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Sohar University
Facul ty of Engineeri ng
Civil Engineeri ng
Energy Management for Houses and Building in Oman
by
Ali Al-Ghaithi
Ahmed Al-Moqbali
Mahmood Al-Mamari
Sami Al-Whabi
May 2013
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Abstract
Due to the increasing demand for energy and the importance of its preservation in
nowadays world, this research is held as the researchers visited an existing home and
measures the maps architectural; calculate the number and type of lighting used and the
amount of energy consumption. In addition, they touched on the air conditioning and thenumber of hours used and replacement of lamps. As the researchers do the above, they
think that great values of energy reduction are expected if current portfolio of energy and
heat insulating to the outside wall of the house and installing an umbrella and GRC to the
windows in front of the sun and its impact on the reduction of energy consumption as the
researcher used survey to measure people's knowledge of energy saving methods and
equipment. To sum up, recommendations and proposals to build a new house have been
developed as well as the selection of appropriate house also make a roof stacks in the
centre of the building.
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List of contains
Cover page .... 1
Abstract ......................... 2
List of contents ...3
List of abbreviations ...5
Chapter 1: Introduction .6
1.1 Introduction ....6
1.2 Energy Management Importance ....6
1.3 Design of Energy saving building ...6
1.4 Problem statement ..7
1.5 Objective of this research .7
Chapter 2: literature Review ..8
2.1 Introduction....8
2.2 lighting ...8
2.2.1 History ...8
2.2.2 Types of lighting ..9
2.2.2.1 Incandescent lighting 9
2.2.2.2 Fluorescent lighting ....10
2.2.2.3 CFLs ....11
2.2.2.3.1 CFL lighting .....11
2.2.2.4 LED lighting ....12
2.2.2.4.1 Energy saving 12
2.2.2.4.2 How LEDs different 13
2.2.2.4.3 LED products ..13
2.2.2.5 Lighting comparison ..13
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2.3 natural ventilation ....15
2.3.1 Introduction .15
2.3.2 descaption16
2.3.3 Types of natural ventilation effects..16
2.3.4 Design recommendations .16
2.3.5 Materials and methods of construction ..18
2.3.6 natural ventilation of Awbi(2010)....18
2.4 Insulation ...21
2.4.1 How insulation works ...21
2.4.2 Insulation materials ...22
2.4.3 Types of insulation..22
2.4.4 GRC or GFRC ...26
2.4.5 What is GFRC .26
Chapter 3 : research methodology ....27
3.1 introduction .27
3.2 data collection from home based.27
3.3 a comparison between used equipment and saving equipment ....27
3.4 survey study ...27
Chapter 4 : results ......28
4.1 survey results ..31
Chapter 5: conclusion ...32
Bibliography ....33
Appendix
Appeniex A .34
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List of Abbreviation
CFLs: Compact fluorescent lamps
LED:Light-Emitting Diodes
GFRC or GRC: Glass fiber reinforced concrete
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Energy management in building is an essential technique that considers the energy in
relation to effects and interactions of the building components and parts. Those parts are
as follows as examples, the building site, its envelope (walls, windows, doors, and roof),
its heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system; and its lighting, controls, and
equipment.
As the world is facing a huge problem of energy shortage and heating results, the process
of finding out more solution has been developed as techniques of energy management for
the sake of saving more energy. Thus, scholars first focus on the parts, materials and
locations of the houses as they can be chosen to be green and energy saving items.
1.2 Energy Management Importance
Energy management has become an important issue as many utilities around the world as
it is very difficult to meet energy demands, which has caused load flaking and power
quality obstacles. An efficient usage of energy management methods in home,
commercial, and industrial sectors can reduce energy requirements and lead to savings in
the cost of energy utilized, which in the future also has positive impact on the
environment as well. On other hand, some think that energy management is not only
important in distribution systems; however, it also has great consequence in generation
systems as well. Therefore, smart network management and renewable energy sources
integration are becoming important facets of efficient energy management.
1.3 Design of Energy Saving Building
What is crucial in implementing energy management in practice is the design of the
building. Thus, in designing low-energy buildings, it is important to take into account that
the underlying purpose of the building is neither to save, not to consume energy. In other
words, the building is built to serve the users and their activities within saving purposes.Scholars and specialists urge that a correct understanding and performing of building
purposes, occupancy and activities strongly lead to building designs which not only save
energy and reduce costs; rather, it also improves residents with high level of comfort and
workplace performance.
