Emerging Print
Technologies &
Applications
By:
Pivotal Resources USA, Inc.
2901 Richmond Road #353
Lexington, KY 40509
(859) 230-0093
© 2013 PRIMIR/NPES
v
EMERGING PRINT TECHNOLOGIES & APPLICATIONS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................... V
EXHIBITS ........................................................................................................................................ XI
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................... 1
A. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES & METHODOLOGY ............................................................................ 1
B. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 2
C. MARKET SEGMENTS ................................................................................................................ 4
Security Printing ..................................................................................................................................... 4
2D Barcode Printing ................................................................................................................................ 7
Printed Electronics .................................................................................................................................. 9
3D Printing ............................................................................................................................................ 12
Biomedical Printing ............................................................................................................................... 14
Nanotechnology ................................................................................................................................... 15
D. IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................... 20
II. INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY ...................................................... 23
A. OVERVIEW OF REPORT .......................................................................................................... 23
Printed Electronics and Displays ........................................................................................................... 23
3D Printing ............................................................................................................................................ 23
Biomedical Printing ............................................................................................................................... 24
2D Barcodes .......................................................................................................................................... 24
Security Printing ................................................................................................................................... 24
Nanotechnology ................................................................................................................................... 25
Ink Jet – The Unsung Hero .................................................................................................................... 25
B. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES & METHODOLOGY ........................................................................... 27
III. SECURITY PRINTING .................................................................................. 29
A. OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................................... 29
Market Forces ....................................................................................................................................... 29
Applications .......................................................................................................................................... 30
B. EMERGING REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................................................... 32
Counterfeiting: Banknotes and Negotiable Securities .......................................................................... 33
Identity Theft and Legal Forms ............................................................................................................. 34
Intellectual Property, Tickets, Tags, and Labels .................................................................................... 34
C. SECURITY PARADIGM ................................................................................................................. 35
vi
D. TRADITIONAL SECURITY PRINTING ................................................................................................ 36
Fine-line patterns .................................................................................................................................. 36
Microprinting ........................................................................................................................................ 37
Colors and Inks...................................................................................................................................... 38
Watermarks .......................................................................................................................................... 39
E. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES .................................................................................................. 40
Biometrics ............................................................................................................................................. 40
F. UNIQUE INKS ......................................................................................................................... 42
Taggants ............................................................................................................................................... 42
Metameric inks ..................................................................................................................................... 43
Thermochromic Inks ............................................................................................................................. 43
Optically Variable Devices (OVD) .......................................................................................................... 43
Holograms ............................................................................................................................................ 44
Nanotechnology ................................................................................................................................... 44
Special Substrates ................................................................................................................................. 46
Digital Watermarks ............................................................................................................................... 46
G. CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................... 46
Recommendations ................................................................................................................................ 47
IV. 2D MATRIX BARCODING ............................................................................ 49
A. 2D BARCODE MARKET OVERVIEW ........................................................................................ 49
Additional Barcodes .............................................................................................................................. 50
B. QR CODES ............................................................................................................................... 52
Market Penetration .............................................................................................................................. 53
Printing a QR Code ................................................................................................................................ 56
Applications .......................................................................................................................................... 57
C. DATA MATRIX CODES ............................................................................................................ 64
D. BEYOND THE QR CODE: BLIPPAR & TOUCHCODE ................................................................. 66
