Environmental Management Environmental Management and DRR in Indian Contextand DRR in Indian Context
Prof. Vinod K. SharmaProf. Vinod K. SharmaSr. Professor, Disaster Management, Indian Institute of Sr. Professor, Disaster Management, Indian Institute of
Public Administration, and Public Administration, and Executive Vice-Chair, Executive Vice-Chair,
Sikkim State Disaster Management AuthoritySikkim State Disaster Management Authority
Some National InitiativesSome National Initiatives The National Disaster Management Act-2005The National Disaster Management Act-2005 National Disaster Management Authority-2005National Disaster Management Authority-2005 National Action Plan on Climate ChangeNational Action Plan on Climate Change Many states taking up initiatives: Acts, Many states taking up initiatives: Acts,
Authorities, Plans, Capacity Building (Leading Authorities, Plans, Capacity Building (Leading states: Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar states: Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar Sikkim)Sikkim)
District level empowermentDistrict level empowerment Local level participation and actionLocal level participation and action
India’s Vulnerability
Floods Droughts Earthquakes Landslides Cyclones Forest Fire Cloud Burst Hail storms
Major Natural Disasters :
1990 - 2012
Earthquake, GujaratJanuary 26, 2001
1997Chamoli 1999KutchchhEarthquakesUttarkashi 1991Latur (Killari) 1993Jabalpur , Gujarat
2001J&K 2005
CyclonesEast & West Godavari 1992& dist.of Andhra Pradesh 1996Kutchchh, Gujarat 1998Orissa 1999
FloodsPunjab 1993Kerala 1994Punjab & Haryana 1996Mumbai 2005
TsunamiAndaman & Nicobar Islands & coastal areas 2004
TsunamiDec.26, 2004
Earthquake, J&KOct.8, 2005
Scientific initiatives in DRR
Vulnerability Atlas for each major hazard was prepared
High Powered Committee was set up by the Prime Minister in 1999
Focus was on Preparedness, Planning and Mitigation
National, State and District level authorities were prepared
Disaster Management Act came to force in 2005
Floods• Floods in the Indo-Gangetic-
Brahmaputra plains are an annual feature
• On an average, a few hundred lives are lost
• Millions are rendered homeless
Lakhs of hectares of crops are damaged every year
Case Studies
Mumbai 2005
Surat Flood 2006
Rajasthan Flood 2006, 2008, 2012
Uttarakhand Floods 2013
Wind and Cyclones During the Period 1877-2005 in a 50 km wide
strip following cyclonic activity have taken place:
• 283 cyclones (106 severe) on the East Coast • 35 cyclones (19 severe) on West Coast
• In the 19 severe cyclonic storms, death toll > 10,000 lives
In 21 cyclones in Bay of Bengal (India and Bangladesh) 1.25 million lives
have been lost
Orissa Cyclone 26-29 October, Orissa Cyclone 26-29 October, 19991999
Earthquakes• 10.79% land is liable to severe
earthquakes (intensity MSK IX or more)
• 17.49% land is liable to MSK VIII (similar to Latur/Uttarkashi)
• 30.79% land is liable to MSK VII (similar to Jabalpur earthquake)
Biggest quakes in Andamans, Kuchh, Himachal, Kashmir, Bihar and the North
Eastern States)
Sikkim
Brief information on Sikkim
Parameter Value
GEOGRAPHICAL AREA 7096 Sq.KM.
POPULATION (2011 CENCUS)
6.07 LAKHS
DISTRICTS 04 (EAST, WEST , NORTH & SOUTH)
MAIN DRAINAGES TISTA , RANGEET & ITS TRIBUTARIES
FOREST COVER 43% of the total area.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
270 00’46” to 280 07’48” N latitude &880 00’58” to 880 55’25” E Longitude
ECONOMY MAINLY TOURISM, CASH CROPS, HYDEL POWER PROJECT
LITERACY RATE(2001 CENSUS)
82%
Earthquake details
Parameter Value
Magnitude 6.8
Date-Time 18:10 IST, 18th Sept, 2011, Sunday
Location 27.72°N, 88.06°E
Depth 19.7 km (shallow depth)
Duration 30-40 seconds
Extent In India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and ChinaIn India, in Sikkim and northeast, West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, UP, Rajasthan, Chandigarh and Delhi
Source: USGS / IMD
Sikkim After Earthquake 2011Sikkim After Earthquake 2011
Sikkim State Disaster Management Authority Sikkim State Disaster Management Authority EstablishedEstablished
Significant progress since Sikkim-Nepal Significant progress since Sikkim-Nepal Earthquake of September 2011Earthquake of September 2011
Environment-Disaster Link: India’s first fully Environment-Disaster Link: India’s first fully ORGANIC STATE and preparing for disastersORGANIC STATE and preparing for disasters
Establishing Himalayan Institute of Environment Establishing Himalayan Institute of Environment and Disaster Managementand Disaster Management
Taking community based approach, involving Taking community based approach, involving schools, voluntary organisations, local leadersschools, voluntary organisations, local leaders
Landslides• The Indian Subcontinent with diverse
physiographic, seismotectonic and climatologic conditions is subjected to varying degree of landslide hazards.
