Yusmadi Yah Jusoh, Rusli Abdullah, Nor Hayati Alwi, MALAYSIA

170

32. PID 43 - REQUIREMENT ELICITATION AND ANALYSIS OF ICT4D THROUGH AGENT ORIENTED MODELING Gary Loh Chee Wyai, Cheah WaiShiang, Sim Yee Wai, MALAYSIA

176

33. PID 81 - 16-CHANNELS NRZ-DPSK DWDM FOR RURAL AREA NETWORKS Yousef Fazea, Mohd Samsu Sajat, Suwannit Chareen Chit, MALAYSIA

182

THEME: APPLICATION AND SERVICES

34. PID 7 - IMPROVING THE IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF MALAYSIAN MEDICINAL LEAF IMAGES USING ENSEMBLE METHOD Mohd Shamrie Sainin, Faudziah Ahmad, Rayner Alfred, MALAYSIA

186

35. PID 11 - THE VALIDATION OF EXTENDED SOFTWARE PROCESS ASSESSMENT AND CERTIFICATION MODEL USING FOCUS GROUP Shafinah Farvin, MALAYSIA

192

36. PID 15 - A FLEXIBLE AND SIMPLIFIED VISUAL LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING TO HARMONIOUS SOUND RENDERING USING L-SYSTEMS Lim Chen Kim, Tan Kian Lam, MALAYSIA

198

37. PID 62 - THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ATTRIBUTES OF PROCUREMENT OFFICERS AND THE ATTRIBUTES OF SUCCESSFUL PROJECT MANAGEMENT WITH THE INFLUENCE OF PROCUREMENT PROCEDURE IN INFORMATION SYSTEM OUTSOURCING: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW Azran Ahmad, Noor Habibah Arshad and Sharipah Ruzaini Syed Aris, MALAYSIA

204

38. PID 65 - WI-FI POSITIONING FOR KIDS LOCATION DETECTION SYSTEM Ahmad Hadinata Fauzi, MALAYSIA

211

39. PID 72 - PERFORMANCE INVESTIGATION OF PUBLISH/SUBSCRIBE APPROACH FOR DATA DISSEMINATION IN OPPORTUNISTIC NETWORKS Halikul Lenando,, Sanjay Charles Albert, Mohamad Nazim Jambli, Johari Abdullah and Ahmad Hadinata Fauzi, MALAYSIA

214

40. PID 73 - PTOOLKIT PROTOTYPE: MIXED FIDELITY PROTOTYPE FOR REFLECTION, EXPERIENCE & DESIGN ITERATION Aeni Zuhana binti Saidin, Nassiriah Shaari and Asmidah Alwi, MALAYSIA

220

41. PID 82 - RULE-BASED FACIAL ACTION UNITS DETECTION AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS Hamimah Ujir, Irwandi Hipiny and D.N.F. Awang Iskandar, MALAYSIA

225

42. PID 83 - A HYBRID DATABASE ENCRYPTION ALGORITHM BASED ON REVERSE STRING AND DYNAMIC KEY waleed khalid abduljabbar, MALAYSIA

230

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No ID/Title Page No

43. PID 89 - AN INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY-SUPPORTED PLATFORM FOR REMINISCENCE THERAPY Haryani Haron, Sabiroh Md Sabri, Maryani Che Ali, MALAYSIA

236

44. PID 94 - A SURVEY OF ENERGY CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES FOR MOBILE WIRELESS COMMUNICATION DEVICES Suwannit Chareen Chit, MALAYSIA

241

45. PID 95 - MALAY PART-OF-SPEECH TAGGING: AN ME-BASED APPROACH Juhaida Abu Bakar, Khairuddin Omar, Mohammad Faidzul Nasrudin, Mohd Zamri Murah, MALAYSIA

246

46. PID 99 - NEURAL NETWORK IN RICE GRADING: HOW MALAYSIAN RICE CAN BE GRADED? Noraziah ChePa, Nooraini Yusoff, Norhayati Ahmad, MALAYSIA

252

47. PID 100 - ENABLING FACTORS FOR SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS: A REVIEW Rafidah Abd Razak, MALAYSIA

257

THEME: ICT ADOPTION

48. PID 35 - A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF INTENTION TO ADOPT BYOD AMONG HCP IN PAKISTAN Saima Nisar; Wan Rozaini bt Sheik Osman, MALAYSIA

262

49. PID 36 - FACTORS INFLUENCING NFC MOBILE WALLET PROXIMITY PAYMENT ADOPTION FROM THE HUMAN AND SECURITY PERSPECTIVES Redhwan Mohammed Abdullah Al-amri, Nurazean Maarop, Yazriwati Yahya, Sya Azmeela Shariff, Ganthan Narayana Samy, Azizul Azizan, MALAYSIA

269

50. PID 52 - FACTORS AFFECTING THE INTENTION TO ADOPT BYOD AMONG HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS IN PAKISTAN Saima Nisar; Wan Rozaini bt Sheik Osman, MALAYSIA

275

51. PID 79 - SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON USABILITY OF MOBILE LEARNING APPLICATIONS FOR CHILDREN Azham Hussain, Emmanuel O.C. Mkpojiogu & Fa’alina Hassan, MALAYSIA

279

52. PID 98 – THE FACTORS AFFECTING BEHAVIORAL INTENTION TO ADOPT ICT FOR HEALTH INFORMATION IN RURAL COMMUNITIES Nopparat Meeplat and Zulkhairi Md Dahalin, MALAYSIA

285

53. PID 104 - EVALUATING THE BEHAVIORAL INTENTION TO USE E-GOVERNMENT SERVICES FROM MALAYSIAN’S PERSPECTIVE IN KEDAH STATE OF MALAYSIA Wiwied Virgiyanti, Muhammad Asim Tufail and Siti Sarah Azidin, MALAYSIA

289

54. PID 106 - THE EFFECT OF ACTUAL SOCIAL TIES TO THE ACTUAL BUYING IN SOCIAL COMMERCE Sabrina Abdul Rahim, Mohd Khairuddin Kasiran & Mazida Ahmad, MALAYSIA

293

THEME: ICT FOR ORGANIZATION TRANSFORMATION

55. PID 26 - PRIORITIZATION OF MASTER DATA DOMAINS IN PUBLIC SECTOR ORGANISATIONS Faizura Haneem, Nazri Kama, Azri Azmi, Azizul Azizan and Suriani Mohd Sam, MALAYSIA

