Emergency Mobile Telecommunication
Dr. Dora Maros PhDÓbuda University
Institute of [email protected]
Emergency telecommunication
- emergency calls, civil warning and information/instruction systems- recovery of damaged telecommunication network elements - traffic congestion handling
The concept covers the telecommunications needs of society's dedicated resources
for ensuring public safety: police forces, fire fighting units, ambulance services and other health and medical services,
as well as civil defence services.
Regulations and Standards I.
Tampere Convention: An international framework for the provision of telecommunications resources for disaster mitigation and relief between states, between nations and non-governmental organisations.
Universal Service Directive 2002/22/EC
112
European Commission Recommendation 2003/558/EC on the processing of caller location information in electronic communication networks for the purpose of location-enhanced emergency call services
E112
Directive on privacy in electronic communications 2002/58/EC
User Data (location)
EU documents
Regulations and Standards II.
2003: Partnership Cooperation Panel for Telecommunication for Disaster Relief and Mitigation (PCP-TDR)
2005: ITU-T Action Plan – Telecommunications for Disaster Relief and Early Warning (TDR/EW)
Location management in IMT-2000 networks:ITU-T Q.1701ITU-T Q.1711ITU-T Q.1721
ETSI TS 102 180: Requirements for communication of citizens with authorities/organizations in case of distress (emergency call handling)
ETSI TS 102 182: Requirements for communications from authorities to citizen during emergencies
ETSI TR 102 444: Suitability of SMS and CBS for Emergency Messaging
Location Based Services
*GSM Association, Permanent Reference Document (PRD) SE 23. Title: Location Based Services, January 2003.
**ETSI TS 123 171 V3.11.0 (2004-03) Technical Specification Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Location Services (LCS); Functional description; Stage 2 (UMTS)
LBS* is when service/information depends on terminal geographical position
LoCation Services (LCS)** in GSM/UMTS standards• Commercial: value-added service (eg. Traffic report) • Internal: support internal network operations (eg. Handover)• Emergency: in case of emergency calls (112)• Lawful Intercept: supports various legally required or
sanctioned services
Location Management in case of normal calls
HLR: 1. level
VLR: 2. level
Find the called subscriber
Range of Location Area depends on number of cells and diameter of
cells
HLR
MSC
VLR
MS/UE
BSC/RNC
Paging
MSC/VLR identityIMSI record
GMSC
LACIMSI record
MSISDN
Routing info
Location management with LCS
MSC
SMLC
BSC/RNC GMLC
LCS client
HLR
BTS/Node BMS/UE VLR
SMLC: Service Mobile Location CentreGMLC: Gateway Mobile Location Centre
Terminal based location identification
MSC HLR GMLC LCS clientMS/UE
BSC/RNC+ SMLC
Service request
Security func.
LCS request
Loc. meas. reportLoc. meas. process
LCS info
Send loc. info
Report ACKLCS finished
End connection
VLR
Network based location determination
BSC/RNC+ SMLC
MSC HLR GMLCLCS
clientMS/UE
Loc. meas. process
LCS Sevice request
Security func.
LCS request
Loc. meas. reportLCS info
LCS request ACK
Determine user loc.
Start meas.
Send routing info
Routing info for LCS
VLR
Geographical position measurement methods I.CGI based
CGI +TA
CGI
Omni antenna
CGI
Sector antenna
CGI +TA+RSL
E-CGI
Geographical position measurement methods II.TDOA, TOA, AOA
Reference direction
α
β
AOA: Angel of ArrivalTDOA: Time Difference of Arrival
TOA: Time of Arrival
T1 T2
T3
d1 d2
d3
Base Station antenna
Base Station antenna
BSC/RNC+ SMLC
Geographical position measurement methods III.E-OTD
LMU
Measurement report
BSC/RNC+ SMLC
Base Station antenna
Base Station antenna
Base Station antenna
LMU: Location Management Unit
GPS
Reference timing
E-OTD: Enhanced Observed Time Difference
Geographical position measurement methods IV.A-GPS
BSC/RNC+ SMLC
Send GPS coordinates
GPS position data
CGI, ECGI
Accuracy of location determination technologies
TDOA, TOA
E-OTD
GPSA-GPS
Accuracy (m)
20
50
100
200
500
1000
Outdoor Indoor
Comparison of location determination technologies
BasicCGI, ECGI- Data is available in the
network - Software upgrade in
the network is needed to evaluate location data
- It is not possible to change the phone
- Cheapest
EnhancedTDOA, TOA, EOTD- Data is available in the
phone/network - Software upgrade in
the network is needed to evaluate location data
- It is not possible to change the phone’s software (TDOA, TOA)
- It is possible to add a new phone software (E-OTD)
AdvancedA-GPS
- Data is available in the phone (GPS coord.)
