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Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until USDL-10-10768:30 a.m. (EDT) Friday, August 6, 2010

Technical information:Household data: (202) 691-6378 [email protected] www.bls.gov/cpsEstablishment data: (202) 691-6555 [email protected] www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 [email protected]

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION JULY 2010

Total nonfarm payroll employment declined by 131,000 in July, and the unemployment rate wasunchanged at 9.5 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Federal government em-ployment fell, as 143,000 temporary workers hired for the decennial census completed their work.Private-sector payroll employment edged up by 71,000.

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Chart 2. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-monthchange, seasonally adjusted, July 2008 July 2010

Percent

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Chart 1. Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted,July 2008 July 2010

Household Survey Data

Both the number ofunemployed persons, at 14.6 million, and the unemployment rate,at 9.5 percent,were unchanged in July. (See table A-1.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rate for adult men (9.7 percent), adult women(7.9 percent), teenagers (26.1 percent), whites (8.6 percent), blacks (15.6 percent), and Hispanics (12.1percent) showed little or no change in July. The jobless rate for Asians was 8.2 percent, not seasonallyadjusted. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)


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In July, the number oflong-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks and over) was little changedat 6.6 million. These individuals made up 44.9 percent of unemployed persons. (See table A-12.)

The civilian labor force participation rate (64.6 percent) and the employment-population ratio (58.4percent) were essentially unchanged in July; however, these measures have declined by 0.6 percentagepoint and 0.4 point, respectively, since April. (See table A-1.)

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons (sometimes referred to as involun-tary part-time workers) was essentially unchanged over the month at 8.5 million but has declined by623,000 since April. These individuals were working part time because their hours had been cut back orbecause they were unable to find a full-time job. (See table A-8.)

About 2.6 million persons were marginally attached to the labor force in July, an increase of 340,000from a year earlier. (The data are not seasonally adjusted.) These individuals were not in the labor force,wanted and were available for work, and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months. Theywere not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding thesurvey. (See table A-16.)

Among the marginally attached, there were 1.2 million discouraged workers in July, up by 389,000from a year earlier. (The data are not seasonally adjusted.) Discouraged workers are persons notcurrently looking for work because they believe no jobs are available for them. The remaining 1.4 mil-lion persons marginally attached to the labor force had not searched for work in the 4 weeks precedingthe survey for reasons such as school attendance or family responsibilities. (See table A-16.)

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment decreased by 131,000 in July, reflecting the departure of 143,000temporary Census 2010 workers from federal government payrolls. Total private employment edgedup over the month (+71,000). Thus far this year, private sector employment has increased by 630,000,

with about two-thirds of the gain occurring in March and April. (See table B-1.)

Manufacturing employment increased by 36,000 over the month. Motor vehicles and parts had fewerseasonal layoffs than normal for July, contributing to a seasonally adjusted employment increase of21,000. The industry had added 32,000 jobs in the first 6 months of the year. In July, employment infabricated metals rose by 9,000. Manufacturing employment has expanded by 183,000 since December2009.

Health care added 27,000 jobs in July. Over the past 12 months, health care employment has risen by231,000.

In July, employment in transportation and warehousing edged up by 12,000. Since a recent low inFebruary, transportation and warehousing has added 56,000 jobs.

Mining employment rose by 7,000 in July, with the gain concentrated in support activities for mining.Mining has added 63,000 jobs since October 2009.

Employment in professional and business services was little changed (-13,000) in July. The number ofjobs in temporary help services showed little movement (-6,000) over the month.


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Employment in financial activities continued to trend down in July, with a decline of 17,000. So far thisyear, monthly job losses in the industry have averaged 12,000, compared with an average monthly jobloss of 29,000 for all of 2009.

Construction employment changed little (-11,000) in July; 10,000 construction workers were offpayrolls due to strike activity.

Employment in other private-sector industries, including wholesale trade, retail trade, information,and leisure and hospitality showed little change in July.

Government employment fell by 202,000 in July, largely reflecting the loss of 143,000 temporaryworkers hired for Census 2010. Employment in both state and local governments edged down over themonth.

In July, the average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.1 hour to34.2 hours. The manufacturing workweek for all employees increased by 0.1 hour to 40.1 hours,following a decrease of 0.5 hour in June. The average workweek for production and nonsupervisoryemployees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.1 hour to 33.5 hours in July. (See tables B-2 and

B-7.)

Average hourly earningsof all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 4 cents, or 0.2percent, to $22.59 in July. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 1.8percent. In July, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employeesincreased by 2 cents, or 0.1 percent, to $19.04. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for May was revised from +433,000 to +432,000, andthe change for June was revised from -125,000 to -221,000.

The Employment Situation for August is scheduled to be released on Friday, September 3, 2010,at 8:30 a.m. (EDT).