298

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No ID/Title Page No

56. PID 71 - A PROPOSED MODEL FOR M-GOVERNMENT SUCCESS OF IRAQ Salih Hajem Glood, Wan Rozaini Sheik Osman, Maslinda Mohd Nadzir, MALAYSIA

303

57. PID 68 – SECURITY ISSUES THAT IMPEDE ELECTRONIC INFORMATION SHARING ON THE LOCAL LEVEL: THE EMPLOYEE’S PERSPECTIVE OF DHI-QAR PROVINCE Nassir Jabir Farhan Al-Khafaji

309

58. PID 74 - AN EXPLORATORY CASE STUDY ON INFORMATION SHARING PRACTICES AMONG STATE AGENCIES Nik Ruslawati Nik Mustapa, Dr. Huda Bt Haji Ibrahim and Dr. Maslinda binti Mohd Nadzir, MALAYSIA

316

59. PID 85 - BYOD PRACTICES IN MALAYSIA PUBLIC SECTOR Mohd Yusri Jusoh, Haryani Haron and Jasber Kaur, MALAYSIA

323

60. PID 88 - OPEN SOURCE SOLUTIONS AND OPEN ONION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Noor Mazlina Mahmod, Abdullah Mohd Zin, Nurhizam Safie Mohd Satar, MALAYSIA

327

61. PID 101 - FUNTIONAL REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION OF E-TENDERING USING REQUIREMENT TEMPLATE AND NATURAL LANGUAGE APPROACHES: A CASE STUDY OF E-TENDERING Haslina Mohd, MALAYSIA

333

1


THE UTILIZATION OF NEW MEDIA TECHNOLOGY IN

IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING AND

LEARNING IN UNIMAP: A STUDY

Adila Ismail*, Nur Azila Azahari, Edzham Armin Abdul Rahim, Habee

Bullah Affandy

School of Human Development and Technocommunication

Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Malaysia

*Corresponding author

[email protected]

Abstract

This paper illustrates the findings of the study on utilization of new media technology in improving the effectiveness of

teaching and learning in Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Malaysia. This study has been conducted in UniMAP, with 500

students from various study backgrounds as respondents. This study uses a quantitative method, with a set of questionnaire is

used in data collection. With that, the end result of the research will include the use of the technology in the students’ day-

to-day activities. Lastly, a conclusion is made on how the use of new media technology is effective and beneficial to daily

teaching and learning activities.

Keywords: New media, education, new media in education, effectiveness of new media in education

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The future is all about technology, and of course, our

education system cannot lag behind. With the use of

technology, it may make the process of teaching and

learning more fun and interesting, not only for the

students, but for the educators too. Other than that, the

use of technology will enhance information technology

skills of both students and educators, as well as soft skills

such social skills, communication skills, as well as

presentation skills. In this paper, the term information

communication technology (ICT) will be used

interchangeably with new media technology, as these

two terms are basically the same thing, as being used

in today's context.

In order to keep up with the current, advanced

lifestyle, it is important that people nowadays to be well

versed with the use of technology. The concept of ICT

in education, as seen by the Ministry of Education of

Malaysia, includes systems that enable information

gathering, management, manipulation, access, and

communication in various forms [1]. These days, new

media technology is everywhere, and the students,

especially those in universities are not excluded from

the use of such technology. Hess & Shrum in their paper

[2] mentioned that a group of students, described as

the “millennials” [3] prefer communication, as well as

learning, through the new media defined as text

messaging, blogging, social networking, Googling and

the intensive utilization of interactive gaming [4].

Students these days are engaging with technology

constantly outside and inside of the classroom, and

learning through technology has now become an

integral part of their lifestyle. This paper will provide an

understanding on the use of new media technology

among students in UniMAP, as to find out the

effectiveness of its usage in teaching and learning in

the university.

2.0 RESEARCH PARADIGM

In completing this study, a quantitative approach is

undertaken, which is a survey in the form of

questionnaire. Questionnaires were distributed to 500

UniMAP students as respondents. These students are all

Bachelor Degree students, from different background

of studies. The researchers had chosen the students

from the same level of studies in order to enhance the

validity of the findings, since these students had been

using the same facilities, and about the same teaching

and learning methods in comparison to other level of

studies, such as Diploma or Post Graduate levels.

Table 1 The Population of Respondents

Group of Students (School) Number of

Respondents

iKOM (New Media Communication) 125

PPIPT (Business School) 125

FTK (Eng. Technology School) 125

RK (Engineering School) 125

TOTAL: 500

The instrument used in this study is questionnaire, of

which divided into several parts, and the types of

questions are consisting of multiple-choice questions

2


and Likert Scale form of questions. Included in the

questionnaire is the purpose of the study, and every

answer is solely based on the individuals respond

without peer discussions and recommendations.

Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software is

used to analyze the data collected.

The instrument is designed based on the conceptual

framework suggested in The Use of ICT in Rural School

Libraries [5], focusing on the ‘access’ and ‘purpose of

use’ as independent variables, and the utilization of the

new media technology itself as dependent variable.

3.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

In this section the data related to the use of new media

technology in daily teaching and learning activities are

being shown. The findings are analyzed and discussed

following the items.

Table 2 Question: Which of these devices do you most prefer

to use the New Media Technology (eg: Facebook, Twitter,

Blogs, Instagram, UniMAP Portal etc)?

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

PC / Laptop 94 18.8 18.8

Smart phone 387 77.4 77.4

Both 19 3.8 3.8

Total 500 100.0 100.0

It is clear that majority of the students prefer to use

smart phones compared to personal computers or

laptops when they are using new media. This must have

been because of the functions smart phones these

days offers, with a lot of great and easy-to-use

applications, and of course, it is rather lighter, portable,

and of course, much more convenient than

PC/laptops. Getting fast access to the information is

one of the main reasons the use of new media is getting

in trend in teaching and learning process. The students

tend to use new media in sharing new information, send

photos/other files in just minutes, thus will make this

experience exciting and fun. Also, with gadgets just in

their hands, it is much easier to connect with others.

Table 3 Question: How often do you use the New Media for

educational purposes?

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Everyday 274 54.8 54.8

1 - 3 times a week 122 24.4 24.4

4 - 6 times a week 77 15.4 15.4

Less than 1 time a

week 27 5.4 5.4

Total 500 100.0 100.0

Table 4 Question: How long do you often take to use the New

Media in one session for educational purposes IN ONE

SESSION?

