Do the discussion today even though we haven’t done any pre-work?
Postponediscussion until
tomorrow
67%
33%
Should we:
A. Do the discussion today even though we haven’t done any pre-work?
B. Postpone discussion until tomorrow
Stimulants
Modify (stimulate) a person’s
◦ Activity level
◦ Mood
◦ Central nervous system
Increased heart rate
Increased respiration
Increased blood pressure
Dilated pupils
https://ww
w.youtube.
com/watch
?v=R3GYI
-Kpf5M
History
Local anesthesia:
Dr. W. S. Halsted
Early psychiatric uses:
Sigmund Freud
Used to alleviate fatigue,
depression, opiate
addiction
Later opposed this use
Legal Control
46 states passed laws to regulate
cocaine between 1887 and 1914
Negative publicity about cocaine
influenced the passage of the 1914
Harrison Act
Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and
1988
The majority of powder
cocaine users who enter
treatment are white, and the
majority of crack cocaine
users who enter treatment
are black.
A. True
B. False
True
False
61%
39%
The depressant effects of alcohol
reduce the stimulating effects of
cocaine, making serious side effects
less likely to occur.
A. True
B. False
True
False
94%
6%
Administration/Elimination Routes:◦ Topical, snorting, IV, smoking
Cocaine is metabolized by enzymes in the blood and liver
Cocaine has a half-life of about one hour
Major metabolites (detected by drug screens) have a half-life of eight hours
Pharmacological Effects of
Cocaine Enhanced activity of the
catecholamine and serotonin transmitters
Blocks the reuptake of these substances following their release from neurons
The summation of cocaine’s effects on dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, and serotonin is to cause CNS stimulation
◦ Cardiovascular system
◦ Local anesthetic effect
Benefits/Concerns
Anesthetic properties
Acute toxicity Damage to nasal
septum Paranoid
psychosis Damage to heart
muscle Dependence Some withdrawal Use during
pregnancy
Amphetamines
Ancient Chinese used ephedra
Chemical version in 1932 –
amphetamine
Used in WWII to fight fatigue
1960’s
Tighter control
After Mexico, the largest producer of
methamphetamine is Canada, because
pseudoephedrine is not regulated there.
A. True
B. False
True
False
22%
78%
Pharmacology
Chemical structure is similar to
catecholamine neurotransmitters
(adrenaline, noradrenaline)
Methamphetamine and amphetamine
both cross blood brain barrier
Increases activity of monoamine
neurotransmitters by stimulating their
release (dopamine, norepinephrine,
serotonin)
How Amphetamines Work
(continued)
Amphetamines can cause
◦ “Fight-or-flight” effect, a response to crisis
◦ Alertness
◦ Anxiety, severe apprehension, or panic
◦ Potent effects on dopamine in the reward center of the brain
◦ Behavioral stereotypy: Meaningless repetition of a single activity
Absorption/Elimination
Peak effects
◦ 1.5 hours oral
◦ 5-20 min snorting
◦ 5-10 min smoking
Half-life is 5-12 hours
Rapid tolerance
Boys are more than twice as likely as
girls to be identified with ADHD.
A. True
B. False
True
False
0%0%
ADHD is limited to teenagers and
children. Very few adults have this
disorder.
A. True
B. False
True
False
0%0%
Risks
Acute behavioral toxicity
High doses may destroy catecholamine neurons
Contaminants
Paranoid psychosis
No withdrawal
Powerful psychological dependence
Methamphetamine
Ritalin, Adderall
Most commonly prescribed drugs for ADHD
Ritalin and other stimulants enhance the functioning of the reticular activating system, which helps children focus attention and filter out extraneous stimuli
Side effects include insomnia, weight loss, headaches, irritability, nausea, and dizziness
Videos
Caffeine
Humor
◦ http://www.y
outube.com/
watch?v=Tq
FRP5lXTmE
Do you think of Caffeine as a
Drug?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Not sure
YesNo
Not sure
75%
6%
19%
Why or why not?
Caffeine
Sources of caffeine Coffee
Tea
Soda
Chocolate
Energy drinks
Over-the-counter medications
NoDoz
Vivarin
Anacin
Excedrin
Midol
Diurex
What do you consider an
acceptable level of caffeine
intake?
A. None
B. One beverage a
day
C. 2-5 beverages a
day
D. Any level is ok
None
One beve
rage
a day
2-5 b
everage
s a d
ay
Any level i
s ok
0% 0%0%0%
Pharmacology
Peak blood levels reached 30 minutes
after oral intake
Half-life is about 3 hours
Low-grade tolerance does develop
Mechanism of Action
200 mg◦ Increased arousal
◦ Mood-elevating effects
500 mg◦ Increased heart rate & respiration
◦ Paradoxical effect on blood vessels: dilation
◦ Constriction of blood vessels in the brain = headache relief
◦ Increased basal metabolic rate (10%) in chronic users
Works on the neurotransmitter adenosine (inhibitory)◦ Blocks receptors
Effects
Behavioral◦ Stimulation
◦ Headache
◦ Hyperactivity
◦ Does not sober one up
Concerns◦ Panic attacks
◦ 1980s thought to have a link to cancer, since disproven
◦ Reproduction
◦ Heart disease (large amounts)
◦ Caffeinism
Considerations
What age?◦ Infants
◦ Toddlers
◦ School age
◦ Teenage
What products?◦ Energy drinks
◦ Soda
◦ Coffee
◦ Tea/iced tea
◦ Hot chocolate
◦ Chocolate
Videos
Your brain on coffee◦ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbuCm
O8Bwhs&noredirect=1
◦ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfntvRGwpvs
Children and Caffeine◦ http://guardianlv.com/2014/02/caffeine-is-
a-drug-for-kids-video/
Wrap-up
How much caffeine do you consume?
1981 FDA: limit of 6 mg of caffeine per ounce◦ No labeling
required
Item Amount of Item Amount of Caffeine
Jolt soft drink 12 ounces 71.2 mg
Mountain Dew 12 ounces 55.0 mg
Coca-Cola 12 ounces 34.0 mg
Diet Coke 12 ounces 45.0 mg
Pepsi 12 ounces 38.0 mg
7-Up 12 ounces 0 mg
Brewed coffee
(drip method)
5 ounces 115 mg
Espresso 1 shot 64 mg
Tea 5 ounces 40 mg
Iced tea 12 ounces 70 mg
Dark chocolate 1 ounce 20 mg
Milk chocolate 1 ounce 6 mg
Cocoa beverage 5 ounces 4 mg
Chocolate milk beverage 8 ounces 5 mg
Cold relief medication 1 tablet 30 mg
Midol 1 tablet 32 mg
Excedrin 1 tablet 65 mg
Monster Energy Drink 16 ounces 160 mg
Red Bull 8 ounces 60 mg
Under what circumstances should a person
consider reducing caffeine intake?
A. When they are
cranky without it
B. When they have
health
complications
C. When they obsess
about it
D. Can’t think of a
time I’d give it up!W
hen they a
re cr
anky w
...
When th
ey have h
ealth ..
.
When th
ey obse
ss a
bout it
Can’t th
ink o
f a ti
me I’
d g...
0% 0%0%0%
Do you agree with the use of
medication for ADD/ADHD?
A. Yes
B. No
C. I’m not sure
YesNo
I’m n
ot sure
43% 43%
14%