Ch. 12 – Motivation and Emotion
Theories of Motivation
Theories of Motivation• Instinct Theory• Drive-Reduction• Incentive Theory• Cognitive Theory
Motivation• Internal state that activates behavior and
directs it towards a goal.
1. Instinct Theory innate tendencies determine human behavior
2. Drive Reduction TheoryDrive – state of tension produced by a need –motivates an organism towards a goalNeed – bio. or psycho. requirement of an organism – ex. Oxygen/food/social approval
Homeostasis – tendency of organisms to correct imbalances/deviations from normal state
3. Incentive Theory – organisms are motivated by incentives
• Incentive - External stimulus, reinforcer, or reward that motivates behavior – stresses environmental factors
4. Cognitive Theory – How an organisms thinking influences behavior
• Extrinsic Motivation – activities that either reduce biological needs or obtain incentives/rewards
• Intrinsic motivation – activities that are personally rewarding or fulfill beliefs/expectations
• “Mentalism” – Mental states are to behavior as cause is to effect.
Ch. 12.2 Biological and Social Motives
• Hunger (drive)/Food (need) – example – page 321Lateral Hypothalamus – produces hunger signals Ventromedial Hypothalamus – Signal to stop eating
Biological Motives• Food• Water• Oxygen• Sleep• Avoid pain• Others?
Social Motives
• Need to excel• Need for social bonds• Need for fun• Others?
Some studies on motivation…
• Eating – Schachter – Overweight people respond to external cues; normal weight people respond to internal cues…
• Fear of success – Horner – Write a story “After first term finals, John finds himself…top of his class” 90% of men predicted success for “Anne” when substituted for John, 65% of women predicted failure for Anne.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self Actualization Needs
Psychological Needs
Fundamental (Physical) Needs
Emotions
• Set of complex reactions to stimuli involving subjective feelings, physiological arousal, and observable behavior
Expressing Emotions – 3 parts – Physical, Behavioral, Cognitive
Psychological Theories• Arguments for Biologically Based Emotions1. Universal Expressions of Emotions Across Cultures2. Blind/deaf children laughing/smiling3. Difficulty hiding true emotions• James-Lange theory – emotions perceptions of
internal bodily changes• Canon-Bard Theory – argued (incorrectly)
thalamus was center of emotions (limbic system is…amygdala, hypothalamus, hippocampus)
Cognitive Theories
• Reacting to social cues (Schacter/Singer Experiment…injections of adrenaline)
• Opponent processing – sympathetic and parasympathetic balance emotions in homeostasis
Opponent-Process Theory
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