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Less than 30 minutes 70 14.0 14.0

30 minutes – 1 168 33.6 33.6

1 - 2 hours 113 22.6 22.6

2 hours and more 149 29.8 29.8

Total 500 100.0 100.0

Table 5 Question: I use New Media for matters regarding

classes

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Strongly Disagree 7 1.4 1.4

Disagree 14 2.8 2.8

Quite Agree 165 33.0 33.0

Agree 215 43.0 43.0

Strongly Agree 99 19.8 19.8

Total 500 100.0 100.0

Generally, from Table 3, 4, and 5, it is found that

majority of the students use new media almost every

single day for educational purposes and other matters

regarding their classes. This shows that they care about

their studies, as they are accessing to educational

resources frequently. It is also beneficial for them to use

new media as it is easier to access to any educational

matters be it articles, journal, photos, videos, music, or

other files compared of doing it in a conventional way.

Table 6 Question: I exchange information and ideas with

others by using New Media

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent

Strongly Disagree 3 .6 .6

Disagree 17 3.4 3.4


Agree 275 55.0 55.0


Total 500 100.0 100.0

Table 7 Question: I share my New Media Technology

knowledge and experience with my friends

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent


Disagree 17 3.4 3.4


Agree 272 54.4 54.4


Total 500 100.0 100.0

According to Table 6 and 7, these students also

share their knowledge and experience in using the new

media with their friends, also through the medium itself,

proving that the value of social media usage is created

through relationships and sharing, and that learning

process these days is becoming a more collaborative

and more interest driven experience [6]. As users get

involved using ICT, or in this context new media, the

social norms are being affected by it, especially the

3


internet, which is creating new networks through which

individuals can share values and experiences [7].

Table 8 Question: My lecturers use New Media Technology in

teaching in class

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent


Disagree 22 4.4 4.4


Agree 189 37.8 37.8


Total 500 100.0 100.0

Table 9 Question: My lecturers use New Media Technology to

provide lecture notes

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent


Disagree 13 2.6 2.6


Agree 234 46.8 46.8


Total 500 100.0 100.0


the matters regarding assignments

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent


Disagree 17 3.4 3.4


Agree 226 45.2 45.2


Total 500 100.0 100.0


the matters regarding examinations

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent


Disagree 31 6.2 6.2


Agree 215 43.0 43.0


Total 500 100.0 100.0

Table 8-11 show that more than 90% of the

respondents agreed the lecturers in the University are

actively using new media as a medium in teaching and

learning process in classes. It is evident that the lecturers

in the University had had efforts in using the new media,

in line with the needs and preference of the students in

this era. Other than only in classes, the lecturers also use

new media in giving out lecture notes, assigning course

works, and matters regarding examinations. With the

advancement of technology these days, a lot of fun

and interesting methods can be used to enhance

teaching and learning process, as well as providing

better options for uploading and/or sharing notes,

completing assignments, or managing other related

affairs.


connecting with the students

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent


Disagree 30 6.0 6.0


Agree 201 40.2 40.2


Total 500 100.0 100.0

Other than using the new media technology for the

sole purpose of teaching and learning delivery, the

lecturers also use new media in connecting with the

students, as shown in Table 12. This is made possible with

a lot of computer and mobile phone applications in the

market today, such as Whatsapp, Wechat, Skype, just

to name a few. These almost synchronous method of

communication make the students comfortable in

connecting with the lecturers (and likewise), and thus

promotes the development of healthy lecturer-student

relationships.

Table 13 Question: The use of New Media Technology in

teaching and learning makes my life as a student easier

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent


Disagree 12 2.4 2.4


Agree 226 45.2 45.2


Total 500 100.0 100.0

Table 14 Question: The use of New Media in teaching in

learning positively impacts on student motivation and

achievement

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent


Disagree 15 3.0 3.0


Agree 201 40.2 40.2


Total 500 100.0 100.0

Table 13 shows that the use of new media

technology in teaching and learning makes the

students’ life easier. The use of technology helps a lot in

many aspects, such as interactivity and connectivity, as

well as fun and interesting communication methods

among learning partners. This consistent and

comfortable situation motivates the students, as proven

in Table 14, of which the students agreed that the use

of new media in teaching and learning positively

impacts their motivation and achievement.

4



learning positively impacts on student's higher thinking skills

(critical thinking, analysis, problem solving)

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent


Disagree 15 3.0 3.0


Agree 236 47.2 47.2


Total 500 100.0 100.0


learning positively impacts on student's competence in

transversal skills (learning to learn, social competences, etc.)

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent


Disagree 14 2.8 2.8


Agree 245 49.0 49.0


Total 500 100.0 100.0


learning is essential to prepare students to live and work in the

21st century

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent


Disagree 16 3.2 3.2


Agree 219 43.8 43.8


Total 500 100.0 100.0

Skills of using new media technology are necessary

in our emerging, knowledge society, as it involves the

students’ ability to solve increasingly complex problems,

as well as to participate and collaborate with others in

educational work and tasks. Zweekhorst and Mass

mentioned in their paper [8] that university students are

very active on social media [9], and these social media

are thought to increase student motivation [10]. From

the findings, most of the students agreed that new

media can improve their higher thinking skills and

transversal skills, of which is essential in order for them to

prepare to work in 21st century.

Table 18 Question: For New Media Technology to be fully

exploited for teaching and learning, radical changes in

UniMAP are needed

Frequency Percent

Valid

Percent


Disagree 11 2.2 2.2


Agree 201 40.2 40.2


Total 500 100.0 100.0

The result is closed with the students agreed that

there are a lot of rooms for changes in order to fully

utilize the new media in improving teaching and

learning processes in the University. There are numbers

of initiatives can be taken in promoting the use of new

media technology in teaching and learning, and the

University must work together; both staff and students;

in order to fully exploit the new media technology for

the long term benefits of the organization as well as its

members as a whole.

4.0 CONCLUSION

Students in information societies are surrounded by

more information and communication technology than

any previous generation [11]. This Generation-Y

students were brought up and literally lived with

technology all their lives. This shows that younger

generations these days tend to use technology more

since it is almost everywhere, and of course, they will be

very comfortable using it. Without technology in the

picture, if it is just plain blackboard and papers, and

some boring slide shows, this generation might lose

interest in studying. In order to address the problems, this

technology, specifically new media technology, must

now be brought into the education system. It is

important for them to be exposed to the norm of new

media usage in formal work, so that they will be used to

managing and completing their formal (and informal)

tasks even after they graduated. It is very important that

the institution itself aware of this needs. Institutions must

have a strategic planning before jumping right into the

trend. The migration to electronic learning is best

addressed as a result of a strategic plan, beginning with

an assessment of the best opportunities for the

integration of new media [12]. In order to make the full

utilization of new media, the said population has to be

aware of the possible uses and benefits of technology

thus creating demand of services and applications [7].