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HOUSEHOLD DATASummary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted

[Numbers in thousands]

CategoryJuly

2009May2010

June2010

July2010

Change from:June 2010-July 2010

Employment status

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 235,870 237,499 237,690 237,890 200

Civilian labor force. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . 154,351 154,393 153,741 153,560 -181

Participation rate. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 65.4 65.0 64.7 64.6 -0.1

Employed. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . 139,817 139,420 139,119 138,960 -159Employment-population ratio.. .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . 59.3 58.7 58.5 58.4 -0.1

Unemployed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14,534 14,973 14,623 14,599 -24

Unemployment rate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 9.7 9.5 9.5 0.0

Not in labor force. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 81,519 83,107 83,949 84,330 381

Unemployment rates

Total, 16 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 9.7 9.5 9.5 0.0

Adult men (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 9.8 9.9 9.7 -0.2

Adult women (20 years and over). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.6 8.1 7.8 7.9 0.1

Teenagers (16 to 19 years). .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . 24.5 26.4 25.7 26.1 0.4

White.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 8.8 8.6 8.6 0.0

Black or African American.. .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . . 14.7 15.5 15.4 15.6 0.2

Asian (not seasonally adjusted).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 7.5 7.7 8.2

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 12.4 12.4 12.4 12.1 -0.3

Total, 25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 8.4 8.2 8.1 -0.1

Less than a high school diploma. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. 15.3 15.0 14.1 13.8 -0.3

High school graduates, no college.. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 9.4 10.9 10.8 10.1 -0.7

Some college or associate degree.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 8.3 8.2 8.3 0.1

Bachelors degree and higher.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.5 0.1

Reason for unemployment

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 9,549 9,223 9,114 9,125 11

Job leavers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882 969 900 900 0

Reentrants. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 3,306 3,453 3,308 3,393 85

New entrants.. . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. 994 1,206 1,140 1,188 48

Duration of unemployment

Less than 5 weeks. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 3,181 2,752 2,769 2,839 70

5 to 14 weeks. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 3,539 3,019 3,121 3,060 -61

15 to 26 weeks. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2,847 2,161 2,208 2,151 -57

27 weeks and over. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 4,972 6,763 6,751 6,572 -179

Employed persons at work part time

Part time for economic reasons. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8,808 8,809 8,627 8,529 -98

Slack work or business conditions. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 6,831 6,143 6,165 6,119 -46

Could only find part-time work. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 1,826 2,326 2,101 2,246 145

Part time for noneconomic reasons. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . 18,993 17,929 17,870 18,157 287

Persons not in the labor force (not seasonally adjusted)

Marginally attached to the labor force. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2,282 2,223 2,591 2,622

Discouraged workers. .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 796 1,083 1,207 1,185

- Over-the-month changes are not displayed for not seasonally adjusted data.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will notnecessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually withthe release of January data.


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ESTABLISHMENT DATASummary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

CategoryJuly

2009May2010

June2010p

July2010p

EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY(Over-the-month change, in thousands)

Total nonfarm. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. -346 432 -221 -131

Total private. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . -297 51 31 71

Goods-producing. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -128 21 -3 33

Mining and logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -5 11 5 8

Construction. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -80 -29 -21 -11Manufacturing. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . -43 39 13 36

Durable goods1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -25 36 15 36

Motor vehicles and parts. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . 37.0 9.3 -2.4 20.7

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -18 3 -2 0

Private service-providing1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -169 30 34 38

Wholesale trade. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -15.8 -1.0 2.2 8.4

Retail trade. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . . -53.5 -5.8 -20.5 6.7

Transportation and warehousing. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . -27.3 8.7 15.0 12.2

Information. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. -12 -2 -14 1

Financial activities. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -23 -9 -12 -17

Professional and business services1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -48 26 23 -13

Temporary help services. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . -8.8 30.4 11.2 -5.6

Education and health services1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 25 26 30

Health care and social assistance. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.2 18.8 21.1 27.8

Leisure and hospitality. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -4 -15 21 6

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -5 4 -4 6

Government. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . -49 381 -252 -202

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEESAS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES2

Total nonfarm women employees. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 49.9 49.8 49.7 49.7

Total private women employees. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. 48.4 48.3 48.2 48.2

Total private production and nonsupervisory employees. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 82.4 82.4 82.4 82.4

HOURS AND EARNINGSALL EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . 33.8 34.2 34.1 34.2

Average hourly earnings. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . $ 22.20 $ 22.55 $ 22.55 $ 22.59

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . $ 750.36 $771.21 $ 768.96 $ 772.58

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.3 92.2 92.0 92.3

Over-the-month percent change. .. .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. -0.2 0.3 -0.2 0.3

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)