Blippar .................................................................................................................................................. 66
Touchcode .......................................................................................................................................... 68
E. OPPORTUNITIES FOR VENDORS ............................................................................................ 69
F. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PROJECTIONS ............................................................................. 70
V. PRINTED ELECTRONICS AND DISPLAY .................................................... 73
A. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 73
Definition .............................................................................................................................................. 73
Applications .......................................................................................................................................... 73
vii
Product/Market Overview .................................................................................................................... 74
Technology Overview ........................................................................................................................... 78
B. PRINTED ELECTRONICS & GRAPHICS PRINTING ..................................................................... 81
C. PROCESSES ............................................................................................................................. 84
Printed Electronics Rquirements .......................................................................................................... 84
Printing Parameters .............................................................................................................................. 85
Key Analog and Digital Technologies .................................................................................................... 86
Status of PE Technologies ..................................................................................................................... 89
Throughput and Feature Size by Process .............................................................................................. 90
Materials ............................................................................................................................................... 90
Materials for Printed Electronics .......................................................................................................... 92
Technology Comparison for Printed Conductors .................................................................................. 93
Ink Attributes ........................................................................................................................................ 94
Substrates ............................................................................................................................................. 95
D. HISTORY OF PRINTED ELECTRONICS ..................................................................................... 99
Investments Gone South .....................................................................................................................101
Case Study: Plastic Logic ..................................................................................................................... 103
Current State ...................................................................................................................................... 105
Printed Photovoltaics Roadmap ......................................................................................................... 107
Printed Photovoltaics Companies ....................................................................................................... 108
Key Materials for Printed Photovoltaics ............................................................................................. 109
E. MARKET FORECAST .............................................................................................................. 110
F. PRINTED DISPLAYS ............................................................................................................... 111
Printed Liquid-Crystal Displays ........................................................................................................... 111
LED and Printed OLED ......................................................................................................................... 112
Printed Backplanes and OLEDs ........................................................................................................... 113
OLED Displays ..................................................................................................................................... 114
OLED/EL Lighting................................................................................................................................. 115
G. PRINTED MEMORY .............................................................................................................. 117
Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 117
Roadmap............................................................................................................................................. 117
Materials for Printed Memory ............................................................................................................ 118
H. PRINTED SENSORS .............................................................................................................. 119
Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 119
Companies .......................................................................................................................................... 120
I. FLEXIBLE BATTERIES ............................................................................................................. 121
Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 121
viii
Companies .......................................................................................................................................... 121
Materials for Printed Batteries ........................................................................................................... 122
J. SMART TEXTILES ................................................................................................................... 122
Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 122
K. PRINTED RFID ...................................................................................................................... 124
Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 124
L. PRINTED ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS ................................................................................ 125
RFID as a Microcosm of Printed Electronics ....................................................................................... 126
RFID from 2004 to 2012 and Beyond .................................................................................................. 127
RFID and Printing Technology ............................................................................................................. 127
RFID Market Today ............................................................................................................................. 128
Niche Applications .............................................................................................................................. 129
Poor ROI for Broad Applications ......................................................................................................... 130
Privacy and Security Concerns ............................................................................................................ 130
Billion Dollar Printed Electronics Success Stories (so far . . .) ............................................................. 131
M. CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................... 134
Recommendations .............................................................................................................................. 135
