NATIONAL UNIVERSITY CHIMBORAZO
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL SCHOOL
Topic: Summary of the units 4,5,6 and
AUTHOR: Junior Chávez
RIOBAMBA - ECUADOR
Unit 4
As far as I know, your are talking about to tenses:
To be going to + verb = Ir a + verbo -> Futuro inmediato
To be + gerund = Estar + gerundio -> presente continuo
Your confusion comes when using the gerund of verb "to go" in P.Cont.
I go to the movies -> I am going to the movies -> Estoy yendo al cine
You are expresing a current action. Here, "to go" has the sense movement;
it's not working as an auxilar verb but the main verb of the phrase.
I will go to the movies -> I am going to go to the movies -> Voy a ir al cine.
I will eat a sandwich -> I am going to eat a sandwich -> Voy a comerme un
1.- Present Continuous
Describe una acción que va a tener lugar en un futuro más o menos inmediato, pero que la decisión de realizarla fue tomada en el pasado.
Next Monday I am flying to Paris
(La decisión de volar a París no la he tomado justo en este momento sino que
ya lo había decidido con anterioridad)
Con un sentido similar se podría utilizar la expresión "going to...".
Next Monday I am going to fly to Paris
No obstante entre el "present continuous" y "going to..." hay algunas diferencias:
a) El "present continuous" se prefiere en aquellas acciones que han sido ya
programadas del tipo, reuniones, viajes, fiestas, etc, en las que hay que
poner de acuerdo a otras personas.
b) La expresión "going to..." se utiliza principalmente cuando se quiere resaltar la voluntad del emisor. Este está plenamente decidido a realizar esa acción por lo que hay muchas probabilidades de que se lleve a cabo. Posiblemente el emisor haya realizado ya alguna actuación encaminada a ejecutar la acción.
This evening I am going to the see the match between Real Madrid and Barcelona.
Unit 5
Use 1: Past actions that are now finished
The first use of the Past Simple to express actions that happened at a specific time in the past. The actions can be short or long.
John cut his finger last week. short I went to college 3 years ago. long He ate the dinner 1 hour ago. short I slept well last night. long
Use 2: Situation in the past
Another use of this tense is talk about situations in the past. I lived in New York for 10 years (I don't live there anymore).
Use 3: A series of actions in the past
The Past Simple can also be used with a few actions in the past happening one after another.
He entered a room, lit a cigarette and smiled at the guests.
What are determiners?
A determiner is used to modify a noun. It indicates reference to something
specific or something of a particular type. This function is usually performed by articles, demonstratives, possessive determiners, or quantifiers.
Determiners vs pronouns
Determiners are followed by a noun.
The man This book Some people
Subject pronouns ( I , you , he , etc.) and possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, etc.) cannot be determiners because they can never be followed by a noun.
Types of determiners
Articles
The definite and indefinite articles are all determiners.
Definite article - the
Indefinite article - a or an (a is used before a consonant sound; an is
used before a vowel sound.)
Examples:
Close the door, please. I've got a friend in Canada.
Unit 6
There is/There are is a common phrase in English, used to indicate that
something "exists"or is in a certain location. The main subject follows the
verb when there is/are is used.
There is an apple on the table.
There are some apples on the table.
Other forms of "be" can also be used with there is/there are.
There will be a party at Bill's house on Saturday.
There were four witnesses at the crime scene.
There have been two robberies in the last five months.
Contractions are possible, but they are mostly used informally in speech.
There's a fly in my soup.
There're plenty of oranges left.
There'll be a lot of people in attendance.
There's is by far the most common contraction, and it is sometimes used
inadvertently with plural subjects by native speakers.
There's ten people outside!
Asking people to do things (requests)
We often use can or could to ask people to do things:
Can you wait a moment, please? or Could you wait a moment, please?
Liz, can you do me a favour? Excuse me, could you tell
me how to get to the station?
I wonder if you could help me.
Note that we say ‘Do you think (you) could…?’ (not usually ‘can’):
Do you think you could lend
me some money until next
week?
We also use will and would to ask people to do things (but can/could are more usual):
Liz, will you do me a favour? Would you please be quiet? I'm trying to concentrate.
Asking for things
To ask for something we use Can I have…? or Could I have…?:
(in a shop) Can I have these postcards, please?
(during a meal) Could I have the salt, please?
May I have…? is also possible (but less usual):
May I have these postcards, please?
Asking for and giving permission
To ask for permission to do something, we use can, could or may:
(on the phone) Hello, can I speak to Tom, please?
‘Could I use your phone?’ ‘Yes, of course.’
Do you think I could borrow your bike?
‘May I come in?’ ‘Yes, please do.’
To give permission, we use can or may.
You can use the phone. or You may use the phone.
May is formal and less usual than can or could.
Offering to do things.
Unit 7
We use the to-infinitive:
• to express purpose (to answer "Why...?"):
He bought some flowers to give to his wife. He locked the door to keep everyone out.
We sometimes say in order to or in order not to:
We set off early in order to avoid the traffic. They spoke quietly in order not to wake the children
… or we can say so as to or so as not to:
We set off early so as to avoid the traffic. They spoke quietly so as not to wake the children.
• after certain verbs (see verbs followed by infinitive), particularly verbs of thinking and feeling:
choose, decide, expect, forget, hate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, mean, plan, prefer, remember, want, would like, would love
… and verbs of saying:
agree, promise, refuse
They decided to start a business together.
Remember to turn the lights out.
Some verbs are followed by a direct object and the infinitive(see verbs followed by infinitive):
advise, ask, encourage, invite, order, persuade, remind, tell, warn, expect, intend, would prefer, want, would like
She reminded me to turn the lights out. He encouraged his friends to vote for him.