Evidence-based STI Policy Making From Japanese Perspective
May 23 , 2014 , at CAST 2014In Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
Tateo ARIMOTONational Graduate Institute for Policy Studies ( GRIPS) &
Center for R&D Strategy (CRDS) ,Japan Science & Technology Agency (JST)
1.Great Transformation of Global System2. Reshaping STI Policy and System3. Japan’s Science of STI Policy Program 4. Conclusion
Contents
3
・ Sustainable development・ Climate change, Energy & Natural resources ・ Water, Health,Food, Biodiversity・ Natural/Artificial Disasters ・ Knowledge & Aging society
Since 1989
DisastersDisasters
End of the Cold-WarICT revolution
“Globalization,Complexity & Uncertainty”
New World Order
New World Order
Climate Change Climate Change
Great Transformation Now 2014
Economic Crises
Economic Crises
STI & Univ.Reform
STI & Univ.Reform
4
・ Sustainable development・ Climate change, Energy & Natural resources ・ Water, Health,Food, Biodiversity・ Natural/Artificial Disasters ・ Knowledge & Aging society
Since 1989
DisastersDisasters
End of the Cold-WarICT revolution
“Globalization,Complexity & Uncertainty”
New World Order
New World Order
Climate Change Climate Change
Great Transformation Now 2014
Economic Crises
Economic Crises
UniversityReform
UniversityReform
The Rules of games are changing !
In the middle of the great
transformation
Shaping the new values and
leadership
Changing social norms, Public
engagement ,
Technological and social innovation
Innovation & entrepreneurship
Green new deal & smart ageing
society
Redesigning governance of ST and
Innovation;
Global, regional, national & local
Breaking the conventional thought
framework! Shaping new models,
Responsible conduct
6
“The Changing Map of Science” Nature, October 18, 2012
Others
OECD
International Scientific Unions
National Members
STS ForumESOF
WSF
International Organizations
International Societies/Academies
Groups ofResearch and
Funding agencies
The International Landscape of Science Policy Organizations & Fora
GSF
UN and related bodies
UNESCO
WHOWMOFAOITU
WIPOIAEA
Specific Committees
UN Secretary-General’s Scientific Advisory Board
High Level Groups(e.g. Ministerial, CSA meetings)
Carnegie Group( G8+5)
High Level
International Forums
GRC
OthersNESTITIP
CSTP
Others
Regional bodies
Science EuropeActive role
in the governance
High Level
APEC ASEAN
ICSUIAP IAC
IUPAP
IUPAC IAU
Others
NAS(USA)
Royal Society
(UK)
Others
Others
Others
Network,System of systems
Inter-governmental and general-purpose committee for consultations between government officials, and between officials and scientists.
Others
G8
IPCC
EC
IGFABelmont Forum
Institutions forPolicy Research
ESFRI
SPRU PRESTRathenau
OthersRAND
NISTEP
ISSCSocial Science
OthersGlobal meeting
of CSAs
SBPC
AAAS
CAST
TWAS
8
S & T and Innovation in the 21st century
○ STI for knowledge
○ STI for profit ○ STI for competitiveness ○ STI for growth ○ STI for employment ○ STI for wellbeing & quality of life ○ STI for safety, security & social cohesion ○ STI for sustainability & resilience
Redesigning science & innovation system Responsible conduct in the R&D enterprise- locally, nationally, regionally and globally -
WSC 1999 : Budapest Declaration- Science for the 21st century– ”Science for Knowledge“ and “Science in Society and Science for Society” OECD 2010 : “The OECD Innovation Strategy” WSF 2011 : ”The Changing Landscape of Science - Challenges & Opportunities ”WSF 2013 : "Science for Global Sustainable Development ” AAAS 2012 : “Flattening the World - Building a Global Knowledge Society”AAAS 2013 : “The Beauty and Benefits of Science”AAAS 2014 : “Meeting Global Challenges - Discovery and innovation” Davos 2012 : "The Great Transformation - Shaping New Models" Davos 2013 : “Resilient Dynamism”Davos 2014 : “The Reshaping of the world - Consequences for Society, Politics and Business”