All learning resources must go through a careful process

of design and development [13], and this requires staff

to acquire specific skills, knowledge and additional time

to learn and apply these new skills [14, 15]. There will be

so many resources involved, and this will take more time

to implement in comparison to only making a strategic

plan. With that, it is hoped that all parties will work

together for the full utilization of new media in teaching

and learning in UniMAP, as it is proven to have many

benefits, especially to the students as the major client

of the service provided by the University.

5


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generation to college: the millennial students. Journal of College Admissions. 195: 20‐25.

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student attitudes toward video games and related media

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2013. The Use of ICT in Rural School Libraries. Journal of Asian

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potential of new media and learning. On the Horizon. 19(4):

245-252.

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9(4): 3-9.

[8] Zweekhorst, M. B. M. and Maas, J. 2015. ICT in higher

education: students perceive increased engagement.

Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education. 7(1): 2-18.

[9] Madge, C., Meek, J., Wellens, J. and Hooley, T. 2009.

Facebook, social integration and informal learning at

university: it is more for socialising and talking to friends about

work than for actually doing work. Learning, Media and

Technology. 34(2): 141-155.

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possibilities of social networks and group work. University

students’ perceptions. Comunicar. 21(42): 165-172.

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Technologies (ICT): Chapter 12. Retrieved 11 November 2015

from

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[12] Ruiz, G., Mintzer, M. and Leipzig, R. 2006. The impact of e‐learning in medical education. Academic Medicine. 81(3):

207‐212. [13] Bossu, B. and Tynan. B. 2011. OERs: new media on the learning

landscape. On the Horizon. 19(4): 259-267.

[14] Petrides, L., Nguyen, L., Kargliani, A. and Jimes, C. 2008. Open

educational resources: inquiring into author reuse behaviors.

Proceedings of the 3rd European Conference on Technology

Enhanced Learning (EC‐TEL): Times of Convergence: Technologies Across Learning Contexts, 16‐19 September 2008.

[15] Sclater, N. 2009. The organizational impact of open

educational resources in Ehlers, U.‐D. and Schneckenberg, D. (Eds), Changing Cultures in Higher Education: Moving Ahead

to Future Learning. Springer‐Verlag GmbH: Berlin/Heidelberg, pp. 1‐14.

6


FACTORS INFLUENCING KNOWLEDGE SHARING

BEHAVIOR IN VIRTUAL COMMUNITIES UNDER DISASTER

CONDITIONS: A CASE STUDY OF BANGLADESH

Mahmudul Hasan, Rasimah Che Mohd Yusoff*, Nurazean Maarop, Suriani

Mohd Sam, Norziha Megat Mohd Zainuddin

Advanced Informatics School, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia


[email protected]

Abstract

Knowledge sharing is important during disaster conditions. The importance of knowledge sharing among victims is

acknowledged in the disaster management literature. Not much research has been done to examine knowledge sharing

behavior and very few studies have examined this behavior from the disaster management perspective. Hence, to ensure a

better understanding of this behavior, this study is designed to identify the influential factors of knowledge sharing behavior

in virtual communities under disaster conditions in the case of Bangladesh. A conceptual model was proposed taking into

consideration factors that influences this behavior. This in-progress study suggests respective authorities to take effective

measures to improve user knowledge sharing behavior.

Keywords: Disaster management; knowledge sharing behavior; virtual community

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Bangladesh is an over populated country and also the

geographic location makes the country one of the

most vulnerable countries in the world to the impacts of

natural disasters and their miserable consequences.

Bangladesh is affected by common disasters such as

floods, cyclonic storms, riverbank erosion, landslides,

droughts, and earthquakes etc. As mentioned by Islam

and Chik (2011), natural disasters strike both developed

and developing countries alike, with enormous

devastation and human suffering [15]. As noted in

Uddin and Awal (2013), cyclone Sidr was the strongest

cyclone to happen in Bangladesh, and arrived on

November 15, 2007. The number of death estimated

from cyclone Sidr could be up to 10,000 [31]. The

responsibility for disaster includes response to the

disaster, recovery, mitigation, and preparedness to

overcome the disaster. According to Pathirage (2012),

lack of effective information and knowledge sharing,

and dissemination on disaster mitigation measures as

one of the major reasons behind the unsatisfactory

performance levels of current disaster management

practices [25].

Information sharing and coordination are a critical

factor in Disaster Management, especially among

responding organizations for decision making and

evaluation, the rescue plan optimization, and the

construction and application of emergency response

decision systems [20, 29]. Many virtual communities

such as forums, blogs, and social networking sites (e.g.

Facebook, Twitter, and MySpace etc.) would provide a

huge amount of disaster information if any natural or

man-made disasters happened [27, 28, 29, 33]. Social networking sites have been widely used in recent

disasters such as the 2015 Nepal earthquake, 2010 Haiti

earthquake, 2009 Typhoon Ondoy/Ketsana in the

Philippines, 2011 Virginia Earthquake, 2011 Hurricane

Irene as a communication tool for warning, response

and recovery [11, 12, 30, 33]. During a disaster, it is very

important to share knowledge but many members

participate in virtual communities as lurkers to acquire

knowledge rather than contribute knowledge [2, 35].

Shan et al., (2013) points out that it is important to

understand the personal perception and the

relationship behind knowledge sharing behaviors of

members in virtual communities which can help to

simulate the knowledge sharing behaviors in virtual

communities [28]. Although virtual communities have

been used by community members to share relevant

information, Lu and Yang (2011) reports that not much

research has been done to examine knowledge

sharing behavior [23].

Knowledge Sharing (KS) has been a very popular

issue in the literature of information systems [8, 22].

However, in the knowledge sharing literature most of

the previous studies have been focused on knowledge

sharing within the domains of education, business,

management in and organization [2, 8, 16, 22] and very

few studies have examined this behavior from the

disaster management perspective. Therefore, the

present study aims to identify influential factors and

propose a conceptual knowledge sharing behavior

model under disaster conditions in order to fill the gap

mailto:[email protected]

7


so respective authorities can take effective measures to

improve user knowledge sharing behavior.

