SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT
TOPIC
THE SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW PROCESS FOLLOWED FOR
EXTRACTING LITERATURE FOR THE RESEARCH TOPIC
“INTRA-FIRM KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER IN SMES IN DEVELOPING NATIONS:
AN AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE
Module Code: 56104
Module Title: Constructing Systematic Literature Reviews
Date: 21ST NOVEMBER 2013
1
CONTENT
PAGE
Introduction 3
Systematic Literature Review 3
Systematic Literature Review for Knowledge Transfer 7
Deriving and Defining the Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria 7
Running the Search on WoS Database 9
Bibliography – 12 12
APPENDIX 23
Table 1 6
Table 2 9
Figure 1 10
Figure 2 23
Figure 3 23
Figure 4 24
Figure 5 24
Figure 6 25
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INTRA-FIRM KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER IN SMEs IN DEVELOPING NATIONS:
AN AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE
INTRODUCTION
The aim of this report is to provide a detailed account of the criteria used and the steps taken
in sourcing for relevant articles to inform the body of literature for the topic outlined above in
bold prints and underlined. Doing so is in keeping up with the requisite of the process of the
literature review method employed, that is, a systematic literature review.
Before proceeding into the details of the process, a brief discussion on the review method is
outlined below.
SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Systematic literature review in recent times has been receiving increasing attention and
approval in management research (Smith et al., 2008). Unlike the more popular view that it
originated from the medical profession (Pittaway et al., 2004; Thorpe et al., 2005), earlier use
of the method is said be found in the education and psychology subject groups (Littell et al.,
2008). Its accepted use however in management research can be attributed to several factors.
Among these are the need for a bias-free alternative to the previously predominant method (a
traditional narrative literature review) (Denyer and Neely, 2004; Mulrow, 1994) and need for
a method that can effectively assist in synthesizing a wide range of research findings
particularly in light of an ever-increasing literature pool to draw from (Armitage and Keeble-
Allen, 2008; Petticrew and Roberts, 2006; Saini and Shlonsky, 2012).
The proliferation of research findings which calls for the adoption of a method capable of
managing them is arguably the most fundamental problem responsible for the growing
adoption of and interest in systematic literature review in management research. Claiming it
is the most fundamental problem is due to the fact that, at first, it results in a greater
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fragmentation of research findings (Tranfield, et al., 2003). Secondly, it makes it impractical
and inefficient for a reviewer to go through every available article assumed to be relevant to a
given phenomenon of study and thirdly, in light of the use of the traditional narrative
literature review (TNLR), inevitably selection bias would occur as reviewers try to find
strategies to cope with the information overload they are confronted with in view of scarce
time resources (Booth et al., 2012; Mckinley et al., 1999; Scherer and Steinman, 1999). The
growing research findings consequently contribute to widen the researcher-practitioner gap
(Denyer and Tranfield, 2006) and hence, the obvious need for an alternative to the usual
TNLR which has proven incapable of handling the new challenges.
The adoption of a systematic literature review method helps management researchers and
practitioners to objectively evaluate, aggregate and synthesize the large body of research
work on a certain phenomenon of interest to provide new insights (Brereton et al., 2007), give
update on present state of literature on the issue or identify a potential gap (Greenhalgh et al.,
2009; Leibovici and Reeves, 2005; Macpherson and Holt, 2007; Mulrow, 1994).
In contrast to the TNLR, a systematic literature review (SLR henceforth) follows a detailed
plan (protocol) which is stipulated in advance and it ensures that there is a consistency in the
set of criteria used in including or excluding articles for the review ( Tranfield et al., 2003),
thus signifying transparency and objectivity of the method (Pittaway et al., 2004; Smith et al.,
2008). While providing readers with the opportunity to follow and evaluate the methods
employed by the reviewer (Littell et al., 2008), the documentation of the protocol helps them
to be able to make better judgment as regards the methodological rigour involved, validity of
the findings and it likewise makes the review process reproducible (Denyer and Tranfield,
2006). The SLR’s systematic approach permits comprehensiveness in regards to how
literature is sought for and thus a resultant retrieval of available and relevant studies, an
extensiveness not permitted by the TNLR.