4

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.6 99.2 98.9 99.5Over-the-month percent change. .. .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. -0.1 0.6 -0.3 0.6

HOURS AND EARNINGSPRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES

Total private

Average weekly hours. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . 33.1 33.5 33.4 33.5

Average hourly earnings. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . $ 18.62 $ 19.00 $ 19.02 $ 19.04

Average weekly earnings. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . $ 616.32 $636.50 $ 635.27 $ 637.84

Index of aggregate weekly hours (2002=100)3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98.2 99.3 99.0 99.4

Over-the-month percent change. .. .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. 0.1 0.3 -0.3 0.4

Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2002=100)4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.1 126.1 125.9 126.4

Over-the-month percent change. .. .. .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. 0.3 0.6 -0.2 0.4

DIFFUSION INDEX(Over 1-month span)5

Total private. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . . 26.4 56.1 55.2 55.6

Manufacturing. .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . 19.5 65.9 53.0 50.0

1 Includes other industries, not shown separately.

2 Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providingindustries.

3 The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current months estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate hours.

4 The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current months estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual averageaggregate weekly payrolls.

5 Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balancebetween industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

p Preliminary


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Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates of employment

and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey employment series has a smaller

margin of error on the measurement of month-to-month change than the household survey because of its

much larger sample size. An over-the-month employment change of about 100,000 is statistically

significant in the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically significant change in the

household survey is about 400,000. However, the household survey has a more expansive scope than the

establishment survey because it includes the self-employed, unpaid family workers, agricultural

workers, and private household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey. The household

survey also provides estimates of employment for demographic groups.

Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However, neither the

establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal status of workers. Therefore, it

is not possible to determine how many are counted in either survey. The establishment survey does notcollect data on the legal status of workers. The household survey does include questions which identify

the foreign and native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the foreign born.

Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by incorporating

additional information that was not available at the time of the initial publication of the estimates.

The establishment survey revises its initial monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding

2 months, to incorporate additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated

seasonal adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit

www.bls.gov/ces/cesrevinfo.htm.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that re-anchors

estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment insurance tax records.

The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors in the estimates. For more informa-

tion on the annual benchmark revision, please visit www.bls.gov/web/cesbmart.htm.

Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business establishments with

fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is designed to maximize the reliability of the

total nonfarm employment estimate; firms from all size classes and industries are appropriately sampled

to achieve that goal.

Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for the net employment

change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment comes from an econometric model that

forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of business births and deaths based on the actual past values of the

net impact that can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. The

establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this purpose because the survey is not


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immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There is an unavoidable lag between the birth

of a new firm and its appearance on the sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new

businesses to the survey twice a year.

Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment insurance

benefits?

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households. All persons whoare without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are included among the unemployed.

(People on temporary layoff are included even if they do not actively seek work.) There is no requirement

or question relating to unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.

Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who have stopped looking for work?

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who want a job, including

those who have stopped looking because they believe no jobs are available (discouraged workers). In

addition, alternative measures of labor underutilization (discouraged workers and other groups not

officially counted as unemployed) are published each month in The Employment Situation news release.


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Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from two major

surveys, the Current Population Survey (household survey)

and the Current Employment Statistics survey (estab-

lishment survey). The household survey provides informa-

tion on the labor force, employment, and unemployment

that appears in the "A" tables, marked HOUSEHOLDDATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 households

conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau

of Labor Statistics (BLS).

The establishment survey provides information on

employment, hours, and earnings of employees on non-

farm payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables, marked

ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each

month from the payroll records of a sample of nonagricul-

tural business establishments. The sample includes about

140,000 businesses and government agencies representing

approximately 410,000 worksites and is drawn from a sam-

pling frame of roughly 8.9 million unemployment insurance

tax accounts. The active sample includes approximately

one-third of all nonfarm payroll employees.

For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a

particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the

reference period is generally the calendar week that

contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment

survey, the reference period is the pay period including the

12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the

calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between

surveys

Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect

the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on

responses to a series of questions on work and job search

activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample

household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in

the labor force.

People are classified as employedif they did any work

at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked

in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or

worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or

farm. People are also counted as employed if they were

temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad

weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal

reasons.

People are classified as unemployedif they meet all ofthe following criteria: they had no employment during the

reference week; they were available for work at that time;

and they made specific efforts to find employment

sometime during the 4-week period ending with the

reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting

recall need not be looking for work to be counted as

unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the

household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for

or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and

unemployed persons. Those not classified as employed or

unemployed are not in the labor force. The unemployment

rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the labor

force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force

as a percent of the population, and the employment-popu-lation ratio is the employed as a percent of the population.