• The himalayas including Northeastern mountain regions being the worst affected followed by a section of the Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats and Vindhyas.
Accounts for considerable loss of life and damage to communication routes, human
settlements, agricultural fields and forest lands.
Recent Trends and ConcernsRecent Trends and Concerns
Unusual and unexpected weather events Unusual and unexpected weather events – Heavy rainHeavy rain– Early or delayed rainEarly or delayed rain– Hail, snowHail, snow– Unseasonal windstormsUnseasonal windstorms– Excessive heatExcessive heat– Excessive coldExcessive cold
Resultant change in water and crop patternsResultant change in water and crop patterns
Direct Impact on Coastal AreasDirect Impact on Coastal Areas
Rise in sea level – loss of coastal lands and Rise in sea level – loss of coastal lands and small islandssmall islands– Relevance to all coastal areasRelevance to all coastal areas– Islands along coastal states (Eg. Andhra Islands along coastal states (Eg. Andhra
Pradesh, West Bengal)Pradesh, West Bengal)– A&N IslandsA&N Islands– Lakshadweep IslandsLakshadweep Islands
Direct Impact on All AreasDirect Impact on All Areas
Increased frequency, increased severity, and Increased frequency, increased severity, and less predictability of :less predictability of :– Storms Storms – FloodsFloods– Flash floodsFlash floods– Cloud burstsCloud bursts– Rain caused landslidesRain caused landslides– Snow fallSnow fall– Heat wavesHeat waves
Current Trends to watchCurrent Trends to watch
Increased cloud bursts in Himachal Pradesh, Increased cloud bursts in Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and J&K (2010 flashfloods), and Sikkim Uttarakhand and J&K (2010 flashfloods), and Sikkim in 2012, Uttarakhand 2013in 2012, Uttarakhand 2013
Rising temperature trends in Orissa (Talcher 52 Rising temperature trends in Orissa (Talcher 52 degrees Celsius)degrees Celsius)
Freak floods in drought prone RajasthanFreak floods in drought prone Rajasthan Drought in flood prone AssamDrought in flood prone Assam Glacier depletion along Himalayan BeltGlacier depletion along Himalayan Belt Crop failure due to rainfall variationsCrop failure due to rainfall variations Increased migration to large cities in search for workIncreased migration to large cities in search for work
Trends to Expect in FutureTrends to Expect in Future
Increased flooding and droughts due to rainfall Increased flooding and droughts due to rainfall variationsvariations
Increased flooding for some years due to snow Increased flooding for some years due to snow meltmelt
Droughts after some year due to depleting water Droughts after some year due to depleting water sourcessources
Severe cyclones, specially in WB, Orissa, AP, TN, Severe cyclones, specially in WB, Orissa, AP, TN, GujaratGujarat
Crop failures, depletion in fish catchCrop failures, depletion in fish catch
Who is at Risk?Who is at Risk?
Particularly the poorParticularly the poor Inhabitants of towns and villages in fragile Inhabitants of towns and villages in fragile
ecosystems (mountains, coasts, arid areas..)ecosystems (mountains, coasts, arid areas..) Farming communities dependent on rainfed Farming communities dependent on rainfed
agricultureagriculture Hill communities dependent on natural water Hill communities dependent on natural water
sourcessources Megacities with high water demandMegacities with high water demand
What can be done to stop the trendWhat can be done to stop the trend
Reduce glasshouse gas emissions:Reduce glasshouse gas emissions:– Clean technologies in industriesClean technologies in industries– Improved refrigeration and transportation systemsImproved refrigeration and transportation systems
Reduce energy consumption at all levelsReduce energy consumption at all levels– Switch to greener energy sourcesSwitch to greener energy sources– Reduce energy consumption through efficiency and Reduce energy consumption through efficiency and
austerityausterity– Adopt renewable energy sources in disaggregated Adopt renewable energy sources in disaggregated
mannermanner– Invest in improvement of technologies and their Invest in improvement of technologies and their
disseminationdissemination
Climate Change AdaptationClimate Change Adaptation
Adaptive Agriculture Adaptive Agriculture – Switch to crops that can yield within changed durations Switch to crops that can yield within changed durations
of rainfall seasonof rainfall season
Adaptive Water ManagementAdaptive Water Management– Manage water sources and increase water harvesting Manage water sources and increase water harvesting
and water recycling at local leveland water recycling at local level
Adaptive SettlementsAdaptive Settlements– Plan cities and villages to be away from path of Plan cities and villages to be away from path of
predictable disasters predictable disasters – Go GreenGo Green
Prevailing Planning PracticePrevailing Planning Practice
prescriptive Land-use prescriptive Land-use zoning (20 year zoning (20 year horizon)horizon)
disaster prone and disaster prone and environmentally environmentally sensitive areas are sensitive areas are declared unsuitable for declared unsuitable for development, but development, but economic pressures economic pressures prevailprevail
Human Settlements - Human Settlements - this is not what we had planned !this is not what we had planned !