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Thus, the researchers will study the issue from different sides as they are trying to give
the reader with plenty of solutions of managing energy, so that house owners can follow
those solutions and reduce waste of energy. This is expected by the usage of good
equipment and materials that consume low energy or help to reduction consumption of
energy. Therefore, in this paper, the researchers will shed the light the aspects of lighting,
ventilation and isolation.
1.4 Problem statement
The problem is that many people in Oman are having low knowledge and perspectives of
saving energy approaches starts from designing the building to the selection of
appropriate electrical goods. This pushes the researchers to investigate in depth the
reasons, obstacles and challenges behind such problem in order to sum up with some
solutions and suggestions.
1.5 Objective of this research
This study is aimed to focus on presenting energy management in building and to conveya message that there are some expected suggestions to help reduce energy consumption.Thus, the researchers are trying to find answers for the following questions:
1: How can the design of the house help save energy?
2: How can ventilation of the house help save energy?
3: How can use of insulation helps save energy in houses?
4: How can use of saving bulbs help save energy usage in houses?
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CHAPTER 2
Literature review
2.1 introductions
Lighting and ventilation are the main things we should control to reduce and save energy.
In this chapter, the first section is about lighting. While, the second section is about
ventilation. The third part is about insulation. The last part is about GRC.
2.2 Lighting
Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic
effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light
fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Day lighting (using
windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during
daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which
represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can
enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive
psychological effects on occupants according to the Wikipedia (2013).
2.2.1 History
With the discovery of fire, the earliest forms of artificial lighting used to illuminate an
area were campfires or torches. As early as 400,000 BCE, fire was kindled in the caves ofPeking Man. Prehistoric people used primitive lamps to illuminate surroundings. Theselamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns andstones, were filled with grease, and had a fiber wick. Lamps typically used animal orvegetable fats as fuel. Hundreds of these lamps (hollow worked stones) have been foundin the Lascaux caves in modern day France, dating to about 15,000 years ago. Oilyanimals (birds and fish) were also used as lamps after being threaded with a wick.Fireflies have been used as lighting sources. Candles and glass and pottery lamps werealso invented. Chandeliers were an early form of "light fixture". With the development ofelectricity and the incandescent light bulb, the luminosity of artificial lighting improvedto be able to use indoors. They became widely used and extended the time that people
could stay up, among other developments according to the Wikipedia (2013)
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2.2.2 Types of Lighting
Figure (1)
2.2.2.1Incandescent Lighting
Incandescent lighting is the most common type of lighting used in homes, though it is the
least energy efficient. It has traditionally delivered about 85% of household illumination.
Incandescent light bulbs operate without ballasts. They light up instantly, providing a
warm light and excellent color rendition. You can also dim them. However, incandescent
lamps have a low efficacy compared to other lighting options (1017 lumens per watt)
and ashort average operating life (7502500 hours).
Incandescent bulbs are the least expensive to buy, but
because of their relative inefficiency and short life spans,
they are more expensive to operate than newer lighting types
such as CFLs and LEDs. Learn more about how energy-
efficient
Light bulbs compare with traditional incandescent and
replacing incandescent lamps (Anonymous, 2012)
Figure (2)
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2.2.2.2 Fluorescent Lighting
Figure (3)
Fluorescent light bulbs use 25%-35% of the energy used by incandescent bulbs to
provide the same amount of light (efficacy of 30-110 lumens per watt). They also last
about 10 times longer (7,000-24,000 hours). The light produced by a fluorescent tube is
caused by an electric current conducted through mercury and inert gases. Fluorescent
lights require a ballast to regulate operating current and provide a high start-up voltage.
Electronic ballasts outperform standard and improved electromagnetic ballasts by
operating at a very high frequency that eliminates flicker and noise. Electronic ballasts
also are more energy-efficient. Special ballasts are required for dimming. The twogeneral types of fluorescent light bulbs are:
Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) -- a type of screw-in bulb which is used incommon household fixtures
Fluorescent tube and circling bulbs -- typically used for task lighting such asgarages and under cabinet fixtures, and for lighting large areas in commercial
buildings.
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2.2.2.3 CFLs
CFLs combine the energy efficiency of fluorescent lighting with the convenience and
popularity of incandescent fixtures. CFLs fit most fixtures designed for incandescent
bulbs and use about 75% less energy.