Specific Printed Electronics Opportunities for Print Industry
Participants ......................................................................................................................................... 135
VI. 3D PRINTING ............................................................................................. 137
A. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 137
Definition ............................................................................................................................................ 137
Description ......................................................................................................................................... 137
Market Sectors of 3D Printing............................................................................................................. 139
History ................................................................................................................................................ 140
B. STATE OF THE TECHNOLOGY AND MARKET........................................................................ 142
C. 3D PRINTING AND COMMERCIAL PRINTING ...................................................................... 146
Relationship to Graphics Printing ....................................................................................................... 147
Drivers of 3D Printing Market ............................................................................................................. 151
Categories of 3D Printed Goods.......................................................................................................... 173
Next Steps ........................................................................................................................................... 178
Market Forecast .................................................................................................................................. 179
VII. BIOMEDICAL PRINTING .......................................................................... 185
A. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 185
Definition ............................................................................................................................................ 185
Relationship to Graphics Printing ....................................................................................................... 186
ix
B. APPLICATIONS FOR BIOMEDICAL PRINTING ....................................................................... 186
Biofabrication ..................................................................................................................................... 186
Bioprinting .......................................................................................................................................... 187
3D Bioprinting ..................................................................................................................................... 193
Biosensors and Biochips ..................................................................................................................... 195
Biorecognition and Biosensors ........................................................................................................... 197
C. PRINTED ELECTRONICS AND BIOSENSORS .................................................................................... 198
Next Steps for Printed Biosensors ...................................................................................................... 199
Microarray Basics................................................................................................................................ 202
Making Microarrays ............................................................................................................................ 203
Combinatorial chemistry .................................................................................................................... 204
Combinatorial chemistry concepts ..................................................................................................... 205
Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................................................... 207
VIII. NANOTECHNOLOGY .............................................................................. 209
A. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 209
Properties ........................................................................................................................................... 210
Commercial Applications .................................................................................................................... 211
Nanotechnology in Printing Applications ........................................................................................... 213
B. GRAPHENE ............................................................................................................................ 215
Description ......................................................................................................................................... 215
Commercial Developments ................................................................................................................ 216
Research and Development ................................................................................................................ 219
C. CARBON NANOTUBES .............................................................................................................. 220
Description ......................................................................................................................................... 220
Commercial Applications .................................................................................................................... 225
Printed Electronics .............................................................................................................................. 226
Research and Development ................................................................................................................ 230
D. QUANTUM DOTS ................................................................................................................ 233
Applications ........................................................................................................................................ 234
Printing Technologies ......................................................................................................................... 236
Research and Development ................................................................................................................ 239
E. RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS ......................................................................... 240
XI. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............... 243
A. SECURITY PRINTING ............................................................................................................ 243
Conclusions and Implications ............................................................................................................. 243
Recommendations .............................................................................................................................. 244
x
B. 2D MATRIX BARCODING ...................................................................................................... 245
Conclusions and Implications ............................................................................................................. 245
Recommendations .............................................................................................................................. 245
C. PRINTED ELECTRONICS ........................................................................................................ 247
Conclusions and Implications ............................................................................................................. 247
Recommendations .............................................................................................................................. 248