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The SLR method can thus be defined as a “syntheses of primary research studies that use
(and describe) specific, explicit and therefore reproducible methodological strategies to
identify, assemble, critical[ly] appraise and synthesise all relevant issues on a specific topic”
(Cipriani and Geddes, 2003, pg 146, parentheses added).
SLR promises management researchers a lot of benefits, however it should be noted that it is
not without its flaws. The review methods strength of appropriability for synthesizing a large
body of literature makes it ineffective for newly emerging phenomenon where literature is
just beginning to build up (Collins and Fauser, 2005). Its use of strictly adhered-to exclusion
criteria, depending on degree of rigorousness may result in the exclusion of certain relevant
articles which would have been of great significance to the review’s outcome (Petticrew,
2003). The element of subjectivity which is usually the foundation of bias in research work
is argued not to be completely eliminated even in a SLR. Reviewers still have to make
subjective decisions when further examining the content of the extracted literature as regards
their usefulness and thus bias becomes plausible. For Petticrew and Roberts (2006), the
review method is seen as been incapable of doing anything about the vigorousness of the
research process that underlies individual articles, thus an incapability to make up for poor
quality whenever existent.
For a quick overview of how this review method called SLR differs from the traditional
narrative literature review, Table 1 below is employed to delineate this.
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Table 1: Major differences between Systematic Literature Review and Narrative Literature
Review (Adapted from Armitage and Keeble-Allen, 2008, pg 104)
Issues to consider Good quality systematic
reviews
Traditional reviews
Deciding on review
question
Start with clear question to be
answered or hypothesis to be
tested.
May also start with clear
question to be answered, but
they more often involve
general discussion of subject
with no stated hypothesis.
Searching for relevant
studies
Strive to locate all relevant
published and unpublished
studies to limit impact of
publication and other biases.
Do not usually attempt to
locate all relevant literature.
Deciding which
studies to
include and exclude
Involve explicit description of
what types of studies are to be
included to limit selection bias
on behalf of reviewer.
Usually do not describe why
certain studies are included and
others excluded.
Assessing study
quality
Examine in systematic manner
methods used in primary
studies, and investigate
potential biases in those
studies and sources of
heterogeneity between study
results.
Often do not consider
differences in study methods or
study quality.
Synthesising study
results
Base their conclusions on
those studies which are most
methodologically sound.
Often do not differentiate
between methodologically
sound and unsound studies.
6
SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW FOR KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER
Deriving and Defining the Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
A SLR begins with the reviewer(s) agreeing and explicitly outlining a protocol which details
the plan and conditions by which an article would be excluded or included. The protocol
should be stated a priori so as to maintain objectivity as regards articles chosen and thus to
reduce selection or researcher’s bias. Taking into account Tranfield et al’s (2003)
suggestion, the protocol should however accommodate modifications as the study progresses
to ensure that a cap is not put on researcher’s creativity. However, the modifications made
should likewise be explicitly stated with the rationale behind them given to still make certain
that the review is free from researcher/selection bias.
Once the protocol is addressed, the conditions set out in it would guide and determine the
choice of search strings or queries to use to ensure that only relevant citations are extracted
from the chosen bibliometric database(s). Multiple databases are advised to be used since no
single bibliometric database holds all journals available in any particular field. The use of
multiple sources thus helps increase the comprehensiveness and validity of a SLR by
guaranteeing that all relevant citations are reached and considered. However, for the purpose
of this report only the Web of Science database (hence forth referred to as WoS) was used.
The research focus for this report was to examine the role of internal knowledge transfer
within a ‘brick and mortar’ organization and in the context of a single national boundary.