Additional information about the household survey can be

found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

Establishment survey. The sample establishments are

drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories,

offices, and stores, as well as from federal, state, and local

government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are

those who received pay for any part of the reference pay

period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are

counted in each job they hold.Hours and earnings data are

produced for the private sector for all employees and for

production and nonsupervisory employees. Production and

nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and

related employees in manufacturing and mining and

logging, construction workers in construction, and non-

supervisory employees in private service-providing in-

dustries.

Industries are classified on the basis of an estab-

lishment's principal activity in accordance with the 2007

version of the North American Industry Classification

System. Additional information about the establishment

survey can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/#technical.

Differences in employment estimates. The num-

erous conceptual and methodological differences between

the household and establishment surveys result in impor-tant distinctions in the employment estimates derived from

the surveys. Among these are:

The household survey includes agriculturalworkers, the self-employed, unpaid family

workers, and private household workers among the

employed. These groups are excluded from the

establishment survey.

The household survey includes people on unpaidleave among the employed. The establishment

survey does not.

The household survey is limited to workers 16years of age and older. The establishment survey isnot limited by age.

The household survey has no duplication ofindividuals, because individuals are counted only

once, even if they hold more than one job. In the

establishment survey, employees working at more

than one job and thus appearing on more than one

payroll are counted separately for each appearance.


9/38

Seasonal adjustment

Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor

force and the levels of employment and unemployment

undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These events may

result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays,

and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such

seasonal variation can be very large.

Because these seasonal events follow a more or lessregular pattern each year, their influence on the level of a

series can be tempered by adjusting for regular seasonal

variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal

developments, such as declines in employment or increases

in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to

spot. For example, in the household survey, the large

number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely

to obscure any other changes that have taken place relative

to May, making it difficult to determine if the level of

economic activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the

establishment survey, payroll employment in education

declines by about 20 percent at the end of the spring term

and later rises with the start of the fall term, obscuring theunderlying employment trends in the industry. Because

seasonal employment changes at the end and beginning of

the school year can be estimated, the statistics can be

adjusted to make underlying employment patterns more

discernable. The seasonally adjusted figures provide a

more useful tool with which to analyze changes in month-

to-month economic activity.

Many seasonally adjusted series are independently

adjusted in both the household and establishment surveys.

However, the adjusted series for many major estimates,

such as total payroll employment, employment in most

major sectors, total employment, and unemployment are

computed by aggregating independently adjustedcomponent series. For example, total unemployment is

derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age-

sex components; this differs from the unemployment

estimate that would be obtained by directly adjusting the

total or by combining the duration, reasons, or more

detailed age categories.

For both the household and establishment surveys, a

concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology is used in

which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using

all relevant data, up to and including the data for the current

month. In the household survey, new seasonal factors are

used to adjust only the current month's data. In the

establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are

used each month to adjust the three most recent monthly

estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to

incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated

seasonal adjustment factors. In both surveys, 5-year

revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the household and establishment

surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling

error. When a sample rather than the entire population is

surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may

differ from the "true" population values they represent. The

exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the

particular sample selected, and this variability is measured

by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-

percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate

based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard

errors from the "true" population value because of samplingerror. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-

percent level of confidence.

For example, the confidence interval for the monthly

change in total nonfarm employment from the

establishment survey is on the order of plus or minus

100,000. Suppose the estimate of nonfarm employment

increases by 50,000 from one month to the next. The 90-

percent confidence interval on the monthly change would

range from -50,000 to +150,000 (50,000 +/- 100,000).

These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by

these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent

chance that the "true" over-the-month change lies within

this interval. Since this range includes values of less thanzero, we could not say with confidence that nonfarm

employment had, in fact, increased that month. If, however,

the reported nonfarm employment rise was 250,000, then

all of the values within the 90-percent confidence interval

would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at least

a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm employment had, in fact,

risen that month. At an unemployment rate of around 5.5

percent, the 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly

change in unemployment as measured by the household

survey is about +/- 280,000, and for the monthly change in

the unemployment rate it is about +/- 0.19 percentage point.

In general, estimates involving many individuals or

establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the

size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a

small number of observations. The precision of estimates

also is improved when the data are cumulated over time,

such as for quarterly and annual averages.

The household and establishment surveys are also

affected by nonsampling error, which can occur for many

reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the

population, inability to obtain information for all

respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of

respondents to provide correct information on a timely

basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in

the collection or processing of the data.

For example, in the establishment survey, estimates

for the most recent 2 months are based on incompletereturns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled

preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive

revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample

reports have been received, that the estimate is considered

final.

