For Erectors/ Inspectors
SCAFFOLD
TRAINING
By M A Khan – HSE DEPARTMENT
May 19, 2009
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
OBJECTIVES
To familiarise with UAE Legal
requirements with respect to Scaffolds
To enhance the skill of scaffold
erection and inspection.
Safe Procedure for erection & dismantling
Procedure for Scaffold inspection
Type of scaffolding system
Practical on Scaffold Erection & dismantling
WHAT IS SCAFFOLDING?
An elevated, temporary
work platform. Elevated
Temporary
work platform
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Supported (Independent) Scaffold
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Suspended Scaffold
• Fixed or travelling
• Permanent or temporary
• Manual or powered
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Tower or Mobile Scaffold
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Arial / Mobile Access Scaffold
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Scaffold Erection
Scaffolds can only be erected, moved, dismantled or altered under the supervision of a competent person
Competent person selects & directs these workers and determines the feasibility of fall protection
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Legal Requirements
DM Chapter No -08
Components of
scaffolding
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Components of
Scaffoldings
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1.Base Plates
Legal Requirement: Scaffold must have base plates even when setting on a concrete floor
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2.Standards
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3.Ledgers(transom)
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4.Wooden Planks
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5.Toe Board
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6.Couplers(shovels)
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7.Universal Jack(pin)
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8.Bracing(GI Pipe)
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9.Sole Board
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Scaffold
Foundations
Scaffold Foundations
There is no base plate & the
scrap plywood is not adequate.
The scaffold frame could
penetrate the plywood.
Scaffold legs must be set on base plates & adequate mudsills.
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Mud sills must be sized to distribute scaffolding loads to the ground or support structure.
Scaffold Foundations
The lack of a base plate could
damage the scaffold leg.
Scaffolds must have base plates, even when set on a concrete floor.
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Timber sole plates of at least 25cm
wide and 5 cm thick should be laid for
the support of base plates.
Scaffold Foundations
The foot or base of any scaffold shall be placed on an adequate base plate to prevent displacement or sinking.
Base Plate
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Base plates with screw jacks should always be used so that you will be able to make levelling adjustments later.
Plumb, level and square the scaffold at the base
Scaffolds should never
be set on bricks,
masonry blocks, etc.
These are not structural
elements and could
crush under the scaffold
load.
Never on Masonry! Scaffold Foundations
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Access ladders and its placing
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Access ladders and its placing
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• Portable ladders used for access to upper landing; side
rails must extend 3 ft (.9 m) above landing
• Use 3-point contact while climbing
and always face the ladder
• Ladders must be secured to
scaffolds to prevent movement
• Damaged ladders should be
removed from service and
tagged “Do Not Use”
• Exercise extreme caution while
getting on/off ladders and
scaffolds
Ladder Safety
Prevents Serious Injury
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Access ladders and its placing
MOST COMMON DEFECTS
Access ladders and its placing
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DAMAGED STILE DAMAGED RUNGS
MOST COMMON UNSAFE PRACTICE
Access ladders and its placing
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
MOST COMMON UNSAFE PRACTICE
Access ladders and its placing
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
MOST COMMON UNSAFE PRACTICE
Access ladders and its placing
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Access ladders and its placing
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Scaffold with interior
ladders for access
Access ladders and its placing
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Scaffold with Exterior
ladders for access
How to measure ladder angle (75 degree)
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• Step1: Stand straight
facing the ladder
• Step2: Place your shoes
touching the ladder
shoes.
• Step3: Extend your arm
and hold the both posts.
• If arm is fully extended
and post are gripped then
the angle is around 75
degree.
Access ladders and its placing
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Safe usage of LADDER
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Scaffold
Platform
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Quality of Planks
Check for defects like –
Bow, Twist, Crook and
Cup.
Bow
Twist
Crook
Cup.
No paint on wood platforms
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Placing of Planks
Place the plank end trough
ledgers but not over the ledger
as per the picture.
Take help wherever required.
An overlapping 12’’ shall be
maintained.
Max gap between planks –
25mm
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Work platforms must be
tightly planked for the full
width of the scaffold
Minimum width of work
platform should not be less
than 600 mm (3 planks).
Placing of Planks
All planks and/or platforms
should always be fastened to
the scaffold as necessary to
prevent uplift or displacement
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Planks shall extend at least
6“ – 12” beyond their
support.
General Requirements
All Planking on runs of scaffold
must overlap a minimum of 12
inches.
Any damaged or weakened
planks must be immediately
removed and replaced.
No lose materials shall be left
and platforms shall not be
overloaded.
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Transom or
Put log
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Is anything Wrong here?
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Legal Requirement for Transom (or Putlog)
Maximum spacing for putlogs or transoms when
using boards conforming to BS 2482
Nominal
thickness of
Board
Maximum span of
putlog or transom
32 mm 1.0 Metres
38 mm 1.5 Metres
50 mm 2.6 Metres
63 mm 3.5 Metres
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Guard Rails
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The open edge of platforms higher than 2 m shall be provided
with standard guard rails as
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Standard Protection guards on scaffold platforms
Not less than 95 cm and
more than 115 cm.