WSC 1999 : Budapest Declaration- Science for the 21st century– ”Science for Knowledge“ and “Science in Society and Science for Society” OECD 2010 : “The OECD Innovation Strategy” WSF 2011 : ”The Changing Landscape of Science - Challenges & Opportunities ”WSF 2013 : "Science for Global Sustainable Development ” AAAS 2012 : “Flattening the World - Building a Global Knowledge Society”AAAS 2013 : “The Beauty and Benefits of Science”AAAS 2014 : “Meeting Global Challenges - Discovery and innovation” Davos 2012 : "The Great Transformation - Shaping New Models" Davos 2013 : “Resilient Dynamism”Davos 2014 : “The Reshaping of the world - Consequences for Society, Politics and Business”
“The Age of Transformation”
Reshaping S&T policy
Global Research Council : 2012- Science, Nov 2011: ”Rethinking the Science System” Nature, Oct 2012 : “The Changing Map of Science – Science on the move, Global Research” IAC 2012 : “Responsible Conduct in the Global Research Enterprise” ICSU : “Future Earth” 2013- EU, Vilnius Declaration 2013 : The Value and Benefits of Integrating Social Science and Humanities into Horizons 2020” World Social Science Report 2013 : “Changing Global Environments“
Global Research Council : 2012- Science, Nov 2011: ”Rethinking the Science System” Nature, Oct 2012 : “The Changing Map of Science – Science on the move, Global Research” IAC 2012 : “Responsible Conduct in the Global Research Enterprise” ICSU : “Future Earth” 2013- EU, Vilnius Declaration 2013 : The Value and Benefits of Integrating Social Science and Humanities into Horizons 2020” World Social Science Report 2013 : “Changing Global Environments“
Rethinking S&T system
OECD 2013-14 : “The Quality of Science for Policy Reports “
Global meeting of Chief Science Advisers 2014 in Auckland,NZ
United Nations Science Adv Board , 2013-
OECD 2013-14 : “The Quality of Science for Policy Reports “
Global meeting of Chief Science Advisers 2014 in Auckland,NZ
United Nations Science Adv Board , 2013-
Rebuilding trust and scientific integrity
1.Great Transformation of Global System2. Reshaping STI Policy and System3. Japan’s Science of STI Policy Program 4. Conclusion
Contents
12
Policy Making &Science Advice
MinistriesFunding Agencies
Implementing Organizationsuniversities, industries, national labs etc.
Multi-layered Governance System
of S&T and Innovation
Scientificcommunities
scientists, engineers, managers, intermediaters etc
Bottom -up
Top downProblem –
solving
Connecting and networking beyond the boundaries for creating socio-economic values
Private Companies
Research funding system for national innovation system in Japan
Science
Venture, Start-ups, VC/risk money
seeds to ‘exits’
backcasting
Creating new fields
Interaction Fields
Sprouting Phase
curiosity-driven
research(‘bottom-up’
research)
Diversity
mission oriented basic research
Exploratory & high risk research
”Exit” oriented R&D, prototype, demonstration & Social experiments
Economic Values
Finance,Tax,Regulations,, IPR,Standards,Social capital, culture etc.
Valley of Death
Market &Society
Scientific frontierTechnological seeds
Proofof Concept PrototypesInput Output
Technology
UniversitiesPublic
research institutes
Intellectual &Cultural values
Social &Public value s
Public sectorsNGO etc.
“Cloning” DARPA ( DOD,DOH,DOE,DOEd,NIH), NSF&USAIDFP#8(2014-2020), European Technology Platform (ETP),
VINNOVA, ANR : Bridging the gap, Transformative research
“Cloning” DARPA ( DOD,DOH,DOE,DOEd,NIH), NSF&USAIDFP#8(2014-2020), European Technology Platform (ETP),
VINNOVA, ANR : Bridging the gap, Transformative research
International competition and collaboration of funding systems
Redesigning funding system for issue-driven R&D
Sci &Tech.