Local informal economiesLocal informal economies pressure in centrally located vacant pressure in centrally located vacant
landland
Unhealthy villages and cities
Severe environmental degradation
Compounded risksCompounded risks
DISASTER - DISASTER - annual ritualannual ritual
Illegal settlements… Illegal settlements… cannot be recognized cannot be recognized or catered toor catered to
Informal settlements represent a vast human population living in temporary and unsafe structures with little or no facilities……
Even hazards of low intensity Even hazards of low intensity attain disastrous proportions attain disastrous proportions
when they strike such when they strike such vulnerable communitiesvulnerable communities
and degraded environmentsand degraded environments
Disaster-Environment Impact MatrixDisaster-Environment Impact MatrixAirAir WaterWater LandLand CropsCrops WildlifeWildlife LivestockLivestock ForestsForests WasteWaste
FloodFlood SS DD DD DD DD DD DD DD
CycloneCyclone DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD
DroughtDrought II DD DD DD DD DD DD II
EarthquakeEarthquake S, CS, C I, CI, C II ---- LL DD ---- DD
LandslideLandslide ---- SS DD ---- II ---- DD DD
ChemicalChemical DD DD DD DD D, CD, C DD D, CD, C DD
NuclearNuclear DD D, SD, S DD D, SD, S DD DD D, LD, L DD
BiologicalBiological SS D, CD, C SS CC CC CC CC DD
CivilCivil CC CC C, IC, I ---- ---- ---- ---- CC
TransportTransport CC CC CC LL ---- ---- ---- DD
D=Direct, I=Indirect, S=Secondary, L=Less, C=Case specific
From sectoral to holistic planningFrom sectoral to holistic planning
Concerned Concerned agenciesagencies
&&
CommunitiesCommunities
Disaster Risk ManagementDisaster Risk ManagementDisaster Management Vehicle
COMMAND
Prevention
Vulnerability Reduction
Hazard / RiskReduction
RISK MANAGEMENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE
Operation centric
Em
erg
en
cy
Ris
k
Assessm
en
t
Mitigation
Monitoring
Evaluation
ENVIRONMENTcommunity
Planning
Response
Relief
Rehabilitation
Reconstruction
PreparednessPlanning
Governance
Management centric
Concept of Disaster Risk Concept of Disaster Risk ReductionReduction
Risk Reduction:Risk Reduction: Event minimizationEvent minimization Loss minimizationLoss minimization
Quick recovery (Resilience)Quick recovery (Resilience)
Approach:Approach: Visualizing hazardsVisualizing hazards Reducing vulnerabilityReducing vulnerability Increasing coping capacitiesIncreasing coping capacities
DM Paradigm ShiftDM Paradigm Shift
Response Centric Response Centric Relief Centric Relief Centric
– Mitigation centricMitigation centric– Preparedness centricPreparedness centric– Disaster CentricDisaster Centric
Hazard CentricHazard CentricVulnerability CentricVulnerability CentricEnvironment CentricEnvironment Centric
Adaptation
DRR Strategy Design – DRR Strategy Design – ComponentsComponents
What is the riskWhat is the riskhazard - event hazard - event xx damageabilitydamageability
What is at risk What is at risk – – – Life, Structures, Life, Structures, ResourcesResources, Infrastructure, Infrastructure
ResistResist ResilienceResilience
– AvoidAvoid– TolerateTolerate– ManageManage
ProgrammesProgrammes– DirectDirect– IndirectIndirect– InfusedInfused
EffectsWasteCoral Reef DamagesCoastal Zone ImpactsGround water contaminationSiltationissueEffect on agriculture land
EffectsWasteCoral Reef DamagesCoastal Zone ImpactsGround water contaminationSiltationissueEffect on agriculture land
CausesImmediate/ Long-termPopulationDe-forestationHigh ConsumptionClimate Change
CausesImmediate/ Long-termPopulationDe-forestationHigh ConsumptionClimate ChangeCauses
Effects
Causes
Effects
The Environment cause-effect cycle
Building disaster capacity
Reduced through multi-stakeholder
cooperation
Reduced through awareness,
policies & action
Environ-disaster interfaceEnviron-disaster interface
Environmental Hazards Complex
Population Growth
Losses Poverty
Low coping capacity
High Exposure
to Hazard
Locations
High Disaster RiskHazard / Trigger event
Major Disaster Losses
Source: 2008(5) Publication
IMPACTS OF DISASTERSIMPACTS OF DISASTERS
PhysicalPhysical (buildings, structures, physical property, industry, roads, bridges, etc.) (buildings, structures, physical property, industry, roads, bridges, etc.) EnvironmentalEnvironmental (water, land/soil, land-use, landscape, crops, lake/rivers / (water, land/soil, land-use, landscape, crops, lake/rivers /
estuaries, aquaculture, forests, animals/livestock, wildlife, atmosphere, energy, estuaries, aquaculture, forests, animals/livestock, wildlife, atmosphere, energy, etc.)etc.)