Another major source of nonsampling error in the

establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely

basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for

this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an

estimation procedure with two components is used to


10/38

account for business births. The first component excludes

employment losses from business deaths from sample-

based estimation in order to offset the missing employment

gains from business births. This is incorporated into the

sample-based estimation procedure by simply not reflecting

sample units going out of business, but imputing to them

the same employment trend as the other firms in the

sample. This procedure accounts for most of the net

birth/death employment.The second component is an ARIMA time series

model designed to estimate the residual net birth/death

employment not accounted for by the imputation. The

historical time series used to create and test the ARIMA

model was derived from the unemployment insurance

universe micro-level database, and reflects the actual

residual net of births and deaths over the past 5 years.

The sample-based estimates from the establishment

survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to

universe counts of payroll employment obtained from

administrative records of the unemployment insurance

program. The difference between the March sample-based

employment estimates and the March universe counts is

known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough

proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also

incorporate changes in the classification of industries. Over

the past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total

nonfarm employment have averaged 0.3 percent, with arange from -0.7 to 0.6 percent.

Other information

Information in this release will be made available to

sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone:

(202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.


11/38

HOUSEHOLD DATATable A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age


Employment status, sex, and age

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted1

July2009

June2010

July2010

July2009

Mar.2010

Apr.2010

May2010

June2010

July2010

TOTAL

Ci vi li an n on in stit ut io na l p opu la ti on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 35, 87 0 23 7, 69 0 23 7, 89 0 23 5, 87 0 23 7, 15 9 23 7,32 9 23 7,49 9 23 7,69 0 23 7,89 0

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156,255 154,767 155,270 154,351 153,910 154,715 154,393 153,741 153,560

Participation rate. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . 66.2 65.1 65.3 65.4 64.9 65.2 65.0 64.7 64.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141,055 139,882 140,134 139,817 138,905 139,455 139,420 139,119 138,960

Employment-population ratio. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 59.8 58.9 58.9 59.3 58.6 58.8 58.7 58.5 58.4

Unemployed. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. 15,201 14,885 15,137 14,534 15,005 15,260 14,973 14,623 14,599

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 9.6 9.7 9.4 9.7 9.9 9.7 9.5 9.5

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 79,614 82,923 82,620 81,519 83,249 82,614 83,107 83,949 84,330

Persons who currently want a job. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. 6,244 6,461 6,143 5,978 6,044 5,951 5,734 5,895 5,886

Men, 16 years and over


Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . 83,375 82,669 83,071 82,255 81,895 82,453 82,245 82,017 81,962


Employed. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 74,861 74,148 74,749 73,613 73,092 73,548 73,639 73,375 73,454


Unemployed. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . 8,515 8,521 8,323 8,642 8,803 8,905 8,606 8,642 8,507

Unemployment rate. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . 10.2 10.3 10.0 10.5 10.7 10.8 10.5 10.5 10.4



Ci vi li an n on in stit ut io na l p opu la ti on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 05, 53 0 10 6, 52 2 10 6, 64 1 10 5, 53 0 10 6,19 8 10 6,30 1 10 6,40 7 10 6,52 2 10 6,64 1



Employed. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 71,911 71,773 72,068 71,255 70,913 71,358 71,477 71,316 71,332


Unemployed. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . 7,427 7,428 7,287 7,728 7,882 7,998 7,760 7,793 7,638



Women, 16 years and over




Employed. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 66,194 65,735 65,385 66,205 65,813 65,907 65,781 65,743 65,506


Unemployed. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . 6,686 6,363 6,814 5,892 6,203 6,355 6,367 5,981 6,092

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 8.8 9.4 8.2 8.6 8.8 8.8 8.3 8.5Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 48,816 50,491 50,484 49,600 50,323 50,157 50,350 50,865 51,085





Employed. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 63,182 63,277 62,775 63,685 63,495 63,552 63,505 63,516 63,314


Unemployed. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . 5,811 5,484 5,942 5,225 5,532 5,712 5,623 5,343 5,433



Both sexes, 16 to 19 years

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,044 16,904 16,877 17,044 16,987 16,962 16,932 16,904 16,877

Civilian labor force. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . 7,925 6,806 7,197 6,457 6,087 6,094 6,028 5,772 5,843


Employed. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 5,962 4,833 5,290 4,877 4,496 4,544 4,438 4,286 4,315Employment-population ratio. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 35.0 28.6 31.3 28.6 26.5 26.8 26.2 25.4 25.6

Unemployed. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . 1,963 1,973 1,907 1,581 1,591 1,550 1,590 1,486 1,528



1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.


