Emission Factor Development in Thailand
Panya Warapetcharayut
Director of Automotive Air Pollution Section
Air Quality and Noise Management Bureau
Pollution Control Department,
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
Bangkok,Thailand
Background and Problems
•Number of Motor vehicles
•Transportation System
- traffic condition
- congestion
- traffic volume
•Automotive air pollution problems
Vehicle Registered in BKK (2003)
Vehicle Registered in BKK in 2003
96,000
7,000
1,248,000
2,372,000
44,0001,545,000
HD LDD
LDG Taxi
MC Tuk-Tuk
Pollution sources portion in Bangkok(PCD,1997)
Sources NOx SOx CO PM HC
Point 17.0 95.8 1.4 9.8 0.0
Area 2.6 0.1 23.2 36.3 0.0
Mobile 80.4 4.2 75.4 53.9 100
Total 100 100 100 100 100
Objectives
Generate locality fleet data in Bangkok
Develop an air emission database by using MOBILE 6
Evaluate the mobile source emission inventory data
Scope of the study
•Study area is covered Bangkok
•Focus on mobile sources
•Pollutants concerned:
PM,NOx,CO,SOx and HC
•prepare computerized database
Methods and Materials
Selection of vehicles
HD 20 vehicles
LDD 20 vehicles
LDG 20 vehicles
MC 20 vehicles
Dynamometer testing : PCD’s Laboratory
Driving Cycle : Bangkok Driving Cycle
HD’s Driving Cycle
0 1000 20000
50
100
0 1000 20000
50
100
Bus Cycle01( + + )Average Speed:12.9km/hTotal Time:2489sec
B1 B4 B5
Bus Cycle02( + + )Average Speed:26.7km/hTotal Time:2443sec
B2 B3 B6
LD’s Driving Cycle
0 1000 20000
50
100
0 1000 20000
50
100
Passenger Car Cycle01( + + )Average Speed:20.9km/hTotal Time:2111sec
T1 T3 T5
Passenger Car Cycle02( + + )Average Speed:36.1km/hTotal Time:2235sec
T2 T4 T6
Modified MOBILE 6 for Bangkok
Vehicle Type Vehicle use assumption Ambient temperature Fuel parameters I/M Program parameters
MOBILE6 Input
1.Tampering rates
2.VKT mixes
3.Annual mileage accumulation rates
4.Registration distribution by vehicle type
and age
5.Basic emission rates
6.I/M program
7.Anti-tampering programs
MOBILE6 Out put
The database output will provides:
•grams/kilometer output by hour,
•pollutants,
•emission type,
•vehicle class,
•vehicle age,
•facility type.
QA/QC of MOBILE 6
Compare emission with overall emissions inventory
Compare emission with per capita emissions Compare emission with VKT Compare emission with fleet data and fuel
consumption statistics Remote sensing surveys of exhaust emission Use of ambient sampling data
Expected Results
•support environmental policy
•monitor the environmental policy
•analyze trends in the emission data
•provide the official emission data
•disseminate emission data to public