2.0 RELATED WORKS Knowledge Sharing (KS) is the behavior of providing and

conveying knowledge. Individual's KS behavior is

guided by personal characteristics and their

surroundings environment [4, 14, 22]. According to Liao,

To, & Hsu (2013), KS cannot be forced, but can be

encouraged and facilitated [21]. In this study

Knowledge Sharing (KS) is defined as the sharing of

disaster related information, ideas, suggestions and

expertise among members in virtual community space.

There are a few theories can be used to support the

importance of knowledge sharing behavior in virtual

communities under disaster conditions. A study by Park

et al., (2010) shows how theory of Weak Ties explains

why people seek information from weak ties (e.g.

Facebook, twitter) when answers from strong ties (e.g.

Traditional news media, government agencies) are not

available and the more the number of weak ties the

more expand the information received by the

individuals [24]. Situational crisis communication theory

(SCCT) suggests to provide information that helps the

affected audiences physically and psychologically

cope [9, 10]. During a disaster situation real time

information and knowledge sharing can help the

affected individual physically and psychologically

cope [2, 23].

Yu, Lu, & Liu (2010) stated that it is important to find

the ways to encourage individuals to contribute

personal knowledge and to assist virtual community

members to share their expertise [34]. Based on their

study they found that enjoying helping, sharing culture

and usefulness/relevancy are strongly linked to member

knowledge sharing behavior. Similarly, results of the

study by Pi, Chou, & Liao (2013) indicated that social

networking sharing culture is the most significant factor,

not only directly affecting knowledge sharing intention,

but also indirectly influencing the sharing intention

through subjective norm and knowledge sharing

attitude [26]. A more detailed research conducted by

Liao, To, & Hsu (2013) revealed that sharing culture have

an effect on continuance intention to share knowledge

and enjoying helping is the strongest motivator of

attitude toward knowledge sharing [21]. Enjoy helping

is also addressed as an intrinsic motivation that

influences members to participate and share their

knowledge in virtual communities [17, 32]. By helping

others, individuals are motivated intrinsically to

contribute knowledge in virtual community.

Chang, Hsu, & Lee (2015) also carried out a research

to examine the change of the roles of trust,

commitment, and self-efficacy with time. Results

revealed that, trust is a significant factor that influences

knowledge sharing intention. Their study suggests that

behavioral intention is a strong predictor of actual

behavior [6]. In the past literature, many studies have

provided empirical evidence to support the link

between behavioral intention and actual behavior.

They also found that knowledge-sharing intention

affect knowledge sharing behavior positively. Chen,

Chen & Kinshuk (2009) also indentified that knowledge

sharing intention is significantly associated with

knowledge sharing behavior in virtual learning

community [8].

The study conducted by Ahmad, Zani, & Hashim

(2015) investigates the determinant factors of

individuals’ knowledge-sharing intentions during a

disaster. Social cognitive theory (SCT) is used as the

underlying theory to predict victims’ knowledge-sharing

behavior. They found that social support and social

recognition significantly influence knowledge-sharing

intention [2]. Ahmed, Ahmad, & Zakaria (2015) found

several factors that can influence directly and indirectly

the knowledge sharing process in disaster relief

organizations in the Disaster Management (DM) cycle.

These factors are categorized in four groups, namely,

environmental factors, motivational factors,

technological factors and institutional factors [3].

There are a few factors that influence on knowledge

sharing behavior such as self-efficacy [2, 6, 7, 8, 13, 21,

22, 35], reciprocity [2, 21, 32], rewards [3, 21, 22] Self-

efficacy is a form of self-evaluation that influences a

decision regarding what actions to take. People who

have high self-efficacy are more likely to perform a

related action than those with low self-efficacy. Shan et

al., (2013) found that trust, emergency event

characteristics, shared language, shared vision, social

interaction ties are the important factors that affect the

quality and quantity of the shared knowledge in

disaster situation [28]. Some other factors such as

reputation, altruism, management/social support,

commitment, expected relationship has been found by

different authors in different context.

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This study has conducted a systematic review of the

literature (SLR) to find the factors that influence

knowledge sharing behavior in virtual communities

under disaster conditions. This study followed the

guideline by Abedin, Babar, & Abbasi (2014) where

they customized the guidelines for systematic reviews

laid by Kitchenham, 2004 [1, 19]. SLR has been

conducted review in four steps (a) Identification of

Resources, (b) Selection of Studies, (c) Data extraction

and synthesis (d) Data analysis. In step (a), to get the

widest set of papers possible, six (6) most popular and

relevant literature databases have been selected. They

are ISI Web of knowledge, ACM digital library, IEEE

Xplore (IEEE), ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and

Emerald. After an initial search of these databases, an

additional reference scanning and analysis has been

done in order to find out any missing articles.

Depending on the search services offered by the

relevant search engines, the following search terms has

been used

8


“Virtual Community Influential Factor” OR “Virtual

Community Knowledge Sharing” OR “Virtual

Community Knowledge Sharing Behavior” OR “Disaster

Knowledge Sharing Behavior” OR “Virtual Community

Disaster Knowledge Sharing” OR “Social Media

Knowledge Sharing Behavior”. A brief overview of the first search results indicated that the terms

‘emergency’, ‘hazard’ or ‘crisis’ (in addition to the term

‘Disaster’) and the terms ‘Social Media’, ‘Twitter’ , ‘Wiki’,

‘Facebook’, ‘Weblogs’, ‘Microblog’ can be used in

combination with the term ‘Virtual Community’ to

identify appropriate resources. In step (b),

Exclusion/inclusion criteria have been developed for

the selection process. Articles published from 2000-2015

are taken into consideration for the inclusion in search

criteria. Initial hits were filtered and excluded in several

steps as explained below: Exclusion criteria:

Did not consider Knowledge Sharing in virtual

community/Social media (e.g. Facebook,

weblogs, wiki, twitter)

Studies that are not related to the research

questions

Studies are not in English

Repeated articles (By title or content)

Not available online

Short papers under four pages

The first phase involved searching keywords as

mentioned earlier on six scientific databases. As a result,

284 primary studies were identified. After completing

the iteration processes 21 studies were selected. In step

(c), the key details of each of 21 selected papers were

retrieved. It includes the context of the study (e.g. social

media, virtual community, and Knowledge Sharing

behavior), disaster type and information, objectives

and results of the study.