12/38

HOUSEHOLD DATATable A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age


Employment status, race, sex, and age


July2009

June2010

July2010

July2009

Mar.2010

Apr.2010

May2010

June2010

July2010

WHITE


Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127,069 125,761 126,152 125,911 125,054 125,779 125,429 124,959 125,060


Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,861 114,782 115,183 114,984 114,108 114,484 114,359 114,163 114,300


Unemployed. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. 11,209 10,979 10,969 10,927 10,945 11,295 11,070 10,797 10,760






Employed. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 60,091 59,941 60,213 59,642 59,208 59,504 59,639 59,561 59,662


Unemployed. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . 5,602 5,471 5,389 5,967 5,765 6,052 5,780 5,788 5,750





Employed. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 50,696 50,700 50,429 51,202 51,103 51,123 50,981 50,971 50,943

Employment-population ratio. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 55.6 55.3 55.0 56.2 55.9 55.9 55.7 55.6 55.5Unemployed. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . 4,157 4,022 4,205 3,759 4,000 4,061 4,081 3,911 3,875





Employed. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 5,075 4,141 4,540 4,140 3,797 3,857 3,739 3,630 3,695


Unemployed. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . 1,450 1,486 1,375 1,202 1,180 1,183 1,209 1,097 1,135


BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,252 28,685 28,718 28,252 28,591 28,624 28,653 28,685 28,718



Employed. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 15,218 15,157 15,059 15,050 14,920 14,985 15,189 15,036 14,896


Unemployed. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . 2,867 2,803 3,007 2,600 2,951 2,966 2,794 2,732 2,755Unemployment rate. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. . . 15.9 15.6 16.6 14.7 16.5 16.5 15.5 15.4 15.6




Participation rate. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. . 70.1 69.8 69.5 69.2 70.4 70.2 70.6 69.4 68.8

Employed. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 6,693 6,717 6,749 6,617 6,592 6,668 6,782 6,656 6,667


Unemployed. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . 1,283 1,390 1,339 1,258 1,542 1,462 1,402 1,406 1,337





Employed. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 7,951 8,035 7,854 7,958 7,907 7,894 7,977 7,998 7,847


Unemployed. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . 1,203 1,063 1,307 1,071 1,115 1,252 1,128 1,072 1,157



Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955 756 817 746 716 675 694 636 643


Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 405 456 476 421 423 430 382 382


Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 351 361 270 294 252 263 254 261


ASIAN

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,903 11,210 11,200

See footnotes at end of table.


13/38

HOUSEHOLD DATATable A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age Continued


Employment status, race, sex, and age


July2009

June2010

July2010

July2009

Mar.2010

Apr.2010

May2010

June2010

July2010

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,394 7,315 7,342

Participation rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.8 65.3 65.6

Employed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,780 6,749 6,742

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.2 60.2 60.2

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614 566 601

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 7.7 8.2 Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,509 3,895 3,857


- Data not available.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are introducedannually with the release of January data.


14/38

HOUSEHOLD DATATable A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age




July2009

June2010

July2010

July2009

Mar.2010

Apr.2010

May2010

June2010

July2010

HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY

Civilian noninst itutional population.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,926 33,662 33,747 32,926 33,414 33,498 33,578 33,662 33,747

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,695 22,724 22,908 22,540 22,707 22,684 22,789 22,674 22,738

Participation rate.. .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . 68.9 67.5 67.9 68.5 68.0 67.7 67.9 67.4 67.4

Employed. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 19,849 19,922 20,110 19,748 19,848 19,850 19,953 19,854 19,987

Employment-population ratio. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 60.3 59.2 59.6 60.0 59.4 59.3 59.4 59.0 59.2

Unemployed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2,846 2,802 2,798 2,792 2,859 2,834 2,836 2,820 2,751

Unemployment rate.. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . 12.5 12.3 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.5 12.4 12.4 12.1

Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 10,232 10,938 10,839 10,386 10,706 10,814 10,789 10,989 11,009


Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,824 12,965 13,065

Participation rate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.7 82.7 83.2

Employed. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,384 11,500 11,735

Employment-population ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.3 73.4 74.7

Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,440 1,466 1,330

Unemployment rate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 11.3 10.2



Participation rate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.1 59.0 58.5 Employed. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,541 7,741 7,599


Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,013 958 1,050




Participation rate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.1 32.7 36.8

Employed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924 681 775


Unemployed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 378 418



- Data not available.

NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the releaseof January data.


15/38

HOUSEHOLD DATATable A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment


Educational attainment

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

July2009

June2010

July2010

July2009

Mar.2010

Apr.2010

May2010

June2010

July2010

Less than a high school diploma

Civilian labor force. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . 12,142 12,330 11,823 12,412 11,775 12,122 12,133 12,095 12,048

Participation rate. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 47.3 46.3 46.4 48.3 46.1 46.4 45.8 45.4 47.3

Employed. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . 10,352 10,727 10,286 10,518 10,067 10,335 10,319 10,391 10,390

Employment-population ratio. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . 40.3 40.3 40.4 40.9 39.4 39.5 39.0 39.0 40.8

Unemployed. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . 1,790 1,603 1,538 1,894 1,708 1,787 1,814 1,704 1,658