JSPS NEDO etcJST
WPI, FIRST
New systems;
SIP & ImPACT,
Japan’s NIH
14
○
Issues to be solved;Economy, Environment, Energy, Resources,
Health, Aging, Disaster, Food etc.
Policy( normative,
value)
Science( objective,value free )
SciencePolicy
Science - Policy Continuum
Code of conduct
Society(Global,Regional,National,Local)
Many issues hang on the answers to questions which can be asked science and yet, which cannot be answered by science.
○“Bridging Science and Policy” evidence-based policy making Science of STI policy ○“Bridging Science and Society” Science & Risk Communication
“Trans-Science Age”
1.Great Transformation of Global System2. Reshaping STI Policy and System3. Japan’s Science of STI Policy Program 4. Conclusion
Contents
Development of
the “ Science of STI Policy”
Evolution of Policy Making
Mechanism
Copyright (C)2011 JST All Rights Reserved.
Co-evolutionCommunication
& Trust
Feedback of Research Results
Needs,Stimulation
Co-evolutionary Development of the “Science of STI Policy” and the “Policy Making Mechanism”
Education & Training
Competitive Research
Grant
Datainfrastructure
〇 Making policy options〇 Various means of participation
Copyright (C)2011 JST All Rights Reserved.
Japan’s “Science of STI Policy” Program
Circulation of knowledge and
human resources
Circulation of knowledge and
human resources
Government :Evolution of the
policy-making process-rational, sustainable &
Inclusive-
Government :Evolution of the
policy-making process-rational, sustainable &
Inclusive-
Public/stakeholders :Change in the means of public participation in
policy making
Public/stakeholders :Change in the means of public participation in
policy making
Circulation of knowledge and
human resources
Circulation of knowledge and
human resources
Policy-oriented investigation and studies
The Steering Committee chaired by Prof.Kurodato design and supervise the entire programThe Steering Committee chaired by Prof.Kurodato design and supervise the entire program
Comprehensive management system
ScienceCollecting & Sharing
Knowledge, experiencesand Data
ScienceCollecting & Sharing
Knowledge, experiencesand Data
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National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS)
National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS)
Joint ProgramJoint Program
• Establish a master's program and doctoral program in the “Science of STI policy”
• Guide inter-hub collaboration and promote the development of the academic discipline and community
• Establish a master's program and doctoral program in the “Science of STI policy”
• Guide inter-hub collaboration and promote the development of the academic discipline and community
The University of TokyoThe University of Tokyo
• Focused area: Public policy and engineering
• Establish an interdepartmental education program within existing postgraduate program
• Focused area: Public policy and engineering
• Establish an interdepartmental education program within existing postgraduate program
Hitotsubashi UniversityHitotsubashi University
• Focused area: Interdisciplinary innovation research with a foundation in social sciences including management and economics
• Establish a doctoral-level certificate course
• Focused area: Interdisciplinary innovation research with a foundation in social sciences including management and economics
• Establish a doctoral-level certificate course
Osaka University (Jointly with
Kyoto University)
Osaka University (Jointly with
Kyoto University)
Kyushu UniversityKyushu University
• Focused area: Ethical, legal and social issues (ELSI) in science and technology
• Establish a minor specialization as a part of existing master's programs
• Focused area: Ethical, legal and social issues (ELSI) in science and technology
• Establish a minor specialization as a part of existing master's programs
• Focused area: East Asian and regional innovation,
• Establish a specialized course consisting of interdisciplinary postgraduate subjects
• Focused area: East Asian and regional innovation,
• Establish a specialized course consisting of interdisciplinary postgraduate subjects
• Provide opportunities for gatherings : Seminars, summer-camps, etc.,
• Share characteristic curriculums of each institution etc.,
• Provide opportunities for gatherings : Seminars, summer-camps, etc.,
• Share characteristic curriculums of each institution etc.,
Japan’s Science of STI Plolicy:Japan’s Science of STI Plolicy:Network of Education and Training ProgramsNetwork of Education and Training Programs
NISTEP: Data & Analysis and JST/RISTEX: Granting program .