Table 1 Factors that Influence Virtual Communities Knowledge Sharing Behavior under Disaster Conditions

Factors

Authors

Trust

[3, 6, 7, 13, 28, 35]

[2, 6, 7, 8, 13, 21, 22, 35]

[2, 21, 32]

[21, 26, 32]

[3, 21, 22]

[21, 32, 34]

[21, 26, 34]

[3, 8, 21, 22, 26]

[2, 3 , 6, 8, 21, 22, 26]

[3, 6, 7, 8,13, 34, 35]

Self-efficacy

Reciprocity

Reputation

Rewards

Enjoy Helping

Sharing Culture

Attitude toward Knowledge Sharing

Knowledge Sharing Intention

Knowledge Sharing Behavior

4.0 RESULTS Table 1 shows the result from SLR studies conducted

representing the influential factors of knowledge

sharing and its behavior in virtual communities that

have higher occurrences. In other words, they are

examined and tested the most by past researchers.

The proposed conceptual model is an extended and

modified version which is derived from a model by

Liao, To, & Hsu, 2013 [21] after comparing several

models [2, 3, 6, 8, 21, 22, 26, 34]. Because most of the

factors in the original model are also identified in Table

1, hence the interrelated factors and better

occurrence can serve as factors for the proposed

model. It asserts that knowledge sharing intention is

the predictor of knowledge sharing behavior [6, 8]. As

the theory of planned behavior suggests that,

behavioral intention is a strong predictor of actual

behavior. Drawing from the literatures of knowledge

sharing and virtual community [3, 6, 13, 28, 35] and the

results from Table 1, Trust has been asserted as an

influential factor. Zhou (2008) found that trust can act

as a catalyst in the community to reduce user

perceived risk and increase his belief in other

members’ ability, integrity and benevolence [35]. This

study includes rewards, reciprocity and reputation as

the variables of utilitarian motivation and enjoying

helping as the variables of hedonic motivation. The

proposed conceptual model is illustrated as Figure 1.

Based on Figure 1, it can be hypothesize that:

H1: Knowledge sharing intention positively influences

knowledge sharing behavior.

H2: Self-efficacy has a positive impact on attitude

toward knowledge sharing.

H3: Trust is positively associated with knowledge-

sharing intention.

H4: Enjoying helping is positively associated with

attitude toward knowledge sharing.

H5: Reputation has a positive impact on attitude


H6: Rewards have a positive impact on attitude


9


H7: Reciprocity has a positive impact on attitude


H8: A sharing culture has a positive impact on attitude


H9: A sharing culture has a positive impact on intention

to share knowledge.

H10: Attitude toward knowledge sharing has a positive

impact on intention to share knowledge.

Figure 1 Proposed Model for Knowledge Sharing Behavior

under Disaster Conditions

The operational definition of each identified factor

is highlighted below [6, 21, 26, 34, 29]:

Trust: Refer to the extent to which individuals believe

that they can rely on the given information.

Self-efficacy: Refer to the extent to which individuals

believe that he or she is capable of providing

knowledge.

Reciprocity: Refer to the extent to which individuals

believes if he or she provides resources, also expects

others to do the same for him/her.

Reputation: Refer to the degree of individual’s

perception of earning respect or enhancing status

through participation in virtual community (e.g.

Facebook Group).

Rewards: Refer to the degree of individual’s

perception of getting benefits through participation in

virtual community.

Enjoy Helping: Refer to the extent to which individuals

believes that helping behaviors can enhance value,

group cohesiveness and performance.

Sharing Culture: The degree of individual’s perception

that all members are equally treated in virtual

community (e.g. Facebook Groups) and it is

encouraged to bring knowledge into groups.

Attitude toward Knowledge Sharing: Refer to the

degree of individual’s positive feelings about sharing

knowledge in virtual community (e.g Facebook

Groups).

Knowledge Sharing Intention: Refer to the degree to

which individual believes that individual will

participate in knowledge sharing in virtual community

(e.g. Facebook Groups).

Knowledge Sharing Behavior: Refer to the extent to

individual’s willingness in a virtual community to share

with others the knowledge they have acquired or

created.

5.0 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

This on-going research had succeeded in identifying

the factors of knowledge sharing behavior in virtual

communities under disaster conditions. The next stage

is to test this proposed conceptual model to

determine its influencing relationship with selected

respondents from a Bangladeshi Facebook Group

called “The DARAB (Disaster Awareness and Response

Association of Bangladesh)”.

Acknowledgement The authors are greatly obliged to Universiti Teknologi

Malaysia and Malaysia Ministry of Education for

financial assistance for the research reported in this

paper. This work was supported by the Potential

Academic Staff (PAS) Grant no.

Q.K130000.2738.01K57.

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11


A REVIEW OF HEALTH WEBSITES IN MALAYSIA

TOWARDS MALAYSIA VISION 2020

Farhana Aini Saludina* , bNurazean Maarop, bRasimah Che Yusoff

zizul Abdullaha

aSchool of Computing & Information Technology, Sentral College

Penang, 10200, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia

bAdvanced Informatics School (AIS) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

(UTM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia


[email protected]

Abstract Malaysia Vision 2020 which had been inspired by Malaysia`s former Prime Minister, Tun Dr Mahathir Mohammad had shaped

the improvement of various sectors in Malaysia. The healthcare sectors are no exception. Under the rubric of Malaysia Vision

2020, Telemedicine frameworks were outlined to raise the standard towards the vision. Health Online, which is one of the

frameworks, were constructed to promote and raise individual’s knowledge capacity in health information via user friendly

web interface. This paper aims to review empirically on how far the progress of Malaysia government health websites fulfilling

the Malaysia Vision 2020. Although there are challenges in its implementations, an overview of the Malaysia Ministry of Health

(MOH) websites showed that the government agency is on the right track to achieve its objective. With five more years

before reaching year 2020, there are rooms for improvements in the development and implementation of Malaysia

government health websites and portals.

Keywords: health portals, health websites, Malaysia Vision 2020, Malaysia National Healthcare Vision, e-health, telehealth

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Twenty four years ago, Malaysia`s Prime Minister, Tun Dr

Mahathir Mohammad has inspired the Malaysia Vision

2020, which targeted Malaysia to achieve the status of

developed country by the year 2020 [1]. The ultimate

aim of Vision 2020 is for Malaysia to be a “united nation,

with a confident Malaysian society, infused by strong

moral and ethical values, living in a society that is

democratic, liberal and tolerant, caring, economically

just and equitable, progressive and prosperous, and in

full possession of an economy that is competitive,

dynamic, robust and resilient”.

These visions had shape the improvement of many

sectors in Malaysia including healthcare. In conjunction

with Malaysia Vision 2020, Malaysia Healthcare Vision

was initiated and several goals of achievement were

identified.