Unemployment rate.. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 14.7 13.0 13.0 15.3 14.5 14.7 15.0 14.1 13.8

High school graduates, no college1



Employed. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . 34,269 33,957 33,844 34,571 34,654 34,728 34,251 33,993 34,113


Unemployed. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . 3,563 3,786 3,739 3,593 4,201 4,120 4,182 4,114 3,829

Unemployment rate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 10.0 9.9 9.4 10.8 10.6 10.9 10.8 10.1

Some college or associate degree



Employed. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . 33,800 33,411 33,715 33,684 33,586 33,535 33,780 33,579 33,652Employment-population ratio. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . 65.3 64.5 64.3 65.1 65.0 65.0 65.1 64.9 64.1

Unemployed. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . 3,039 2,972 3,169 2,915 2,996 3,017 3,052 3,007 3,061


Bachelors degree and higher2



Employed. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . 43,330 43,868 43,725 43,527 43,549 43,642 43,581 44,200 43,924


Unemployed. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. . 2,422 2,043 2,317 2,153 2,251 2,237 2,136 2,046 2,091


1 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.

2 Includes persons with bachelors, masters, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.


16/38

HOUSEHOLD DATATable A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service,and sex, not seasonally adjusted


Employment status, veteran status, and period of service

Total Men Women

July2009

July2010

July2009

July2010

July2009

July2010

VETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 22,168 21,997 20,410 20,210 1,758 1,787

Civilian labor force. . .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . . .. . .. . 12,095 11,857 10,942 10,739 1,153 1,118

Participation rate. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 54.6 53.9 53.6 53.1 65.6 62.6Employed. .. .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . 11,139 10,863 10,078 9,809 1,062 1,053

Employment-population ratio. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 50.3 49.4 49.4 48.5 60.4 58.9

Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955 994 864 930 91 65

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 8.4 7.9 8.7 7.9 5.8

Not in labor force. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . 10,073 10,140 9,468 9,471 605 669

Gulf War-era II veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 1,937 2,161 1,559 1,758 377 402

Civilian labor force. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,632 1,824 1,347 1,529 286 295

Participation rate. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 84.3 84.4 86.4 87.0 75.7 73.3

Employed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 1,472 1,609 1,221 1,346 251 262


Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 215 126 183 35 32


Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 336 213 229 92 108

Gulf War-era I veteransCivilian noninstitutional population. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 2,968 2,897 2,499 2,441 469 456



Employed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2,436 2,293 2,073 1,969 362 325


Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 180 175 156 30 24


Not in labor force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 423 251 316 77 108

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 11,382 10,971 10,993 10,596 389 375



Employed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 3,996 3,654 3,868 3,551 128 104


Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 331 315 328 4 2

Unemployment rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 8.3 7.5 8.5 3.2 2.2Not in labor force. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 7,067 6,986 6,810 6,717 257 269

Veterans of other service periods

Civilian noninstitutional population. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 5,882 5,968 5,359 5,415 523 553



Employed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 3,235 3,306 2,916 2,943 320 363


Unemployed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 268 248 262 23 6


Not in labor force. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2,375 2,394 2,195 2,209 181 185

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204,913 207,265 89,230 90,554 115,683 116,712

Civilian labor force. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . . . 141,217 140,908 70,916 70,999 70,300 69,908


Employed. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. . 127,779 127,573 63,690 64,035 64,089 63,538Employment-population ratio. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 62.4 61.6 71.4 70.7 55.4 54.4

Unemployed. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. 13,437 13,335 7,226 6,965 6,211 6,371


Not in labor force. .. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 63,696 66,357 18,314 19,554 45,382 46,803

NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S.Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-Augus2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other timeperiods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the selected wartime periods andanother period are classified only in the wartime period. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.


17/38

HOUSEHOLD DATATable A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonallyadjusted



Persons with a disability Persons with no disability

July2009

July2010

July2009

July2010

TOTAL, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . . 27,027 26,000 208,842 211,890

Civilian labor force. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 6,217 5,603 150,039 149,668

Participation rate. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 23.0 21.5 71.8 70.6

Employed. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . 5,275 4,684 135,780 135,450

Employment-population ratio. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19.5 18.0 65.0 63.9

Unemployed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 942 919 14,259 14,218

Unemployment rate.. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . 15.1 16.4 9.5 9.5

Not in labor force. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. 20,810 20,397 58,804 62,223

Men, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2,820 2,606 77,013 76,808


Employed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2,370 2,167 69,188 69,198


Unemployed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 450 439 7,825 7,609

Unemployment rate.. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . 16.0 16.8 10.2 9.9

Not in labor force. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 4,290 4,602 13,642 14,432

Women, 16 to 64 years

Civilian labor force. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2,575 2,192 67,421 67,036


Employed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 2,153 1,801 61,368 60,827


Unemployed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 422 391 6,054 6,210

Unemployment rate.. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . 16.4 17.8 9.0 9.3

Not in labor force. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 5,103 5,046 25,025 26,460

Both sexes, 65 years and over

Civilian labor force. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 821 805 5,604 5,824


Employed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 752 716 5,224 5,425


Unemployed... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 89 380 399Unemployment rate.. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . 8.5 11.1 6.8 6.8

Not in labor force. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . 11,417 10,749 20,137 21,331

NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeingeven when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition;has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctors office orshopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.