- Software upgrade in the network is needed to evaluate location data
- It is possible to change the phone (with GPS)
- Expensive for the user
LMU/SMLC
SMLC (optional)
SMLC/ LMU (op.)
Location management in case of emergency calls
ETSI TS 102 180: Requirements for communication of citizens with authorities/organizations in case of distress (emergency call
handling)
Location Data
Call
Location management in civil warning systems I.SMS
MSC
HLRMS/UE
VLR
MS/UEMS/UE
MS/UE
MS/UEMS/UE
BSC/RNC
SMSC
BTS/Node B
LAC and CGI info
Routing info
Send SMS
Cell Broadcast Alert
Alert message
SEND CB MESSAGE
WMNC 2010, Budapest
Location management in civil warning systems II.CBS
MS/UE
MS/UEMS/UE
MS/UE
MS/UEMS/UE
BSC/RNC CBC
BTS/Node B
Network Management System
Operator (CGI, message)
Unless CBCWith CBS
LCS client
CGIs, message
e.g Disaster Management Office
Comparision of SMS and CBS warning systems
SMS- Addressed (one by one)- 100-200 SMS/sec in the
network (SMSC capacity)- IMSI is necessary- Only one message is sent- 160 characters- ACK from the phone- Not immediate display- SDCCH, limited capacity- Location information of the
user is required
CBS- Not addressed (broadcasted)- To many thouthends of users at
the same time (or more)- IMSI is not necessary- Message is sent repeatedly in
every 2-32 sec. (GSM), 1 sec (UMTS), different languages
- 93 characters- No ACK from the phone- Immediate display- Channel assigned: 920.
WATER
TELECOM
ELECTRIC POWER
OILTRANSPORTATION
NATURAL GAS
Fuels, lubricants
Fuel Transport, Shipping
Power for pumpingstations, storage, Control system
Fuels for generators, lubricants
SCADA, Communications
Power for switches
Shipping
SC
AD
A,
Com
mun
icat
ions
Critical Infrastructure’s interdependencies
EM-DAT Disaster Database
Disasters and damages in 2010
Not damagedSmall part is damaged
Largely damaged
Partially collapsed Completely collapsed
Verizon building
4 digital switching centre, • 500 optical
transmission system
• 1200 channel call-center,
• 17.000 optical cabel connections
• 4,4 million data stream
• 90.000 message trunk
Losses200.000 speach line100.000 PBX line4,4 million data stream11 cellsNumber of affected 14.000 business 20.000 individual subscriber
9/11 2001 NYC
Originated calls
Blocked calls
92 blocked calls from 100 originated calls
1300% increase in the number of calls
Mobile traffic on the day of the attack
Normal cell capacityIncrease fr. band
Restoration of Base Stations
Mobile Base Stations
Restoration time
Mobile traffic, restoration 9/11 2001
9:17
9:47 8:56
8:51
London 07.07.2005.
London 07.07.2005.
WMNC 2010, Budapest
Outgoing Calls from HTCom to London BTTr
affic
SUBWAYs
BUS
TV, radio news
Successful calls
Previous day Blasts day
Originated calls
Emergency calls
Calls to Ambulance(104) Calls to Police (107)
Calls to Emergency Call Centers(112) Calls to Fire Deputies (105)
Mobile networks
PSTN
Internet
Satellite
Domino Effect
Power Supply Problems Caused by Disaster
Electric Power network Off
time (hours)1 10 100 1000
Butte
ries
Som
e bu
tterie
s ar
e di
scha
rged
Die
sel g
ener
ator
s w
here
ava
ilabl
e
Alar
ms
to N
OC
s
Mob
ile d
iese
l gen
erat
ors
deliv
ery
All t
he b
utte
ries
disc
harg
ed
Firs
t con
gest
ion
on th
e ro
ads
Nee
d fo
r new
sta
ff G
ener
al fu
el s
horta
ge
Loss
of a
reas
in te
leco
m n
etw
orks
The
wor
kers
are
exh
aust
ed
Firs
t tra
ffic
prob
lem
s (n
o se
rvic
e)
Onl
y oc
casi
onal
ly o
pera
ted
tele
com
mun
icat
ions
A Fiction? NO!
B
AABTS
A network
BBTSB
network
112 Emergency call
Roaming aggreement
Spectrum Efficiency?
WMNC 2010, Budapest
OSA for Spectrum Unitilization
• We consider the concept of opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) -- whereby radios identify unused portions of licensed spectrum, and utilize that spectrum without adverse impact on the primary licensees. OSA allows both dramatically higher spectrum utilization and near-zero deployment time, with an obvious and significant impact on both civilian and military communications.
Opportunistic Mobile Networks
Wireless access:Bluetooth, Zegbee, WLAN…etc.
Opportunistic Mobile Networks(example ONE simulation)
Opportunistic Mobile
Networks(movement
modells)
To be continued…..
Thank you for your attention!