Although CFLs cost a bit more than comparable incandescent bulbs, they last 615 times
as long (6,00015,000 hours). See How Energy-Efficient Light bulbs Compare with
Traditional Incandescent, and find out how CFLs work.
CFLs are most cost-effective and efficient in areas where lights are on for long periods of
time. You'll experience a slower payback in areas where lights are turned on for short
periods of time, such as in closets and pantries. Because CFLs do not need to be changed
often, they are ideal for hard-to-reach areas.
2.2.2.3.1 CFL Lighting
CFLs are available in a variety of styles or shapes, and each is designed for a specific
purpose. The size or total surface area of the tube(s) determines how much light it
produces. Many models are dimmable, as indicated on the package, and are and
compatible with other lighting controls (Anonymous, 2012).
.
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2.2.2.4 LED Lighting
Figure (4)
The light-emitting diode (LED) is one of today's most energy-efficient and rapidly-
developing lighting technologies. Quality LED light bulbs last longer, are more durable,
and offer comparable or better light quality than other types of lighting.
2.2.2.4.1 Energy Savings
LED is a highly energy efficient lighting technology, and has the potential to
fundamentally change the future of lighting in the United States. Residential LEDs
especially ENERGY STAR rated products -- use at least 75% less energy, and last 25
times longer, than incandescent lighting.
Widespread use of LED lighting has the greatest potential impact on energy savings in
the United States. By 2027, widespread use of LEDs could save about 348 TWh
(compared to no LED use) of electricity: This is the equivalent annual electrical output of
44 large electric power plants (1000 megawatts each), and a total savings of more than
$30 billion at today's electricity prices (Anonymous,2012).
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2.2.2.4.2 How LEDs are Different
LED lighting is very different from other lighting sources such as incandescent bulbs and
CFLs. Key differences include the following:
Light Source: LEDs are the size of a fleck of pepper, and a mix of red, green, and blue
LEDs is typically used to make white light.
Direction: LEDs emit light in a specific direction, reducing the need for reflectors and
diffusers that can trap light. This feature makes LEDs more efficient for many uses such
as recessed down lights and task lighting. With other types of lighting, the light must be
reflected to the desired direction and more than half of the light may never leave the
fixture.
Heat: LEDs emit very little heat. In comparison, incandescent bulbs release 90% of
their energy as heat and CFLs release about 80% of their energy as heat.
2.2.2.4.3 LED Products
LED lighting is currently available in a wide variety of home and industrial products, and
the list is growing every year. The rapid development of LED technology leads to more
products and improved manufacturing efficiency, which also results in lower prices
(Anonymous, 2012)
2.2.2.5Lighting Comparison
When selecting energy-efficient lighting, it is a good idea to understand basic lighting
terms and principles.Also, it helps to explore yourlighting design options if you haven't
already. This will help narrow your selection according to Anonymous (2012).
Types of lighting include:
Fluorescent Incandescent Outdoor solar Light-emitting diode (LED)
You can use the chart below to compare the different types of lighting
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Lighting Comparison Chart
Lighting Type
Efficacy
(lumens/
watt)
Lifetime
(hours)
Color Rendition
Index
(CRI)
Color Temperature
(K)
Indoors
Outdoo
Incandescent
Standard "A" bulb 1017 7502500 98100 (excellent) 27002800 (warm)Indoors
outdoor
Energy-Saving Incandescent (or Halogen) 1222 1,0004,000 98100 (excellent)29003200 (warm to
neutral)
Indoors
outdoor
Reflector 1219 20003000 98100 (excellent) 2800 (warm)Indoors
outdoor
Fluorescent
Straight tube 301107000
24,000
5090 (fair to
good)
27006500 (warm to
cold)
Indoors
outdoor
Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) 5070 10,000 6588 (good)27006500 (warm to
cold)
Indoors
outdoor
Circline 4050 12,000 Indoors
Light-Emitting Diodes
Cool White LEDs 6092
25,000
50,000
7090 (fair to
good) 5000 (cold)
Indoors
outdoor
Warm White LEDs
275425,000
50,000
7090 (fair to
good)3300 (neutral)
Indoors
outdoor
(Source:www.doe.gov/energysaver/articles/led-lighting)
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2.3 Natural Ventilation
2.3.1 Introduction
Natural ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space
without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor spaceas a result of pressure or temperature differences. There are two types of natural
ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation and buoyancy-driven
ventilation. While wind is the main mechanism of wind driven ventilation, buoyancy-
driven ventilation occurs as a result of the directional buoyancy force that results from
temperature differences between the interior and exterior according to Wikipedia.com
(2013)
Almost all historic buildings were ventilated naturally, although many of these have been
compromised by the addition of partition walls and mechanical systems. With an
increased awareness of the cost and environmental impacts of energy use, naturalventilation has become an increasingly attractive method for reducing energy use and
cost and for providing acceptable indoor environmental quality and maintaining a
healthy, comfortable, and productive indoor climate rather than the more prevailing
approach of using mechanical ventilation. In favorable climates and buildings types,
natural ventilation can be used as an alternative to air-conditioning plants, saving 10%-
30% of total energy consumption (Walker, 2010).