Specific Printed Electronics Opportunities for Print Industry
Participants ......................................................................................................................................... 249
D. 3D PRINTING ........................................................................................................................ 249
Conclusions and Implications ............................................................................................................. 249
Recommendations .............................................................................................................................. 250
E. BIO-MEDICAL PRINTING ....................................................................................................... 251
Conclusions and Implications ............................................................................................................. 251
F. SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ 252
X. APPENDIX ................................................................................................... 255
A. ROADMAPS FOR ORGANIC AND PRINTED ELECTRONICS ..................................................... 255
XI. GLOSSARY ................................................................................................ 261
A. SECURITY PRINTING ................................................................................................................ 261
B. 2D BARCODES ........................................................................................................................ 270
C. PRINTED ELECTRONICS ............................................................................................................. 273
D. 3D PRINTNG ........................................................................................................................ 283
E. BIOMEDICAL PRINTING ............................................................................................................. 307
F. NANOTECHNOLOGY.............................................................................................................. 320
xi
EXHIBITS
Exhibit I-1 Projected Security Printing Market Values by Application for 2015…………………5
Exhibit I-2: Value of Security Printing Market Sectors 2010 vs. 2015 .......................................... 5
Exhibit I-3 Sample QR Code .......................................................................................................... 7
Exhibit I-4: The Heart of Printed Electronics—A Printed Transistor ............................................ 9
Exhibit I-5: A Glimpse of the Printed Electronics Market—(Present and Future)....................... 11
Exhibit I-6: Total Value of 3D Printed Goods .............................................................................. 13
Exhibit I-7: Global Forecast for 3D Printing Revenue (millions) ................................................ 14
Exhibit I-8: Structure of Graphene ............................................................................................... 17
Exhibit I-9: Carbon Nanotubes ..................................................................................................... 18
Exhibit I-10: Carbon Nanotubes Luminescence ........................................................................... 19
Exhibit III-1: Security Printing Market Sectors ............................................................................ 31
Exhibit III-2: Fine Line Guilloches............................................................................................... 36
Exhibit III-3: Microprinting on Currency ..................................................................................... 37
Exhibit III-4: Currency and Banknotes ......................................................................................... 38
Exhibit III-5: U.S. Currency with Watermark .............................................................................. 39
Exhibit III-6: DNA Analysis for Verification of Product Packaging ........................................... 41
Exhibit IV-1: Sample, Microsoft Tag ........................................................................................... 51
Exhibit IV-2: QR Code with Finder Pattern ................................................................................. 52
Exhibit IV-3: Penetration of New Media Tech Across 19 Advanced Markets ............................ 54
Exhibit IV-4: U.S. Smartphone Ownership and QR Code Scanning Trends ............................... 55
xii
Exhibit IV-5: QR Code Usage by Country, January 2013 ............................................................ 56
Exhibit IV-6: Total Audience that Scanned QR Code With a Mobile Phone .............................. 58
Exhibit IV-7: Young Adults Who Have Scanned a QR Code ...................................................... 59
Exhibit IV-8: QR Code Video Stamp ........................................................................................... 61
Exhibit IV-9: Mercedes-Benz Use of QR Codes for Rescue Instruction ..................................... 62
Exhibit IV-10: Smart PJs .............................................................................................................. 63
Exhibit IV-11: QR Code Wall at Indira Gandhi International Airport ......................................... 64
Exhibit IV-12: Data Matrix Codes ................................................................................................ 65
Exhibit IV-13: Data Matrix Codes in Pharmaceutical .................................................................. 66
Exhibit IV-14: Tide and Pepsi Blippar Campaigns ...................................................................... 67
Exhibit IV-15: Touchcode in Action ............................................................................................ 68
Exhibit V-1 Printed Electronic Applications ................................................................................ 74
Exhibit V-2: Roadmap for Organic and Printed Electronics Applications ................................... 75
Exhibit V-3: Key Segments of Printed Electronics ...................................................................... 76
Exhibit V-4: Printed and Potentially Printed Electronics ............................................................. 77
Exhibit V-5: Market for Printed Electronics ................................................................................. 78
Exhibit V-6: A Printed Transistor ................................................................................................. 79
Exhibit V-7: Technical Complexity in Printing Thin Film Transistors ........................................ 82
Exhibit V-8: Printed Graphics vs. Printed Electronics ................................................................. 83
Exhibit V-9: Organic Electronics Vs. Classical Electronics ......................................................... 84
Exhibit V-10: Printing Parameters ................................................................................................ 86
Exhibit V-11: Print Processes and Print Electronics..................................................................... 88
Exhibit V-12: Print Processes and Print Electronics..................................................................... 89
xiii
Exhibit V-13: Throughput vs. Feature Size .................................................................................. 90
Exhibit V-14: Thin Film Transistor Properties ............................................................................. 91
Exhibit V-15: Materials for Printed Electronics ........................................................................... 93
Exhibit V-16: Technology Comparison for Printed Conductors .................................................. 94
Exhibit V-17: Functional Inks and their Attributes ...................................................................... 95
Exhibit V-18: Important Substrate Requirements......................................................................... 96
Exhibit V-19: Substrate Characteristics ........................................................................................ 97