The key terms in the stated research focus (“internal knowledge transfer”, “within an
organization”, and “single national boundary”) set the direction for the choice of search query
and strings to use. Considering that knowledge is an ambiguous word, as it exists in all
spheres of life, the search was to include only knowledge transfer studies done within the
Management and Business domain. To avoid getting results addressing external rather than
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internal knowledge transfer, articles with terms that signified external relationship with a
focal firm (subsidiary and alliance) were thus perceived as appropriate to be excluded. A
concern for how the transfer occurred from the macro-level perspective restricted inclusion to
only citations without the group-level terms of project and team. The peculiarities of the
context in which the research is intended to be carried out called for the exclusion of studies
carried out from a virtual perspective. This been that the majority of the firms which the
research intended to under-study in the chosen region don’t usually have a functioning virtual
presence. The interest in discovering if there are country-dependent differences in
knowledge transfer, a local context focus, informed the decision to exclude words that
signifies bridging national borders. Citations with the words, multinational, inter, mnc, mne,
acquisition, cross border, overseas and expatriates were therefore described to be ineligible
for the literature review list.
From the inclusion and exclusion criteria generated, based on the concerns explained above,
search strings or queries were thus generated for extracting relevant articles from the extant
literature available on the WoS database. A summary of the search strings with
corresponding operators are listed in Table 2. Due to the fact that knowledge and transfer are
very ambiguous words, they were put together and constrained by parentheses to limit result
returns to citations addressing knowledge transfer precisely. Being a part of a larger
construct called Knowledge Management, the search was restricted to only the Title field to
ensure that only studies focusing exclusively on knowledge transfer were included.
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Table 2: Generated terms from Key terms from research focus
Key terms from research focus Operator Generated terms for search criteria
Internal Knowledge transfer
NOT
NOT
“Knowledge transfer”
Subsidiar*
Alliance*
Within a ‘brick and mortar’
organization
NOT
NOT
NOT
Virtual
Team*
Project*
Single national boundary NOT
NOT
NOT
NOT
NOT
NOT
NOT
NOT
Multinational*
Inter*
MNC*
MNE*
Acquisition*
Cross boundar*
Oversea*
Expatriate*
NOTE: The boolean operator asterisks (*) was used to signify the plural forms of the
terms
Running the Search on WoS Database
The first search included all the generated terms listed in Table 2 and their corresponding
operators. Setting a time frame of 1970 to 2013, the search returned 1,010 citations. The
research is concerned with the implication of knowledge transfer from a management and
business perspective. Consequently, under the WoS categories, management, business, and
operations research management science were thus chosen to eliminate irrelevant articles.
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This action substantially reduced the previous hits to 408 citations. Since most conference
proceedings usually end up in journal articles, the search criteria was set to limit the returned
hits to only journal articles to reduce the possibility of the duplication of any given study.
This brought the total hits to 171 citations. The final search criteria involved excluding from
the returned hits the research areas that were identified to be outside the scope of the intended
research. Using the Research Area dialog box on the WoS database, all areas except
Business Economics and Operations Research Management Science were excluded to bring
the total returned hits for the SLR to 71 citations. This signalled the end of the first phase of
the search for relevant citations for inclusion in the SLR (the use of bibliometric database) for
the intended study on intra-firm knowledge transfer in SMEs in developing nations. The
screen shots in order of occurrence detailing how each step for the SLR was carried out can
be found in Appendix I. Figure 1 summarizes the process with corresponding returned
citations.
Figure 1: Overview of the Inclusion/Exclusion process followed
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The final results of the search would be further exported into a referencing database
(Endnote) and a spreadsheet program (Microsoft Excel) for further review using the
exclusion and inclusion criteria and to perform a citation analysis in other to enhance the
SLR.
11
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APPENDIX
Systematic Literature Review Process Taken - Screen Shots In Order Of Occurrence
Figure 2: Search terms and corresponding operators
Figure 3: Total Citations returned using search strings
23
Figure 4: Exclusion based on Web of Science Categories
Figure 5: Refining citations to only Journal Articles
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Figure 6: Exclusion using Research Areas
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