Social Social (life, health, employment, relations, security, peace, etc.)(life, health, employment, relations, security, peace, etc.) EconomicEconomic (assets, deposits, reserves, income, commerce, production, (assets, deposits, reserves, income, commerce, production,
guarantee/insurance, etc.)guarantee/insurance, etc.)
Physical Environmental
Disaster Event
SOCIAL
Economic
DRR Interventions - RoutesDRR Interventions - Routes Direct : DM Act, Rules, Policy…Direct : DM Act, Rules, Policy…
DM Programmes – NCRM, Capacity building programme of DM Programmes – NCRM, Capacity building programme of Engineers/ArchitectsEngineers/Architects
Environmental Resources:Environmental Resources: Land/soil/land-useLand/soil/land-use Water/water bodies, watershedsWater/water bodies, watersheds Wetlands, RiversWetlands, Rivers Air/atmosphereAir/atmosphere Habitat/vegetation-forests, plantation, orchards, agriculture - agroforestry, Habitat/vegetation-forests, plantation, orchards, agriculture - agroforestry,
aquacultureaquaculture Livestock, wild animalsLivestock, wild animals Environmental supplies – water, PHE, sanitation, waste mgmt,Environmental supplies – water, PHE, sanitation, waste mgmt, Chemicals / mineralsChemicals / minerals
Welfare programmesWelfare programmes Family, child, youth, sports, NREGS, RTI, ….Family, child, youth, sports, NREGS, RTI, ….
Service programmesService programmes Transport, health, communication, housing, aviation, navigation, fire, industryTransport, health, communication, housing, aviation, navigation, fire, industry
Rural Environmental ProgrammeRural Environmental Programme
KEY ISSUES: KEY ISSUES: All rural programmesAll rural programmes Natural ResourcesNatural Resources
LandLand WaterWater EnergyEnergy VegetationVegetation
– AgricultureAgriculture– ForestryForestry– HorticultureHorticulture– AquacultureAquaculture
AnimalsAnimals– FisheriesFisheries– LivestockLivestock– WildlifeWildlife
Env. HealthEnv. Health– SanitationSanitation– SuppliesSupplies
Climate Change ImpactsClimate Change Impacts
Climate change is considered as an environmental Climate change is considered as an environmental phenomena.phenomena.
Climate change impacts are seen in the form of natural Climate change impacts are seen in the form of natural disasters like drought, flood etc.disasters like drought, flood etc.
Livelihoods of the rural communities are directly affected by Livelihoods of the rural communities are directly affected by the climate change impacts the climate change impacts
Adaptation to climate change is becoming increasingly Adaptation to climate change is becoming increasingly recognized as the key issue (as opposed to mitigation), and it recognized as the key issue (as opposed to mitigation), and it is considered as the pre-disaster preparedness measures.is considered as the pre-disaster preparedness measures.
When people plan...When people plan...
Participatory appraisals and Participatory appraisals and stakeholder sensitizationstakeholder sensitization
Community Action Planning - bottoms up!
Local action
oriented
For a safer tomorrow..For a safer tomorrow..
Preventing mushrooming of NEW development projects Preventing mushrooming of NEW development projects and settlements in environmentally sensitive areasand settlements in environmentally sensitive areas
Reducing socio-economic inequalities in the population Reducing socio-economic inequalities in the population and providing for safe & healthy livingand providing for safe & healthy living
Adopting conservation and development in an Adopting conservation and development in an ECOSYSTEM SENSITIVE mannerECOSYSTEM SENSITIVE manner
Prevention Pays…!!Prevention Pays…!!
New Challenges
Multiple agencies working in DRR and Environment– Ministry of Environment and Forests– Ministry of Home affairs– National Disaster management Authority– Ministry of Science and Technology– Ministry of Agriculture– Ministry of Water Resources– Planning Commission of India
University research is not linked with development planning
Thank You!Thank You!