Natural ventilation systems rely on pressure differences to move fresh air through
buildings. Pressure differences can be caused by wind or the buoyancy effect created by
temperature differences or differences in humidity. In either case, the amount ofventilation will depend critically on the size and placement of openings in the building. It
is useful to think of a natural ventilation system as a circuit, with equal consideration
given to supply and exhaust. Openings between rooms such as transom windows,
louvers, grills, or open plans are techniques to complete the airflow circuit through a
building. Code requirements regarding smoke and fire transfer present challenges to the
designer of a natural ventilation system. For example, historic buildings used the stairway
as the exhaust stack, a technique now prevented by code requirements in many cases
(Walker, 2010).
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2.3.2 Description
Walker (2010) states that natural ventilation, unlike fan-forced ventilation, uses the
natural forces of wind and buoyancy to deliver fresh air into buildings. Fresh air is
required in buildings to alleviate odors, to provide oxygen for respiration, and to increase
thermal comfort. At interior air velocities of 160 feet per minute (fpm), the perceivedinterior temperature can be reduced by as much as 5F. However, unlike true air-
conditioning, natural ventilation is ineffective at reducing the humidity of incoming air.
This places a limit on the application of natural ventilation in humid climates.
2.3.3Types of Natural Ventilation Effects
Walker (2012) writes that wind can blow air through openings in the wall on the
windward side of the building, and suck air out of openings on the leeward side and the
roof. Temperature differences between warm air inside and cool air outside can cause the
air in the room to rise and exit at the ceiling or ridge, and enter via lower openings in thewall. Similarly, buoyancy caused by differences in humidity can allow a pressurized
column of dense, evaporative cooled air to supply a space, and lighter, warmer, humid air
to exhaust near the top. These three types of natural ventilation effects are further
described below.
2.3.4 Design Recommendations
According to Walker (2010) the specific approach and design of natural ventilation
systems will vary from one building to another and from one site to another based on
building type and local climate. However, the amount of ventilation depends critically on
the careful design of internal spaces, and the size and placement of openings in the
building. He suggests the following recommendations:
Maximize wind-induced ventilation by sitting the ridge of a buildingperpendicular to the summer winds.
Approximate wind directions are summarized in seasonal "wind rose" diagramsavailable from the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA). However, these roses are usually based on data taken at airports; actual
values at a remote building site can differ dramatically.
Buildings should be sited where summer wind obstructions are minimal. Awindbreak of evergreen trees may also be useful to mitigate cold winter winds
that tend to come predominantly from the north.
Naturally ventilated buildings should be narrow. It is difficult to distribute fresh air to all portions of a very wide building using
natural ventilation. The maximum width that one could expect to ventilate
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naturally is estimated at 45 ft. Consequently, buildings that rely on natural
ventilation often have an articulated floor plan.
Each room should have two separate supplies and exhaust openings. Locateexhaust high above inlet to maximize stack effect. Orient windows across the
room and offset from each other to maximize mixing within the room while
minimizing the obstructions to airflow within the room. Window openings should be operable by the occupants. Provide ridge vents. A ridge vent is an opening at the highest point in the roof that offers a good outlet
for both buoyancy and wind-induced ventilation. The ridge opening should be
free of obstructions to allow air to freely flow out of the building.
Allow for adequate internal airflow. In addition to the primary consideration of airflow in and out of the building,
airflow between the rooms of the building is important. When possible, interior
doors should be designed to be open to encourage whole-building ventilation. If
privacy is required, ventilation can be provided through high louvers or transoms.
Consider the use of clerestories or vented skylights. A clerestory or a vented skylight will provide an opening for stale air to escape in
a buoyancy ventilation strategy. The light well of the skylight could also act as a
solar chimney to augment the flow. Openings lower in the structure, such as
basement windows, must be provided to complete the ventilation system.