18/38

HOUSEHOLD DATATable A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted


Employment status and nativity

Total Men Women

July2009

July2010

July2009

July2010

July2009

July2010

Foreign born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 35,216 36,207 17,658 18,266 17,558 17,942

Civilian labor force. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . 24,289 24,586 14,388 14,746 9,902 9,841

Participation rate.. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. 69.0 67.9 81.5 80.7 56.4 54.8

Employed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21,856 22,249 12,905 13,340 8,951 8,909

Employment-population ratio. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 62.1 61.5 73.1 73.0 51.0 49.7

Unemployed... .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. 2,433 2,337 1,483 1,405 951 932

Unemployment rate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 9.5 10.3 9.5 9.6 9.5

Not in labor force. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10,926 11,621 3,270 3,520 7,656 8,101

Native born, 16 years and over

Civilian noninstitutional population. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 200,654 201,683 96,516 96,941 104,138 104,741

Civilian labor force. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 131,966 130,684 68,988 68,326 62,978 62,358

Participation rate.. .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. 65.8 64.8 71.5 70.5 60.5 59.5

Employed. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . 119,199 117,884 61,956 61,408 57,243 56,476

Employment-population ratio. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 59.4 58.5 64.2 63.3 55.0 53.9

Unemployed. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 12,767 12,800 7,032 6,918 5,735 5,882

Unemployment rate.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 9.8 10.2 10.1 9.1 9.4

Not in labor force. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . . 68,688 70,999 27,528 28,615 41,160 42,384

NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States orone of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born in theUnited States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. Updatedpopulation controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.


19/38

HOUSEHOLD DATATable A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status

[In thousands]

Category

Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted

July2009

June2010

July2010

July2009

Mar.2010

Apr.2010

May2010

June2010

July2010

CLASS OF WORKER

Agriculture and related industries. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. 2,361 2,311 2,416 2,138 2,217 2,254 2,228 2,120 2,192

Wage and salary workers. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 1,392 1,401 1,485 1,236 1,374 1,397 1,363 1,289 1,329

Self-employed workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926 854 884 867 851 823 821 808 825

Unpaid family workers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 56 47

Nonagricultural industries.... .... .... .... .... .... ... . 138,694 137,572 137,717 137,629 136,715 137,199 137,207 136,857 136,599

Wage and salary workers....... .... .... .... .... .. 129,619 128,339 128,707 128,849 127,712 128,183 128,197 127,900 127,881

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 20,766 21,026 20,326 21,330 21,281 21,440 21,270 21,242 20,978

Private industries.... .... .... .... .... .... .... ... . 108,853 107,312 108,381 107,464 106,447 106,706 106,906 106,740 106,869

Private households.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923 697 692

Other industries.... .... ... .... .... .... .... ... . 107,930 106,616 107,689 106,631 105,682 105,977 106,204 106,065 106,270

Self-employed workers. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 9,007 9,123 8,927 8,793 8,949 8,910 8,952 8,889 8,779

Unpaid family workers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 110 83

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME1

All industries

Part time for economic reasons2 . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 9,103 8,867 8,737 8,808 9,054 9,152 8,809 8,627 8,529

Slack work or business conditions. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . 6,711 6,004 5,994 6,831 6,177 6,268 6,143 6,165 6,119

Could only find part-time work. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 1,978 2,380 2,360 1,826 2,388 2,489 2,326 2,101 2,246

Part time for noneconomic reasons3 . . . . .. . . .. . . . . 17,235 16,847 16,635 18,993 18,379 18,140 17,929 17,870 18,157

Nonagricultural industries

Part time for economic reasons2 . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 8,977 8,734 8,610 8,664 8,946 9,049 8,661 8,472 8,386

Slack work or business conditions. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . 6,606 5,924 5,907 6,713 6,099 6,213 6,041 6,074 6,018

Could only find part-time work. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . 1,974 2,355 2,346 1,789 2,406 2,486 2,306 2,086 2,192

Part time for noneconomic reasons3 . . . . .. . . .. . . . . 16,869 16,504 16,313 18,610 18,066 17,798 17,627 17,580 17,774

1 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for theentire week.

2 Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business conditions,inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand.

3 Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or training,retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours duringthe reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.

- Data not available.NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment ofthe vari