©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
IPv6 is Here: IPv6
Erik Nygren, [email protected] Chief Architect, Platform Engineering
What You Need to Know Edge 2014
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
• IPv6 Background • What is Taking So Long? • Adoption & Landscape • IPv6 Pitfalls • Akamai and IPv6 • What You Can Do
Agenda
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
IPv6 Background
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
• Four Billion IPv4 addresses (32-bit value) • Some is reserved (multicast, localhost, RFC1918, …)
• Used by clients, servers, mobile devices, SSL VIPs, and more • Impacts of IPv4 as a constrained resource to be more visible
Motivation: Running out of IPv4 addresses
LACNIC (S. America) exhaustion in 2014
APNIC (Asia) exhaustion in 2011 RIPE (Europe) exhaustion in 2012
Source: (from Sept 2014) www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/ (Geoff Huston)
ARIN (N. America) exhaustion in 2015
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
• Constrained IPv4 space means more NAT44 • NAT gateways may be performance bottlenecks • Not an option for servers • Pockets of machines that can’t directly communicate • Client addresses “translated” so servers lose visibility
The ugly alternative: NAT/CGN
IPv4
Private IPv4
Private IPv4
NAT44 NAT44
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
IPv4 32 bits • Only 4 billion addresses
• 7+ billion people… • 10+ billion devices and growing…
IPv6 128 bits
• Over 1038 possible addresses • Enough to give 50 million addresses to every bacteria on Earth! • Under development/deployment since late 1990’s
Enter IPv6…
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
• No direct compatibility, so effectively two Internets • Many hosts and devices will live on both (“dual-stack”)
• Dual-stack devices have both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses
• NAT technologies can adapt IPv6 to IPv4 (e.g., NAT64)
The IPv6 network: how does it relate to IPv4?
IPv4
IPv6 ß Dual-stack
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
• Dual-stack • Transition technologies
• Some still have downsides of NAT44 • Example: NAT64 enables IPv6 devices to speak to IPv4
How does the transition work?
IPv4
IPv6
NAT64
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
What’s Taking So Long?
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
q OS support q Client software support q Infrastructure/backbone support q Content availability q End-user connectivity q End-user CPE device support
Blockers for IPv6 adoption
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
q OS support q Client software support q Infrastructure/backbone support q Content availability q End-user connectivity q End-user CPE device support
Blockers for IPv6 user adoption
Implemented in 2000’s - some small issues remain
Making solid progress
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
Virtuous cycle More IPv6
Content
More IPv6
Traffic
More IPv6
Connectivity
More IPv6
Eyeballs
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
IPv6 Adoption Status
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
• Major factors • Content availability • Client network connectivity • Client & CPE devices
More Content x More Clients è More Traffic
IPv6 Adoption: HTTP(S) traffic levels
Date IPv6 Addresses Observed / week
IPv6 Addresses Observed / day
Akamai IPv6 Requests / Day
June 2011 (W6D) 280k 8.3 million June 2012 (W6L) 19 million 3.8 billion June 2013 300 million 10+ billion Dec 2013 600 million 20+ billion Sept 2014 1.56 billion 225 million 38+ billion
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
• Robust/Mature IPv6 support in most recent OSes/devices:
• Apple: Mac OS X 10.7 Lion (with some support back to 10.3) • Microsoft: Windows Vista and Windows 7+
• Windows 8 will auto-update over IPv6 • Linux (most distributions from last few years)
• Android 4.0+ (ICS) • Apple: iOS 5 (for wifi) and iOS 6+ (for wifi + 4G LTE) • Microsoft: Windows Phone 8, XBox One • RIM: Blackberry 10 • Some set-top boxes, TVs, and entertainment consoles
• Many browsers implement “Happy Eyeballs” • Fast fail-back to IPv4 when available
IPv6 Landscape: OSes and Devices
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
Numerous major sites and content dual-stacked today: • Over 5,000 hostnames on Akamai for over 150 customers • Thousands of US government websites on Akamai (driven by PubSec mandate)
IPv6 Landscape: Content
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
• IPv6 in US is a major factor in increased client adoption
IPv6 Adoption: Ramping US IPv6 Growth
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
Leading Countries: 15 months of IPv6 growth
Percent of Requests over IPv6 to dual stack sites on Akamai
from Aug 2013 through Sept 2014
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
Leading Networks: 15 months of IPv6 growth
Percent of Requests over IPv6 to dual stack sites on Akamai
from Aug 2013 through Sept 2014
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
• Some leaders in IPv6 deployment: Comcast, AT&T, Deutsche Telekom, Time Warner Cable, Free, Telenet, Swisscom, Google Fiber, SoftBank, …