Provide attic ventilation. In buildings with attics, ventilating the attic space greatly reduces heat transfer to
conditioned rooms below. Ventilated attics are about 30F cooler than
unventilated attics. Consider the use of fan-assisted cooling strategies. Ceiling and whole-building fans can provide up to 9F effective temperature drop
at one tenth the electrical energy consumption of mechanical air-conditioning
systems.
Determine if the building will benefit from an open- or closed-building ventilationapproach.
A closed-building approach works well in hot, dry climates where there is a largevariation in temperature from day to night. A massive building is ventilated at
night, then, closed in the morning to keep out the hot daytime air. Occupants arethen cooled by radiant exchange with the massive walls and floor.
An open-building approach works well in warm and humid areas, where thetemperature does not change much from day to night. In this case, daytime cross-
ventilation is encouraged to maintain indoor temperatures close to outdoor
temperatures.
Use mechanical cooling in hot, humid climates.
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Try to allow natural ventilation to cool the mass of the building at night in hotclimates.
Open staircases provide stack effect ventilation, but observe all fire and smokeprecautions for enclosed stairways.
2.3.5 Materials and Methods of ConstructionSome of the materials and methods used to design proper natural ventilation systems in
buildings are solar chimneys, wind towers, and summer ventilation control methods. A
solar chimney may be an effective solution where prevailing breezes are not dependable
enough to rely on wind-induced ventilation and where keeping indoor temperature
sufficiently above outdoor temperature to drive buoyant flow would be unacceptably
warm. The chimney is isolated from the occupied space and can be heated as much as
possible by the sun or other means. Air is simply exhausted out the top of the chimney
creating suction at the bottom which is used to extract stale air.
Wind towers, often topped with fabric sails that direct wind into the building, are a
common feature in historic Arabic architecture, and are known as "malqafs." The
incoming air is often routed past a fountain to achieve evaporative cooling as well as
ventilation. At night, the process is reversed and the wind tower acts as a chimney to vent
room air. A modern variation called a "Cool Tower" puts evaporative cooling elements at
the top of the tower to pressurize the supply air with cool, dense air (Walker, 2010).
Walker (2010) adds that in the summer, when the outside temperature is below the
desired inside temperature, windows should be opened to maximize fresh air intake. Lots
of airflow is needed to maintain the inside temperature at no more than 3-5 F above the
outside temperature. During hot, calm days, air exchange rates will be very low and the
tendency will be for inside temperatures to rise above the outside temperature. The use of
fan-forced ventilation or thermal mass for radiant cooling may be important in controlling
these maximum temperatures.
2.3.6 Natural Ventilation of Awbi(2010)
According to Awbi (2010) In Natural Ventilation the airflow is due to wind andbuoyancy through cracks in the building envelope or purposely installed openings.Single-Sided Ventilation:
Limited to zones close to the openingsCross-Ventilation:Two or more openings on opposite walls -covers a larger zone than the single-sidedopeningsStack Ventilation:Buoyancy-driven gives larger flowsWindcacthers: Wind and buoyancy driven -effective in warm and temperate climates.The following paintings show the idea of Awbi (2010) natural ventilation.
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2.4 Insulation
Anonymous (2012) claims that insulation in your home provides resistance to heat flow.
The more heat flow resistance your insulation provides, the lower your heating and
cooling costs. Properly insulating your home not only reduces heating and cooling costs,
but also improves comfort.
2.4.1 How Insulation Works
To understand how insulation works it helps to understand heat flow, which involves
three basic mechanisms -- conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction is the way
heat moves through materials, such as when a spoon placed in a hot cup of coffee
conducts heat through its handle to your hand. Convection is the way heat circulates
through liquids and gases, and is why lighter, warmer air rises, and cooler, denser air
sinks in your home. Radiant heat travels in a straight line and heats anything solid in its
path that absorbs its energy (Anonymous, 2012).
Anonymous (2012) adds that most common insulation materials work by slowing
conductive heat flow and -- to a lesser extent -- convective heat flow. Radiant barriers
and reflective insulation systems work by reducing radiant heat gain. To be effective, the
reflective surface must face an air space.