Gaps between top rail and
mid rail shall not be more
than 47 cm
Toe board shall be 150mm
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General Requirements
Install guard rails
along open sides &
ends
Don’t allow work on
platforms with missing
edge protections
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General Requirements
Edge protection of
scaffold platform
must tied with
required clamps –
Never use rope,
binding wires etc.
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General Requirements
Front edge of all
platforms shall not be
more than 35cm from
the face of the work or
Use PFAS
No gaps shall be
left unguarded.
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What is missing here?
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Scaffold ties
When the height of scaffold exceeds 4
times its width, the scaffold shall be
tied to the fixed building structure,
vertically and horizontally.
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The first bottom tie must be
placed no higher than four time
the minimum base width.
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The vertical ties shall be repeated
at intervals not greater than 8m (
26 feet).
The Horizontal ties shall be
placed at each end and at
intervals not greater than 9m (30
feet).
8 m (8 m)
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Types of Scaffold ties
This type of tie relies on a tube,
usually placed vertically inside
an opening or window in a
building.
A tube may be wedged or jacked tight
into opposing faces of the window
opening. Timber packing should be thin
(10 mm) to reduce shrinkage and
approximately 75 mm2, and should be
checked frequently for tightness
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Types of Scaffold ties
This forms an assembly of tubes
and couplers around columns or
other parts of a building.
A ring of 50-55 mm internal
diameter through which a
scaffold tube could be passed
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Scaffold Bracing
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Scaffold Bracing
Longitudinal Diagonal
bracing must be
installed at an
approximate 45 degree
angle.
Begin at one end and
clamp it to the outside
of the posts using
swivel clamps. As the
scaffold rises, continue
to interlock bracing end
to end.
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Scaffold Bracing
Longitudinal
Diagonal bracing
should be installed on
all four sides.
Plumb the posts
before the diagonals
are secured.
Scaffold Height The height of the scaffold
should not be more than
four times its minimum
base dimension unless
guys, ties, or braces are
used
20’
5’
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The max height of scaffolds shall
not 38m and in case the need for
higher scaffold the contractor shall
submit a design prepared by
specialized 3rd party company and
shall obtain an approval from
consultant engineer on that design.
Methods of
scaffold erection
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Supported
(Independent) Scaffold
ASSEMBLY OF ONE STAGE
FABRICATED FRAME TYPE SCAFFOLDING
ONE SECTION HIGH FRAME SCAFFOLD
A. ERECTION OF FRAME
TYPE SCAFFOLD
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B. ERECTION OF CUP-
LOCK SCAFFOLD ASSEMBLY OF 1-LEVEL
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ERECTION OF CUP-LOCK SCAFFOLD
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Mobile Scaffolds
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The height of the mobile tower
shall not exceed 4 times the
smallest base width of the
scaffold.
It shall be used only on firm,
level, clean surfaces.
It shall be moved on leveled
surfaces only by pushing or
pulling or both.
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Scaffold casters and wheels shall be locked with positive wheel
locks before any one is allowed to work on the platform.
These casters shall be
capable of supporting the safe
working load of the scaffold.
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The casters shall be capable
of supporting the safe
working load of the scaffold.
No joint
Pin –
threading
rod is
used.
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Only approved joint pins shall be used to join the castor
wheel with standard.
Ensure no obstructions from Power Lines, I beams
& Cranes
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1. Make sure that the path is clear, no
material/person on the platform. Then unlock
the wheels to push the scaffold.
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2. Apply the force no more than five feet above the ground.
3. Re-Lock the wheels when move ends / scaffold is stationary
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It is unsafe to move mobile
tower when Worker is on the
top. He must be made aware of
the move
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Do not stay on top, while
rolling tower is being moved
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No persons, equipment or materials are allowed to be on
the platform during moving it.
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Use a ladder (internal staircase) to access to and from the
Mobile scaffold platform.
The opening of ladder access shall
be closed using TRAP door.
Ladder is outside… No Ladder…Unsafe Platform
Castor
Wheel is
not locked
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SCAFFTAGS
SCAFFTAG
DO NOT
USE
SCAFFOLD
A Scafftag Holder must be fitted to all access
points on a scaffold while it is under construction.
When the message on the Scafftag Holder is displayed it means:
• the scaffold is under construction; and • it has not been inspected and is not approved for use.
No unauthorised personnel are allowed on a scaffold while this symbol is shown. .
The scaffold must be checked by an Authorised Inspector to ensure it is safe and meets the requirements of:
• ABB Safety Standards; and
• Occupational Safety and Health Regulations.
Scafftag Holder
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
SCAFFTAG
SCAFFOLD
Erection and Inspection Record
LOCATION
REF NO.
DATE ERECTED
REQUESTED BY
BUILT BY
NAME OF COMPETENT PERSON
SIGNATURE
SCAFFOLD TO BE USED FOR
Light Duty
225 kg
Medium Duty
450 kg
Heavy Duty
675 kg
If the scaffold is safe and meets Safety Standards the Authorised
Inspector will fill in an “Inspection” tag.