Goals of Education and Tranings• Fostering the knowledge & skills necessary to conduct science-
based policy research– Reviewing existing research, building a logical hypothesis– Verifying the hypothesis through the gathering of objective facts and data– Examining the implications based on analysis of the results
• Developing the abilities to plan, design, implement, evaluate and revise science, technology and innovation policy & system– Knowledge of the various policies, governmental interventions that have
been implemented in Japan and abroad to date, and their influences– Grasp of scientific research and the innovation process itself– Understanding and execution ability of the process of forming pragmatic
policies– Ability to debate and negotiate with relevant individuals and institutions
overseas
〇 Degree Programs (Master/Doctoral)
Program Master(in Japanese)
Doctoral(in Japanese/English)
Duration
18 months(1 year full time + 6 month part-time (for making policy research paper))
3 years(1year fulltime + 2 years part-time)
Completion Requirements
30 credits or more and policy research paper 14 credits or more, and doctoral thesis
Degree Master of Public Policy Ph.D. in Public Policy, orDoctor of Policy Studies
〇 Shot-term Training Courses for practioners
GRIPS as a Hub of Networks of STI Policy Research and Education/Training
Legislative Branch / Politician and their Staffs
Ministries/ Local Governments/Universities/Research Institutions
Industry
Overseas Universities / Research Institutions
Academic Societies
SciREX Institutions[Univ. of Tokyo, Hitotsubashi Univ.,Osaka & Kyoto Univ., and Kyushu Univ.]
Educational Programs
SciREX Joint Programs
MOUs with
Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry
National Institute for Science and Technology Policy and Strategies Studies (NISTPASS), Vietnam
Collaborators
GRIPS
Joint Programs
Summer Camps
1st SciREX Summer Camp hosted by GRIPS(Aug. 23-25, 2013; Tsukuba)
International Symposia
SciREX International Symposium 2012 “Past, Present and Future of Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Research” hosted by GRIPS (Dec 14, 2012)
Other Joint Programs Publishing SciREX Text, Policy Internship, and Policy Planning Workshops
Symposia, International Conferences & Workshops
Symposium “Bridging Science and Policy” (Aug
8, 2012) , Members of National Diet (DPJ, LDP, Komeito) had discussion on the STI policy
GRIPS-NISTEP Symposium “Benchmarking of Research Activities and its Implications for the Future of Japanese University System” (Oct 10, 2012)
The 10th ASIALICS Conference ”The Roles of Public Research Institutes and University in Asia’s Innovation System” (Sep. 20-21, 2013)
OECD Global Science Forum Workshop on Scientific Advice for Policymaking: the Role and Responsibility of Scientists
(Oct 22-23, 2013)
International Cooperation
GRIPS hosted Study Meeting of US National Academies’“Lessons Learned form Fukushima” Project (November 26-28, 2012)
http://nas-sites.org/fukushima/study-schedule/meeting-three/
Atsushi Sunami*, Tomoko Hamachi* and Shigeru Kitaba, "The Rise of Science and Technology Diplomacy in Japan," Science & Diplomacy, AAAS
*GRIPS
Collaboration with Industry:
Workshops jointly organized with Private Companies
GRIPS-JMA* Innovation Policy Workshop (2011 & 2012)
GRIPS-NEC Joint Workshop (2013)
*Japan Management Association
Through the intensive days’ workshop, GRIPS international students and Japanese business persons will develop projects which will be able to contribute to the sustainable development of countries in ASEAN region.
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Knowledge, S&TMarket & Society
DevelopedCountries
DevelopedCountries
Global
National Local
Solving Socioeconomic Problems
Public Values: Wellbeing, QOL, Energy & Envi. Security & Safety, Resilience
Corporate Values: Profit, Competitiveness, Growth, Employment, CSR
Challenges ofSustainability
and Development
Innovation Ecosystem
BRICS etc.
Finance & Taxes
Regulation
s & Standards
Human Resources
International Collaboration & Competition
Heterogeneous,
Diverse,Reverse &
FrugalInnovation
Global Innovation Ecosystem
Since 2006 ~by CRDS
Regional
BRICS etc.