Regardless of the mechanism, heat flows from warmer to cooler until there is no longer a
temperature difference. In your home, this means that in winter, heat flows directly from
all heated living spaces to adjacent unheated attics, garages, basements, and even to the
outdoors. Heat flow can also move indirectly through interior ceilings, walls, and floors --
wherever there is a difference in temperature. During the cooling season, heat flows from
the outdoors to the interior of a house.
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To maintain comfort, the heat lost in the winter must be replaced by your heating system
and the heat gained in the summer must be removed by your cooling system. Properly
insulating your home will decrease this heat flow by providing an effective resistance to
the flow of heat.
2.4.2 Insulation MaterialsInsulation materials run the gamut from bulky fiber materials such as fiberglass, rock and
slag wool, cellulose, and natural fibers to rigid foam boards to sleek foils. Bulky
materials resist conductive and -- to a lesser degree -- convective heat flow in a building
cavity. Rigid foam boards trap air or another gas to resist conductive heat flow. Highly
reflective foils in radiant barriers and reflective insulation systems reflect radiant heat
away from living spaces, making them particularly useful in cooling climates. Other less
common materials such as cementations and phenolic foams and vermiculite and perlite
are also available according to Anonymous (2012) .
2.4.3 Types of Insulation
Type Insulation Materials Where
Applicable
Installation
Method(s)Advantages
Blanket:
batts and
rolls
Fiberglass
Mineral (rock or
slag) wool
Plastic fibers
Natural fibers
Unfinished
walls, including
foundation
walls
Floors and
ceilings
Fitted between
studs, joists, and
beams.
Do-it-yourself.
Suited forstandard stud and
joist spacing that
is relatively free
from
obstructions.
Relatively
inexpensive.
Concrete
blockinsulation
and
insulating
concrete
blocks
Foam board, to be
placed on outside of
wall (usually new
construction) or
inside of wall
(existing homes):
Some manufacturers
Unfinished
walls, including
foundation
walls,
for new
construction or
major
Require
specializedskills
Insulating
concrete blocks
are sometimes
Insulating cores
increases wall R-
value.
Insulating
outside of
concrete block
wall places mass
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incorporate foam
beads or air into the
concrete mix to
increaseR-values
renovations
Walls
(insulating
concrete
blocks)
stacked without
mortar (dry-
stacked) and
surface bonded.
inside
conditioned
space, which can
moderate indoor
temperatures.
Autoclaved
aerated concrete
and autoclaved
cellular concrete
masonry units
have 10 times the
insulating value
of conventional
concrete.
Foam
board or
rigid foam
Polystyrene
Polyisocyanurate
Polyurethane
Unfinished
walls, including
foundation
walls
Floors and
ceilings
Unvented low-
slope roofs
Interior
applications:
must be covered
with 1/2-inch
gypsum board
or other
building-code
approved
material for fire
safety.
Exterior
applications:
must be covered
with
weatherproof
facing.
High insulating
value for
relatively little
thickness.
Can block
thermal short
circuits wheninstalled
continuously
over frames or
joists.
Insulatingconcrete
forms
(ICFs)
Foam boards or
foam blocks
Unfinished
walls, including
foundation
walls for new
construction
Installed as part
of the building
structure.
Insulation is
literally built intothe home's walls,
creating high
thermal
resistance.
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Loose-fill
and
blown-in
Cellulose
Fiberglass
Mineral (rock orslag) wool
Enclosed
existing wall or
open new wall
cavities
Unfinishedattic floors
Other hard-to-
reach places
Blown into
place using
special
equipment,sometimes
poured in.
Good for adding
insulation to
existing finished
areas, irregularly
shaped areas, and
around
obstructions.
Reflective
system
Foil-faced kraft
paper, plastic film,
polyethylene
bubbles, or
cardboard
Unfinished
walls, ceilings,
and floors
Foils, films, or
papers fitted
between wood-
frame studs,
joists, rafters,
and beams.
Do-it-yourself.
Suitable for
framing at
standard spacing.
Bubble-form
suitable if
framing is
irregular or if
obstructions are
present.
Most effective at
preventing
downward heatflow,
effectiveness
depends on
spacing.
Rigid
fibrous orfiber
insulation
Fiberglass
Mineral (rock or
slag) wool
Ducts in
unconditioned
spaces
Other placesrequiring
insulation that
can withstand
high
temperatures
HVAC
contractors
fabricate the
insulation into
ducts either at
their shops or at
the job sites.
Can withstand
high
temperatures.