All details on the tag must be completed to make it valid.
The “Inspection” tag is fitted inside the Scafftag Holder with the completed green side facing outwards. This means the scaffold is
safe for use.
A duplicate “ Inspection”tag for each
scaffold is kept in the Authorised
Inspector’s office.
The "Inspection Tag"
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
On-going inspections
INSPECTION FREQUENCY
BY
COMPETENT PERSON
DATE TIME SIGNED
Comments
Ladder No of Rungs
No of Standards
No of lifts
Sq.m Boarding
Structure Decommissioned
Date
The scaffold must be inspected by an Authorised Inspector every 7 days.
Inspections are recorded on the reverse side of the “Inspection” tag which is yellow.
If the scaffold is in a safe condition the Authorised Inspector must:
• record the inspection details on the yellow side of the “Inspection” tag; and
• return the tag into the Scafftag Holder with the green side facing outwards.
This means the scaffold is safe and can continue to be used.
If the scaffold is unsafe the “Inspection” tag must not be returned to the Scafftag Holder until the faults have been corrected.
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Your responsibilities
SCAFFTAG
Erection and Inspection Record
LOCATION
Ref. No
Date Erected
Requested by
Built by
Name of competent person
Signature
Scaffold to be used for
Light Duty
Medium Duty
Heavy Duty
Never work unless you are authorised to do so.
You must work under the supervision of a licensed
scaffolder.
Always check the last inspection date on the “Inspection” tag.
“If the date is longer than 7 days ago, notify your
Authorised Inspector immediately.
Ensure that the Safe Working Load (SWL) of the scaffold
is not exceeded.
If you detect any faults with a scaffold, even if it has a
valid "Inspection Tag", report the problem to the
Authorized Inspector immediately.
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Hazard of
Scaffoldings
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• Falls from elevation – caused by slipping, unsafe access, and the lack of fall protection
• Struck by falling tools / debris
• Electrocution – from overhead power lines
• Scaffold collapse - caused by instability or overloading
• Bad planking giving way
Employees working on scaffolds are
exposed to these hazards:
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• While climbing on or off
the scaffold
• Working on unguarded
scaffold platforms
• When scaffold
platforms or planks fail
Falls may occur:
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Fall from Fixed Scaffolding
Protecting Workers from Falls
• Guardrails, and/or
• Personal Fall Arrest Systems (PFAS)
If a worker on a scaffold is exposed to fall hazard – protect him by
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• Incomplete Guards
• Overloading of scaffolds
Falling of material can occur due to:
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• Improper ties
• Overloading of scaffolds
• Unsafe foundation
Scaffold can also collapse due to:
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Scaffold collapse
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A common Bad Practice
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Examples
Scaffolding Faults
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No Safety Harness
No Adequate Wooden
Plank
No Adequate Transom
No Wooden Plank
Tighten With
Rope&Wire
No Toe Board
Without PPE
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Wooden Plank Not Adequate
Helmet Missing
Wooden Plank Not Rightly Placed
Toe Board Missing
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Two Wooden Plank
Missing
Midrail Missing
Safety Belt Not
Hooked
2nd Man Without
Harness
Wooden Plank Not
Tighten With Rope
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
SCAFFOLD
INSPECTION
CHECKLIST
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Check for proper installation of:
Mudsills, Base Plates, Foundation.
Posts Plumb
Posts braced by cross braces,
horizontal, and diagonal as
required
Platforms fully planked
Planks secured
SCAFFOLD TRAINING
Planks are scaffold grade lumber or
equivalent manufactured
Guardrails & Midrails
Toeboards
Mesh if material higher than toeboards
Ladder Access
Inspected every work shift by competent
person
Frames secured with pins
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Height less than 4 times minimum base
Scaffold tied to structure if higher than
above
Caster brakes locked before use
Casters pinned into frame leg
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General Requirements
a) Capacity
b) Scaffold Platform Construction
c) Criteria For Supported Scaffolds
d) Criteria For Suspension Scaffolds
e) Access
f) Use
g) Fall Protection
h) Falling Object Protection
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Cradles
Suspended Access Cradle • Fixed or travelling
• Permanent or temporary
• Manual or powered
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Suspended Access Cradle
• Safe access, ideally from ground level
• Adequate guard rails, toe boards and base
• Equipment fits closely to the building
• Building capable of bearing the loads
• Track end stops provided
• SWL marked
• Secondary safety rope and fall arrest device provided
• Operating instructions available
• Uniformly loaded and not overloaded
• Rescue plan
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Suspended Access Cradle
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MOST COMMON UNSAFE PRACTICE
JUMPING PRACTICE
Suspended Access Cradle
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MOST COMMON UNSAFE PRACTICE
NOT WEARING REQUIRED PPE
Suspended Access Cradle
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MOST COMMON UNSAFE PRACTICE
OVERREACHING FROM CRADLE
UAE LEGISLATION IN OHS