• “100 percent of Comcast’s broadband network has been fully deployed to support IPv6 dual stack connectivity”
• “crossed 1Tb/s of Internet facing, native IPv6 traffic” • “Comcast continues to leverage IPv6 across the entire product and service portfolio, with IPv6 only support planned for both the Xfinity X1 [set-top box] platform and Xfinity Voice, with trials slated for later this year.” *
* http://corporate.comcast.com/comcast-voices/comcast-reaches-key-milestone-in-launch-of-ipv6-broadband-network
Leading IPv6 Adoption: Home Broadband
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
• Many carriers out of private address space • IPv6 will scale and perform better (no NAT) • Carrier control enables IPv6-only handsets
• T-Mobile US, Orange Poland, EE UK, Telenor, SK Telecom, … • “Legacy” IPv4 connectivity via 464xlat+NAT64 while IPv6 is direct
• Verizon Wireless: over half of their handsets dual-stacked
Leading IPv6 Adoption: Mobile
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
• United States • 2010: USGv6 purchasing requirements for IPv6 support • 9/2012: public-facing websites must be available via IPv6 (thousands via Akamai) due to US Gov OMB mandate • 9/2014: US Gov OMB client connectivity mandate
• Other governments have similar mandates
Driving IPv6 Adoption: Governments
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
More Stats: Akamai’s State of the Internet
• Akamai’s quarterly “State of the Internet” report • Daily IPv6 visualizations launching soon at www.StateOfTheInternet.com 6
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
IPv6 Pitfalls
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
• Even in 2011 we observed one set of infected hosts that saw a AAAA record appear and followed it • I guess the malware was IPv6-ready?
• Akamai blocking ongoing probes over IPv6 • Make sure your firewalls support IPv6!
Another thing supporting IPv6: Bots!
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
• Not everything claiming to support IPv6 does so fully • IPv6 connectivity still spotty in some areas
• Pockets of the IPv6 Internet that can’t reach other pockets
• Systems handling IP addresses may need updates
• Example: auth cookies with IP addresses are highly problematic • Example: trying to store a 30 char IPv6 address in a 15 char client_ip database field
• Increased complexity from IPv4 and IPv6 in-parallel
Other common IPv6 pitfalls
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
• By not providing IPv6 delivery the Internet may not immediately break for you or your users, however…
• Future potential perf issues for IPv6 end-users as they navigate NAT64 CGN • Likely to impact mobile (e.g., 4G LTE) first • IPv6-only devices such as set-top boxes may also have issues
• Lose visibility into end-users behind IPv4 CGN (Carrier Grade NAT) • Breaks geo-location, blocking abusive users by IP, and more
• Compliance issues with US Federal government OMB / USGv6 requirements • Products/services sold must support IPv6 (e.g., ability to auto-update software with IPv6-only network connection)
• Fail to show technology leadership
Risks of getting behind on IPv6
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
Akamai and IPv6
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
• Committed to help customers with a smooth transition
• Enable customers to make IPv6 content available to users • Maintain or improve performance & reliability • Deliver content from nearby dual-stack servers • Provide IPv6 edge to IPv4 origin translation service • Soon: Provide an IPv4 edge to IPv6 origin translation service!
• Many Akamai solutions include robust support for IPv6
• Some limitations and feature gaps remain • Opt-in today, but dual-stack will be the default some day
Akamai’s goals around IPv6
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
• IPv6 now configured and live on Akamai servers in… … over 81 countries … over 400+ cities (in all continents except Antarctica) … over 490+ networks … over 1,200 server locations (limited by some of our network partners not yet having working IPv6)
Akamai and IPv6: current deployment status
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
• Dual-stacking edge servers • Customer properties can be dual-stacked
• Terminate IPv4 and IPv6 connections in server software • Can go forwards to customer origin via IPv4 (and IPv6 soon) • End-to-end testing recommended and occasional origin changes
How Akamai enables IPv6
Akamai
Origin
Users
IPv4
IPv4 or IPv6
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
What You Can Do
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
• Develop a roadmap: gain experience and target key areas
• Incorporate IPv6 support into purchasing requirements • Especially for security products, networking gear, & cloud providers
• Make content available over IPv6 • Akamai helps makes this easy!
• Support IPv6 when building new systems • Leveraging IPv6 may even simplify some architectures
What You Can Do
©2014 Akamai Technologies Faster Forward™
• http://www.stateoftheinternet.com/ • http://www.worldipv6launch.org/
Additional Akamai Resources for IPv6 www.akamai.com/ipv6
• http://6lab.cisco.com • http://test-ipv6.com/
Erik Nygren, [email protected]