Exhibit V-20: Suitability of Substrates ......................................................................................... 98
Exhibit V-21: Substrates for Roll-to-Roll Processing .................................................................. 99
Exhibit V-22: Time to Market: Projected vs. Actual .................................................................. 100
Exhibit V-23: Investment and Printed Electronic Company Fates ............................................. 102
Exhibit V-24: Investment Vs. Value Potential ........................................................................... 103
Exhibit V-25: Venture Capital Investment in Printed Electronics.............................................. 105
Exhibit V-26: Printed Electronics Generating Interest ............................................................... 106
Exhibit V-27: OLED Passive Matrix and ODED Active Matrix ............................................... 113
Exhibit V-28: The Market for Printed & Potentially Printed Electronics, 2012 ....................... 126
Exhibit V-29: Printed RFID Timeline ....................................................................................... 128
Exhibit V-30: RFID 2012 Revenue by Product Segment .......................................................... 131
Exhibit V-31: Leading Participants in Printed Electronics ........................................................ 133
Exhibit V-32: Company Performance in Printed Electronics ..................................................... 134
Exhibit VI-1: Additive vs. Subtractive Manufacturing............................................................... 138
Exhibit VI-2: The 3D Printing Hierarchy ................................................................................... 140
Exhibit VI-3: Google Hits for Global Search Term 3D Printing (Millions) ............................... 143
xiv
Exhibit VI-4: 3D Printing Goes Mainstream .............................................................................. 144
Exhibit VI-5: Gartner Hype Cycle – 2012 .................................................................................. 145
Exhibit VI-6: Gartner Hype Cycle – 2013 .................................................................................. 146
Exhibit VI-7: University of Virginia Unmanned Aerial Vehicle................................................ 153
Exhibit VI-8: Two Ways to Make a Duck .................................................................................. 157
Exhibit VI-9: Technologies Developed from Additive Manufacturing ...................................... 157
Exhibit VI-10: Vat Polymerization: Stereolightography ............................................................ 159
Exhibit VI-11: Material Jetting – Object Polyjet ........................................................................ 161
Exhibit VI-12: Binder Jetting...................................................................................................... 162
Exhibit VI-13: Material Extrusion (Thermoplastic Extrusion Technology) ............................... 165
Exhibit VI-14: Powder Bed Fusion............................................................................................. 166
Exhibit VI-15: Sheet Lamination ................................................................................................ 168
Exhibit VI-16: Directed Energy Deposition: Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) .............. 170
Exhibit VI-17: Directed Energy Deposition: Electron Beam Free Form Fabrication (EBFFF) . 170
Exhibit VI-19: Tensile Strengths of 3D Printed Objects ............................................................ 173
Exhibit VI-20: How 3D Printing is Used in Manufacturing and Industry .................................. 174
Exhibit VI-21: How Do You Use 3D Printing? .......................................................................... 175
Exhibit VI-22: Examples of 3D Printing .................................................................................... 176
Exhibit VI-23: Most Wanted Feature in 3D Development ......................................................... 179
Exhibit VI-24: Additive Manufacturing Products and Services – 2011 ..................................... 180
Exhibit VI-25: 3D Printed Part Market Grows to $8.4 Billion in 2025 ...................................... 181
Exhibit VII-1: Cell and Biofactor Printable Biopapers............................................................... 187
Exhibit VII-2: Computer-Generated 3D Image of the Patient with Implant in Blue.................. 194
xv
Exhibit VII-3: Biosensors and Biochips ..................................................................................... 195
Exhibit VII-4: Schematic of a Biosensor .................................................................................... 196
Exhibit VII-5: Application of Microarray in Gene Analysis ...................................................... 203
Exhibit VII-6: Making a Microarray.......................................................................................... 204
Exhibit VII-7: Combinatorial Chemistry ................................................................................... 206
Exhibit VIII-1: What is Nanoscale? ............................................................................................ 209
Exhibit VIII-2: Nanoscale Approaches and Fabrication ............................................................. 211
Exhibit VIII-3: Nanographic Printing ......................................................................................... 214
Exhibit VIII-4: Structure of Graphene ........................................................................................ 216
Exhibit VIII-5: MeadWestVaco Natralock with Siren Technology ........................................... 218
Exhibit VIII-6: Carbon Nanotubes .............................................................................................. 221
Exhibit VIII-7: Mechanical Properties of CNTs ......................................................................... 222
Exhibit VIII-8: Conductivity Properties of CNTs ...................................................................... 223
Exhibit VIII-9: Types of CNTs ................................................................................................... 224
Exhibit VIII-10: CNTs Price vs. Production Capacity ............................................................... 225
Exhibit VIII-11: Types of CNTs ................................................................................................. 228
Exhibit VIII-12: Carbon Nanotubes Market by Industry ............................................................ 229
Exhibit VIII-13: Carbon Nanotubes Applications ...................................................................... 230
Exhibit VIII-14: Carbon Nanotubes Luminescence ................................................................... 234
Exhibit VIII-15: Nanoparticle Inks and QR Codes in Security Printing .................................... 239
Exhibit VIII-16: Challenges Ahead for CNT Development ....................................................... 241
Exhibit IX-1: Roadmap for Organic and Printed Electronics Applications ............................... 256
Exhibit IX-2: Roadmap for Flexible Displays ............................................................................ 256
xvi
Exhibit IX-3: Roadmap for OLED Lighting ............................................................................... 257
Exhibit IX-4: Roadmap for Printed Memory .............................................................................. 257
Exhibit IX-5: Roadmap for Printed Sensors ............................................................................... 258
Exhibit IX-6: Roadmap for Printed Batteries ............................................................................. 258
Exhibit IX-7: Roadmap for Smart Textiles ................................................................................. 259
Exhibit IX-8: Roadmap for Printed RFID .................................................................................. 259
Exhibit IX-9: Roadmap for Printed Organic Photovoltaics ........................................................ 260