Energy Efficiency and Renewable EnergyEnergy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment
14th Edition
Chapter 18
G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment
14th Edition
Chapter 18
Key ConceptsKey Concepts
Improving energy efficiencyImproving energy efficiencyTypes and uses of solar energyTypes and uses of solar energyTypes and uses of flowing waterTypes and uses of flowing waterUses of wind energyUses of wind energyTypes and uses of biomassTypes and uses of biomassUse of geothermal energyUse of geothermal energyUse of hydrogen as a fuelUse of hydrogen as a fuelDecentralized power systemsDecentralized power systems
The Importance of Improving Energy EfficiencyThe Importance of Improving Energy Efficiency
Energy efficiency useful vs. loses to low quality heat
Energy efficiency useful vs. loses to low quality heat
Fig. 18-3 p. 381Fig. 18-3 p. 381
Net energy efficiency Net energy efficiency
Least EfficientLeast Efficient Incandescent lights Incandescent lights
Internal combustion engine
Internal combustion engine
Nuclear power plants Nuclear power plants
84% of all U.S. energy is wasted
84% of all U.S. energy is wasted
Energy Efficiencies (Fig. 18-5 p. 381)Energy Efficiencies (Fig. 18-5 p. 381)
Ways to Improve Energy EfficiencyWays to Improve Energy Efficiency
CogenerationCogenerationEfficient electric motorsEfficient electric motorsHigh-efficiency lightingHigh-efficiency lightingIncreasing fuel economyIncreasing fuel economyAlternative vehiclesAlternative vehiclesInsulation Insulation Plug leaksPlug leaks
Overview•Hydrogen is not a primary source of energy, unlike petroleum. Hydrogen is used to move energy. •The prospect of clean hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles creates a sustainable environment without compromising extreme personal mobility.
Overview•Fuel cells convert hydrogen gas into
electricity cleanly, making possible nonpolluting vehicles powered by electric drive motors. • A chicken-and-egg problem exists: large numbers of fuel-cell vehicles require adequate fuel availability to support them, but the required infrastructure is hard to build unless there are significant numbers of fuel-cell vehicles on the roadways.
•Despite steady improvements, today’s vehicles are only up to 25% efficient in converting the energy content of fuels into drive-wheel power. (expected to plateau
around 30%)
•Hydrogen fuel-cell vehicle is nearly twice as efficient, so it will require just half the fuel energy.
•Of even more significance, fuel cells emit only water and heat as by-products. Finally, hydrogen gas can be
extracted from various fuels and energy sources, such as natural gas, ethanol, water (via electrolysis using electricity) and, eventually, renewable energy systems.
Hybrid and Fuel Cell CarsHybrid and Fuel Cell Cars
Hybrid electric-internal combustion engine Hybrid electric-internal combustion engine
Fuel cells Fuel cells
Fig. 18-9 p. 385
Octane 120
Octane 100
6 lbs of CO2 per gallon! This breaks bonds to make energy
0 lbs of CO2 per gallon! This makes bonds to release energy!
2 H2 1 O22 H2O
Using Solar Energy to Provide HeatUsing Solar Energy to Provide Heat
Passive solar heatingPassive solar heatingActive solar heatingActive solar heating
Fig. 18-16 p. 391Fig. 18-16 p. 391
Using Solar Energy to Provide High-Temperature Heat and ElectricityUsing Solar Energy to Provide High-Temperature Heat and Electricity
Solar thermal systems Solar thermal systems
Photovoltaic (PV) cells Photovoltaic (PV) cells
Fig. 18-20 p. 394Fig. 18-20 p. 394
Fig. 18-21 p. 395Fig. 18-21 p. 395
Producing Energy from BiomassProducing Energy from Biomass
Biomass and biofuelsBiomass and biofuels
Biomass plantationsBiomass plantations
Crop residuesCrop residues
Animal manureAnimal manure
Biogas Biogas
Ethanol Ethanol
MethanolMethanol Fig. 18-25 p. 398
Producing Electricity from Moving WaterProducing Electricity from Moving Water
Large-scale hydropower Large-scale hydropower
Small-scale hydropower Small-scale hydropower
Pumped-storage hydropower Pumped-storage hydropower
Tidal power plant Tidal power plant
Wave power plant Wave power plant
Reviewing the Trade-offs of Hydropower DamsReviewing the Trade-offs of Hydropower Dams
Fig. 15-9 p. 313
Large-scale Hydroelectric Power: Trade-offsLarge-scale Hydroelectric Power: Trade-offs
Fig. 18-22 p. 396
Producing Electricity from WindProducing Electricity from Wind
Fig. 18-23 p. 396 Fig. 18-24 p. 397
Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy
Geothermal heat pumpsGeothermal heat pumps
Geothermal exchangeGeothermal exchange
Dry and wet steamDry and wet steam
Hot waterHot water
Molten rock (magma)Molten rock (magma)
Hot dry-rock zonesHot dry-rock zones
The Hydrogen RevolutionThe Hydrogen Revolution
Extracting hydrogen efficientlyExtracting hydrogen efficiently
Storing hydrogenStoring hydrogen
Fuel cellsFuel cells
Environmentally friendly hydrogenEnvironmentally friendly hydrogen
The Hydrogen RevolutionThe Hydrogen Revolution
Fig. 18-31 p. 403
Entering the Age of Decentralized MicropowerEntering the Age of Decentralized Micropower
Decentralized power systems Decentralized power systems
Micropower systems Micropower systems
Fig. 18-32 p. 405
Solutions: A Sustainable Energy StrategySolutions: A Sustainable Energy Strategy
Fig. 18-35 p. 407