According to Malaysia`s Telemedicine Blueprint, vision

of Malaysia Healthcare is “to be a nation of healthy

individuals, families and communities, through a health

system that is equitable, affordable, efficient,

technologically appropriate, environmentally,

appropriate and consumer friendly, with emphasis on

quality, innovation, health promotion and respect for

human and community participation towards an

enhanced quality of life” as illustrated in Figure 1 [2].

In line with these goals, telemedicine was initiated as

a first-step in moving towards the visions. Telemedicine

which was used interchangeably with telehealth, is

defined as “integration of information,

telecommunication, human—machine interface

technologies and health technologies to deliver health

care, promote the health status of the people and

create health” [3].

Malaysia’s Telemedicine Blueprint 1997 stated that

telehealth strategies are to strengthen the healthcare

delivery via the use of telecommunications, information

and multimedia technologies. Telehealth is also used as

a tool to reshape the healthcare delivery system by

becoming more virtual, distributed and integrated

resulting in better healthcare delivery and efficient [2].

Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) was introduced as to

show the commitment by Malaysian government in

achieving the target of Malaysia healthcare vision.

Initiated in 1996, MSC agenda was to give full support in

terms of technology needs by all sectors including

healthcare [3].

Ministry of Health (MOH) had taken a significant

approach in improving health literacy and service

access by adopting the telehealth strategies [4]. Health

Online which is one main components of the updated

telehealth strategies framework, were initiated by MOH

in order to promote individuals to take care of their

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health by providing health information and education

through web interface that is user friendly [5].

This paper aims to review empirically the progress of

Malaysian Government health websites and portals to

achieve the goals of Malaysia Healthcare Vision and

thus fulfill Malaysia Vision 2020.

2.0 MALAYSIA`S HEALTH CARE AT A GLANCE

Malaysia total land area is 330396 square kilometers. It

consists of 11 states and two federal territories (Kuala

Lumpur and Putrajaya) which are from Peninsular

Malaysia, while East Malaysia, separated by the South

China Sea had 2 states (Sabah and Sarawak) and the

third federal territories (Labuan).

Malaysia is a multiracial country comprising of three

main races predominantly of Bumiputras (67.4%)

followed by the Chinese (24.6%), Indians (7.3 %) and

other ethnic groups (0.7%) [6].

Malaysia has been known to provide various

healthcare services. Healthcare services in Malaysia are

supported by various institution ranging from public,

private and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs).

Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH) is the major provider

and financier of health services in [7]. In Malaysia, a

mixed of conventional or traditional and

complementary medicine is applied among the

people [6].

In line with Malaysia Vision 2020, Malaysia Healthcare

Vision has listed eight goals to target on Malaysia

healthcare sector [2]. They were

Wellness focus

Person focus

Informed persons

Self-help

Care provided at home/close to home

Seamless, continuous care

Services tailored as much as possible

Effective, efficient and affordable services

Figure 1 Malaysia Healthcare Vision (Adapted from Malaysia

Telemedicine Blueprint, 1997)

Table 1 explains further about the eight goals of

Malaysia Healthcare Vision. These goals act as

benchmarks to review the progress of Malaysian health

portals and websites.

Table 1 Goal of Future Healthcare Services [2]

The goals of future healthcare services emphasized more in giving the best healthcare services to individual

and families. These indicate that health portals and

websites should offer information and services that are

accurate, updated and accessible at anytime and

anywhere. Furthermore, the flexibility of online

information delivery should assists users in making the

appropriate health decisions for their wellness.

Table 2 Selected articles based on international and local

journals

3.0 METHODOLOGY Five journals were chosen to obtain articles from three

most recent years, 2014 to 2016. Table 2 shows numbers

of articles collected and reviewed from the five

journals. Two local journals were also selected which are

The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences and Sains

Humanika. Three keywords which are “telehealth”,

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“health portals” and “Malaysia health portals” were

used. The initial result yields about 359 titles and 3 papers

were reviewed by the researchers. In addition, official

reports on Malaysia Government Portals and Websites

Assessment and descriptions from the Malaysia official

health websites and portals were included for review.

The researcher categorizes the review results into six

main points for further discussions.

4.0 RESULTS Based on the research articles, websites and portals

assessment reports and review the following item will be

discussed:

1. Telehealth innovation.

2. Health websites and portals by the Malaysian

government; MyHealth Portal, InfoSihat

Websites, National Cancer Society (MAKNA)

websites, myCPD (Online Monitoring

Continuous Professional Development) and

Virtual Library.

3. The implementation process in empowering

health portals by Malaysian Governments

through MOH.

4. Enhancement of existing portals and rise of

new health applications.

5. Challenges faced during the implementation.

6. Suggestions on improving health portals

accessibility.

Recent literatures show that there are lack of

researchers done on telehealth especially in Malaysia

setting. It also shows that none from the recent

literatures mentioning about health portals or Malaysia

health portals. Meanwhile, evaluation and assessment

of websites are important contributions to improve the

quality of any websites. Adding to this, there are several

supporting literatures of Malaysia health websites and

portals in form of reports assessment and reviews which

are also taken into consideration and cited as

references.

4.1 Telehealth innovation

Innovation that is introduced in an organization or

community may have dynamic results [8]. In healthcare

industry, telehealth is considered as one of the Health

Information Technology (HIT) innovation [9].

Implementation of HIT innovation in an organization

promotes institutional changes in terms of solving the

problem of quality, safety and cost. It also influences

how the community of stakeholder will react to the new

applications [9]. Despite of large investment and early

system implementation, technology-related issues that

still arise will prevent telehealth development and

diffused [9]. In Malaysia, the community is demanding

for a quality telehealth innovation. For example,

Internet-based self-management program able to

attract more patients with type 2 diabetes to engage

with the programs [10]. Telehealth innovation is already

accepted by the community. ICT issues need to be

analyzed and consider in order to ensure successful

implementation.

4.2 Health Websites and Portals in Malaysia

MOH has developed several healthcare portals for the

public and for the healthcare providers. MyCPD and

Virtual Library had been redeveloped to provide health

information for Continuous Professional Development

(CPD) for the health care providers [11]. Registered

medical personnel could retrieve the data provided at

any time when necessary as to help them attending

their patients [5]. In the meantime, MyHealth portal

provides health education materials for the public.

MyHealth portal which was developed in 2005 act as a

medium to search for related health information. This

portal provides health and medical information through

the internet for Malaysians. It covers topics that are

specifically for Malaysians environments [12].

