North American Carsharing: 2012-2013 Outlook
Susan Shaheen, Ph.D.Adjunct Professor, Civil and Envt’l Engineering
Co-Director, Transportation Sustainability Research Center University of California, Berkeley
2013 CarSharing Association ConferenceSeptember 16-17, 2013
Overview• Evolution• Worldwide and North American data/understanding• Trends & developments• One-way carsharing• Personal vehicle sharing• Autonomous vehicles• New TSRC carsharing research• Key questions & upcoming summit
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Carsharing Phases in North America
1990
1994 to mid-2002mid-2002 to
late-2007 late-2007 to present
2006 2008 2010 2012
South America 110 1,500Australia 1,130 5,210 12,750 25,500Asia 15,700 12,546 81,817 160,500Europe 212,124 334,168 552,868 691,943North America 117,656 318,838 516,100 908,584Worldwide 346,610 670,762 1,163,645 1,788,027
0200,000400,000600,000800,000
1,000,0001,200,0001,400,0001,600,0001,800,0002,000,000
Cars
harin
g M
embe
rsWorldwide & Regional Membership (2006-2012)
13 6065 255 440 1,080608 8104,315
6,1557,49110,833
16,779
20,464
3,337
7,50510,420
15,795
11,501
19,403
31,967
43,554
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
2006 2008 2010 2012
Vehi
cles
Worldwide & Regional Fleets (2006-2012)South America Australia Asia Europe North America Worldwide
2012 Worldwide Census
Members Vehicles RatioAsia 160,500 6,155 26.1Australia 25,500 1,080 23.6Europe 691,943 20,464 33.8North America 908,584 15,795 57.5South America 1,500 60 25.0Worldwide 1,788,027 43,554 41.1
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 (JAN)
Mexico 620Canada 3,909 7,007 10,001 11,932 15,663 26,878 39,664 53,916 67,526 78,856 101,502 141,351United States 12,098 25,640 52,347 61,658 102,993 184,292 279,234 323,681 448,574 560,572 806,332 891,593North America 16,007 32,647 62,348 73,590 118,656 211,170 318,898 377,597 516,100 639,428 907,834 1,033,5
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
MEM
BERS
North American Member GrowthMexico Canada United States North America
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 (Jan)
Mexico 40Canada 231 397 521 599 779 1,388 1,667 2,046 2,285 2,605 3,143 3,432United States 455 696 907 1,192 2,561 5,104 5,840 7,722 8,120 10,019 12,634 12,131North America 686 1,093 1,428 1,791 3,340 6,492 7,507 9,768 10,405 12,624 15,777 15,603
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
VEHI
CLES
North American Vehicle GrowthMexico Canada United States North America
North American Carsharing Statistics
• 46 North American operators
as of January 2013
U.S.25
Canada20
Mexico1
North American Carsharing Statistics
• Over 1 million members (excludes PVS/p2p members)– Almost 900,000 in the U.S. (up 24% from Jan 2012)– Over 140,000 in Canada (up 53% from Jan 2012)– 620 in Mexico
as of January 2013
U.S.891,593
Canada141,351
Mexico620
North American Carsharing Statistics
• Over 15,000 vehicles (excludes PVS/p2p vehicles)– Over 12,000 in the U.S. (up 24% from Jan 2012)– Almost 3,500 in Canada (up 36% from Jan 2012)– 40 in Mexico
as of January 2013
U.S.12,131
Canada3,432
Mexico40
North American Carsharing Statistics
• Member-vehicle ratio– 73:1 in the U.S. (up 0.4% from Jan 2012)– 41:1 in Canada (up 13% from Jan 2012)– 16:1 in Mexico– 66:1 overall (up 0.8% from Jan 2012)
• Non-profit vs. for-profit operations– Majority of operators are non-profit– U.S.: 48% of operators for-profit, 96% of membership, 93% of vehicles– Canada: 40% of operators for-profit, 92% of membership, 89% of
vehicles
as of January 2013
Trends & Developments
• Continued membership growth in carsharing
• Mergers and acquisitions
• Ongoing growth/expansion of multi-national operators, traditional car rental providers, automaker sponsored programs into carsharing
• Notable developments in shared-use mobility space (e.g., “classic” innovations, P2P, one-way, dynamic ridesharing & transportation networking companies)
• Confusion about definitions, as well as data attributions
2008 N. American Carsharing Survey
• Survey implemented from Sept. to Nov. 2008
• ~9,500 completed surveys; analysis based on 6,281 hhds
• Completion rate ~80%• Online survey challenging
• Took between 10 to 15 minutes for most respondents to complete