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Sprayed
foam and
foamed-
in-place
Cementations
Phenolic
Polyisocyanurate
Polyurethane
Enclosed
existing wall
Open new wall
cavities
Unfinished
attic floors
Applied using
small spray
containers or in
larger quantities
as a pressure
sprayed(foamed-in-
place) product.
Good for adding
insulation to
existing finished
areas, irregularly
shaped areas, andaround
obstructions.
Structural
insulated
panels
(SIPs)
Foam board or
liquid foam
insulation core
Straw core
insulation
Unfinished
walls, ceilings,
floors, and
roofs for newconstruction
Construction
workers fit SIPs
together to form
walls and roofof a house.
SIP-built houses
provide superior
and uniform
insulation
compared to
more traditional
construction
methods; they
also take less
time to build.
(Source:http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/types-insulation,2012)
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2.4.4 GRC OR GFRC
Glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) was first introduced to the building industry in
the early 1970s in the United Kingdom. Today, it is one of the most popular and
innovative building materials used throughout the United States, Europe, Middle East and
Asia.
2.4.5 What is GFRC?
It is a composite of Portland cement, fine aggregate, water, acrylic co-polymer, glass
fiber reinforcement and additives. The glass fibers reinforce the concrete, much as steel
reinforcing does in conventional concrete. The glass fiber reinforcement results in aproduct with much higher flexural and tensile strengths than normal concrete, allowing
its use in thin-wall casting applications. GFRC is a lightweight, durable material that can
be cast into nearly unlimited shapes, colors and textures. There are two basic processes
used to fabricate GFRC the Spray-Up process and the Premix process. The Premix
process is further broken down into various production techniques such as spray premix,
cast premix, pultrusion and hand lay-up (Wikipedia.com, 2013).
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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 IntroductionThis research study will be conducted in order to achieve its objectives based on the
following methods. Thus, the researchers used the survey to collect data about the the
purposeful issues.
3.2 Data Collection From home basedTo investigate the design of the house and it is orientation as well as the type of lighting
and air condition used in this house, the researchers used a sample of house and targeted
people to collect their valuable data. Also, they investigate the used heat insulation in that
house and its effects as factors in reducing energy.
3.3 A comparison between used equipment and saving equipment
Conducting a comparison between the type of lighting used in the home-based in terms of
energy consumption with the types of lighting portfolio of energy. In addition to the
impact of installing thermal insulation to reduce the use of air-condition., As well this
shows some of the solutions to reduce the use of air conditioner and lighting such as
installing GRC and umbrellas in front of windows facing the sun and make a roof stacks
from the ground floor and pass through the first floor to be open to the sky.
3.4 Survey StudyA survey study was prepared (attached copy in the appendix) which helps us to see under
which condition the house owners choose the lighting and air condition. Also, it helps to
assess their knowledge about the usefulness of heat insulation.
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CHAPTER 4
RESULTS
By visiting the house in Al-Trafe village and look at its drawings, its electricaldistribution as shown in Table 1. In addition to the survey we conducted to indentify the
prices and features of the electrical bulbs in the market based on the number of lamps andfans and air conditioners and hours of working. In addition to that we focused on rates ofannual consumption in Rial Omani.
As shown in Table 2 (which hypothetically has not been implemented only on theattached form) low rates of annual consumption can be gained, through the replacementbulbs qualities with lower power consumption according to table 2. Furthermore, picture1 shows a sample of saving energy bulb.
In addition, the use heat insulation walls (picture 2), GRC on the front windows of thesun facing the direct sun (picture 3) adding to that installing umbrellas in front of widows
that confront partly to the sun and roof stacks pass from the ground floor through the firstfloor to be open to the sky which led to shorten the duration of the operation of airconditioners all above help to reduce the energy to within one-third. According to thedata collected from the most targeted sample, most of them responded that usinginsulation work well to reduce the hours of air-conditioners working in their house to belesser for 4 hours.