Screenshot of MyHealth portal is shown in Figure 2.

Correspondingly, MOH also work together with non-

governmental organizations (NGOs), National Cancer

Council (MAKNA) as shown on Figure 3. They wanted to

educate the people about health awareness through

websites and encourage early detection of breast

cancer [13]. Under the Health Education Division in

MOH, there is also another health website that is similar

to MyHealth which is known as Infosihat [5]. Figure 4

shows a screenshot of the website. Infosihat have a few

additional contents, which this can be considered as a

waste of resources since both websites could be

merged into one.

4.3 Implementation Focus and Empowerment

Future healthcare services in Malaysia are targeted to

promote individual wellness throughout people’s whole

life. The health services provided itself should be

available where and when required. The information

should be accurate and updated from a

knowledgeable person or expertise to enable people

to make informed decisions.

Figure 2 MyHealth Portal by Ministry of Health (MOH) Malaysia

It is reported that most developed and developing

countries are facing with the increasing numbers of

14


people suffering from chronic diseases including

Malaysia [14]. However, Malaysians were found to have

awareness regarding their health [15] and the

governments are strategizing to increase the level of

health knowledge and awareness among their citizens.

Malaysian government through MOH had taken a

significant effort including spending a lot of money [16]

in providing reliable sources of health information

through healthcare portals [12].

Figure 3 National Cancer Organizations (MAKNA) websites

Figure 4 Infosihat by Health Education Division, MOH

4.4 Enhancement of Existing Portals and New Applications

MyHealth Portal was found eligible in helping the nation

achieving the Malaysia National Healthcare goals. It

enables the users to equip themselves with health

knowledge, at any time and at their own

conveniences, especially before seeing their doctors

[12]. The health information in the portal is developed

by MOH themselves and follows the content of

governance framework [17]. It provides health

information that is tailored to the Malaysian citizen [18].

It also written by expertise and health professionals [5]

and undergoes a quality assurance review process [17].

MyHealth offers information such information such as

health facts, health risk assessment, ‘Ask The Expert’,

health services directory, etc. [17]. According to MOH

Annual Report 2012, a few more new and updated

topics were added to the MyHealth Portal. Additionally,

35 articles that are more than 5 years were reviewed.

The services of ‘Ask the Expert’ were upgraded to be

answered within 3 working days [19]. As to meet the

current need and trends, MyHealth application that is

compatible with various operating system was

launched in 2010 [19]. It is expected that Malaysian will

to fully utilized this health portals by selecting the best

health guidelines that can promote their health and

wellness.

4.5 Challenges

Despite the richness and reliability offers by MyHealth

Portals, it usage is still very low [5, 12, 20]. The number of

users are still fewer compared to the number of

registered users in forum [5]. Also, there are only about

1000 to 1500 number of page hits per day [12]. The low

number of usage portrayed waste of resources to the

development of health portals, after so many footsteps

had been taken to empower it.

This situation gives an idea that health websites

provided by the Malaysia`s government are accessible

by the citizens. However, the accessibility may still limit

due to some challenges and obstacles. Web

accessibility can describe as the ability of the website

to be accessed by user through all existing technology

and capability of user to understand all of the

information contained in it [21]. A recent study of E-

government accessibility in Malaysia state that most e-

government websites have a web accessibility problem

[22]. Among the problems is coverage of Internet

connection. In Malaysia, internet connection are

limited in some of the parts such as rural areas [23]. This

could create knowledge gap between people who

can and cannot accessed it. Another difficulty is that

web users may not be able to find the MyHealth portals

from the search engine even though relevant key terms

are used [5]. For those who can access the websites,

they are also facing their own challenges. Portals and

websites are actually replacing the human-to-human

communications to human-to-machine

communications [12]. This one way of communicating

may lead a person to choose the traditional way. It

depends on the person ability to adopt the behavior of

information seeking to enable them fully used the

portals [12]. As well, too many information make it is

more difficult for once to make health decisions [24].

Most users had difficulties to identify the health

conditions based on several symptoms given even

though various health resources are available for their

references [25]. It is a challenging process for a

nonprofessional person to analyze, select and apply the

most appropriate health guidelines [24].

4.6 Improving Healthcare Websites & Portals

Healthcare system in Malaysia has improved from what

it was 24 years ago and it is moving towards

computerization and informative technology

environment [13]. The support of information provided

by MOH health portals will not been seen as useful if the

Information Technology (IT) gap is still huge [13]. This

15


gap caused people to revert to the traditional way of

information seeking or even ignoring the information

acquisition. Health websites and portals can be

improved as we are moving towards year 2020 in order

to achieve the vision of Malaysia Healthcare. The

potential recommendations are proposed as the

following:

i. Actively provide more keywords to popular

search engine such as Google, Yahoo and

Bing [5].

ii. Articles in health portals should be designed

or written so that it is free from medical

jargons and familiar by the public [5].

iii. MyHealth Portals risk assessment application

should upgrade the questionnaire to provide

more reliable answers for advance user who

wants to know their health condition better

[5].

iv. Internet communications and other essential

technological facilities should be expand as

to cover wider range of the rural areas [5].

v. Start practicing web customization features

in e-government websites including health

portals. Web customization is a web

technology that accommodates the

differences between individuals in browsing

for information. Customization also describes

the ability of users to modify the page layout

or specify what content should be displayed

[26].

5.0 Discussions As a whole, the healthcare portals and websites by

Malaysian government is still not a preferable choice by

the citizen in gaining health information. This can be

seen by the low number of usage to MyHealth Portals.

Moreover, the portals are equipped with information

that is verified by professionals and is created by

Malaysian government. On top of that, Malaysian e-

government web accessibility seems to still be in poor

level. Malaysian Government Portals and Websites

Assessment (MGPWA) 2013 had reported that 7% of

MOH websites and portals were inaccessible and were

rated as 3-star and 2-star [27]. Actions and steps taken

by Malaysian government had shown that they are

serious in fulfilling the goals of Malaysia National

Healthcare Vision and Vision 2020. This can be seen by

the upgraded content, revamped portals and rise of

new health applications [19]. In order to really increase

the preferences of Malaysian citizen to choose

Malaysian Government health portals and websites as

their main references, a few recommendations are

suggested. This recommendation is made based on

strategies taken by other countries in improving their

healthcare accessibility.

1. Widen the Internet access especially to rural

area by using simple access and cost effective

technology. As example, in Pakistan, by using

the present ICT infrastructure such as SMS, MMS