Developing Countries
Developing Countries
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I. Basic ConceptI. Basic ConceptI. Basic ConceptI. Basic Concept1. Unprecedented Crises of Japan and Change of the World 2. 1st-3rd Basic Plans’ achievements and problems
3. S&T policy to S&T and innovation policy; Issue-driven beyond discipline-based
1 . Basic principle
2 . Realization of Recovery and Reconstruction from the Disasters
3. Promotion of green innovation
4 . Promotion of life innovation
5 . System reforms to promote STI
1 . Basic principle
2 . Realization of Recovery and Reconstruction from the Disasters
3. Promotion of green innovation
4 . Promotion of life innovation
5 . System reforms to promote STI
1 . Basic principle
2 . Promotion of measures to attain key challenges
3 . System reforms to attain key challenges (same as II.5)
4 . Strategic development of globally integrated activities “ East Asian Science and Innovation Area (e-ASIA)”
1 . Basic principle
2 . Promotion of measures to attain key challenges
3 . System reforms to attain key challenges (same as II.5)
4 . Strategic development of globally integrated activities “ East Asian Science and Innovation Area (e-ASIA)”
IIII. . Realization of Sustainable Growth Realization of Sustainable Growth into the Future and Social Developmentinto the Future and Social Development
IIII. . Realization of Sustainable Growth Realization of Sustainable Growth into the Future and Social Developmentinto the Future and Social Development III. Addressing key challenges facing JapanIII. Addressing key challenges facing JapanIII. Addressing key challenges facing JapanIII. Addressing key challenges facing Japan
1. Basic principle
2. Thorough enhancement of basic research
3. Development of human resources to support science and technology
4. Developing international-level research environment and infrastructure
IV. Enhancement of basic researchIV. Enhancement of basic researchand human resources developmentand human resources developmentIV. Enhancement of basic researchIV. Enhancement of basic researchand human resources developmentand human resources development
1. Basic principle
2. Deepening relations between society and science/technology innovation
3 . Promoting effective STI policy
4 . Expanding R&D investment
V. Science and societyV. Science and society- Development of policies together with society - - Development of policies together with society -
V. Science and societyV. Science and society- Development of policies together with society - - Development of policies together with society -
The 4th Basic Plan for Science and Technology, Government of Japan, August 2011 after 3.11.
“Bridging science & society”*Public participation *Addressing ethical, legal and
social issues(ELSI) & technology assessment (TA)
*Science & risk communication“Promoting Science of STI
Policy”
Issue-drivenR&D strategy
*Recovery & reconstruction*Green innovation *Life innovation*System reform
principles regarding the roles and responsibilities of
science and government in policy making
1.The role of scientific advice in policy making2.Seeking scientific advice in a timely and pertinent manner3. Ensuring the independence of science advisers4. Awareness of responsibility as scientific advisers 5. Achieving broad perspectives and balance6. Ensuring the quality of advice and integrating viewpoints7. Proper handling of uncertainty and diversity8. Free disclosure of scientific knowledge9. Even-handed treatment of scientific advice by the government10.Ensuring transparency of the scientific advice process 6
T. Arimoto & Y. Sato,Science , Sept 7, 2012
Growing expectations for Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) to cope with societal challenges - responding appropriately to economic and social structural changes.
Evidence-based STI policy making, involving a more rational, sustainable and inclusive process, is required.
Deepening the understanding the dynamic and complex process in STI, and visualizing the social and economic impact of STI policy. The results must be utilized in actual policy formation, ensuring transparency in decision-making in order to provide accountability to the public.
Making use of evidence as a shared social resource, which serves as a foundation for public participation in policy making.
Developing the “Science of STI Policy” to realize evidence-based policy making.
Multifaceted analysis and understanding of the economic and social conditions, societal challenges, and the present status and potential of S&T - necessary to cope with the challenges.
Why do we need to develop the “Science of Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Policy ” now?
(Source: JST-CRDS(2010), Strategic Proposal “Towards Realization of Evidence-based Policy Formation: Development of Science of Science, Technology and Innovation Policy” , CRDS-FY2010-SP-13.)