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Electric
equipment
Number Energy
(KW)
Consume
(Hour)
Price
)BZ)
Price
Consume
DaIly)BZ)
Price
Consume
DaIly)RO(
Price
Consume
Monthly(RO)
Price
Consume
Yearly(RO)
Price
Equipm
ent
( RO)
Total Price
Consume
Yearly
For lighting
(RO)Fan 8 0.06 20 10 96 0.096 2.88 34.56
Air condition 8 2 12 10 1920 1.92 57.6 691.2
Incandescent
Lighting
77 0.06 12 10 554.4 0.5544 16.632 199.584 0.2 214.984
Fluorescent
double tube
Light
2 0.072 12 10 17.28 0.01728 0.5184 6.2208 1 8.2208
Total Price Consume Yearly (RO) 1131.1488 223.192Table (1)
Electric
equipment
Number Energy
(KW)
Consume
(Hour)
Price
)BZ)
Price
Consume
DaIly)BZ)
Price
Consume
DaIly)RO(
Price
Consume
Monthly(RO)
Price
Consume
Yearly(RO)
Price
Equipment
( RO)
Total Price
Consume
Yearly
For lighting
(RO)Fan 8 0.06 10 10 48 0.048 1.44 17.28
Air condition 8 2 4 10 640 0.64 19.2 230.4
ncandescent
Lighting
77 0.011 12 10 101.64 0.10164 3.0492 36.5904 1 113.5904
Fluorescent
double tubeLight
2 0.011 12 10 2.64 0.00264 0.0792 0.9504 1 2.9504
Total Price Consume Yearly (RO) 285.2208 116.5408Table (2)
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Picture (1)
Picture (2)
Picture (3)
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4.1 Survey ResultAs the researchers conducted the questionnaire which consisted on 10 questions, the
researchers found the following:
37% of people are chose the air conditioners according to their lower price, 55% of them
look to the quality only 8% is the percentage of those who knows and take into accountthe term energy management And only 7% of them are familiar with the amount of
energy consumed by every equipment.
With regard to lighting household may notice that 12% of people use incandescentlighting while 33% use fluorescent lighting and 19% use compact fluorescent lamp andlight emitting diode while and found that 36% of people use all kinds of lamps and only10% are choose the type of lamps on the basis of saving energy. In terms of usinginsulation, 96% responded that they have not used it in their houses, while 85 % thinkthat its usage is very important as shown in table (3) and chart (1).
Table (3)
Chart (1)
Answer 4Answer 3Answer 2Answer 15518Q1
371422Q2
64027Q3
685Q4
43246Q5
2614249Q6
74224Q7
658Q8
703Q9
1162Q10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10
Answer 1
Answer 2
Answer 3
Answer 4
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CHAPTER 5
5.1 Conclusion:
As conclusion from this research study and from the site visit we found out that people
should take into account the importance of appropriate design of a house for better energymanagement within a house. To achieve that, consideration of an appropriate lighting,
efficient ventilation, insulation and usage of GRC can definitely lead to better level of
saving energy.
Also the questionnaire survey showed that people need more awareness about the
importance of using materials and apparatus that saves energy.
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Bibliography
1) Wikipedia (2013). Retrieved from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting
2) Anonymous (2012). Retrieved from:http://www.doe.gov/energysaver/articles/incandescent-lighting
3) Anonymous (2012). Retrieved from:http://www.doe.gov/energysaver/articles/fluorescent-lighting
4) Anonymous (2012). Retrieved from:http://www.doe.gov/energysaver/articles/led-lighting
5) Andy Walker (2010). Retrieved from:http://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.php
6) Wikipedia (2013). Retrieved from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_ventilation)
7) Prof. Hazim Awbi.2010.BASIC CONCEPTS FOR NATURAL VENTILATION OFBUILDINGS.Retrieved from: http:// www.reading.ac.uk/tsbe.pdf
8) Anonymous (2012). Retrieved from:http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/types-insulation,2012
9) Wikipedia (2013). Retrieved from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_fiber_reinforced_concrete
http://www.doe.gov/energysaver/articles/fluorescent-lightinghttp://www.doe.gov/energysaver/articles/led-lightinghttp://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.phphttp://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_ventilationhttp://www.reading.ac.uk/tsbe.pdfhttp://www.reading.ac.uk/tsbe.pdfhttp://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/types-insulation,2012http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_fiber_reinforced_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_fiber_reinforced_concretehttp://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/types-insulation,2012http://www.reading.ac.uk/tsbe.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_ventilationhttp://www.wbdg.org/resources/naturalventilation.phphttp://www.doe.gov/energysaver/articles/led-lightinghttp://www.doe.gov/energysaver/articles/fluorescent-lighting8/13/2019 Energy Management for Houses and Building in Oman
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APPENDIX A
Questionnaire
-
o4o4
-2 o oo
-3 ooo
-4 oo
-5 o51o15o5
6- oo) (o(CFL)o
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7- ooo
8- oo
-9 oo
1- oo