Martin, Shaheen, Lidicker, 2010
Participating Organizations
American
- City Carshare
- CityWheels
- Community Car
- Community Carshare of Bellingham
- Igo
- PhillyCarShare
- Zipcar
Canadian
- Autoshare
- Communauto
- Co-operative Auto Network
- VrtuCar
- Zipcar
N.A. Vehicle Holdings: Key Findings
• Between 9 to 13 vehicles removed, including postponed purchase
• 4 to 6 vehicles/carsharing vehicle sold due to carsharing
• Most shift due to 1 car households becoming carless
• Second largest shift, 2 car households become 1 car households
• 25% sell a vehicle• 25% postpone vehicle purchase
Martin, Shaheen, Lidicker, 2010
CO2 & Carsharing: Key FindingsNet effect: observed reduction in CO2 emissions
• .75 mt/respondent U.S.• .22 mt/respondent CA• Average .58 mt/respondent (27%
observed and 43% full impact)
Martin, Shaheen, Lidicker, 2010
Acquisitions in 2013• Jan 2013: Avis Budget Group acquired Zipcar
• Avis-Europe first large-scale rental company to launch carsharing: CARvenience, UK, 2001
• Later eclipsed by other rental companies until Zipcaracquisition
• May 2013: Enterprise Holdings acquired IGO CarSharing• Enterprise previously acquired PhillyCarShare in 2011, Mint
Cars On-Demand in 2012• May 2013: PVS operator RelayRides acquired Wheelz• Rental car companies now comprise majority of
carsharing membership and vehicle fleet• 79% of membership; 63% of vehicle fleet• 2012: only 17% of membership and 13% of fleet• Due to acquisition of Zipcar by Avis in 2013
Mergers & Acquisitions
2001: Flexcar
acquires CarSharing
Portland
2007: Zipcar and
Flexcarmerge
2011: Enterprise acquires
Philly CarShare
2012: Enterprise acquires
Mint Cars On-
Demand
Jan 2013: Avis
acquires Zipcar
May 2013: Enterprise acquires
IGO CarSharing
Comparison withRental Car Companies
Company U.S. Cars in Service(2012)
2012 Revenue Est. (in millions of USD)
Enterprise Holdings 941,064 $11,500
Hertz 366,000 $4,600
Avis Budget Group 300,000 $4,510
Dollar Thrifty AG 122,000 $1,563
Zipcar 8,800 $205Source: Auto Rental News
• Zipcar vs. 4 largest rental car companies:– 0.5% of top 4 rental car fleets – less than 3% of Avis’s 2012 fleet size
Impacts of Carsharing on Rental Car Industry
• Continued blurring between clear definitions and business models of “carsharing” and “car rental”
• Implementation of pre-qualified car rental users and virtual storefronts for unattended and increased access• Enhances customer experience and flexibility, increases
profit margin• Uniform age for insurance of carsharing and rental cars
• Possible reduction of minimum age, with add’l insurance costs through monthly fee or higher rate
• Experimentation in insurance models• Pay-as-you-drive (usage-based) insurance
Impact of Carsharing on Rental Car Industry (cont’d)
• New cars factory-equipped with carsharingtelematics• BMW/DriveNow, Daimler/car2go, GM OnStar/
RelayRides• Telematics across rental car/carsharing fleets
• Flexibility to move vehicles with changing demand• Connected and autonomous vehicle technology
• Improved vehicle operations, ecodriving, ecorouting
• Self-parking, self-recharging
Industry Innovations• Apr 2013: Communauto offers members GHG
emission offsets– Partnered with Planetair and CO2 Environnement
• Jan 2013: City CarShare expands wheelchair accessible carsharing
• Nov 2011: IGO CarSharing installs 18 solar-powered charging stations
• Point-to-point carsharing, free-floating carsharing• Allows member to return vehicle to a different
location from where they started (within operating area)
• Advanced technology used to facilitate one-way trips and fleet balancing
One-Way Carsharing
• June 2012: BMW launched DriveNow in San Francisco
• Sept 2012: Communautobegan one-way operations in Paris
• 2012-2013: Daimler AG expands across Western Europe and North America
Recent Developments in One-Way
One-Way Key Statistics• Operations in 9 countries
– Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, UK, U.S.
• 5 companies in 11 U.S. cities, 4 Canadian cities, 1 Mexican city– Austin, Denver, Hoboken, Miami, Minneapolis, New
York, Portland, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle, Washington D.C.– Calgary, Montréal (pilot), Toronto, Vancouver– Mexico City
• Bolloré Group (Autolib’) to launch in Indianapolis in 2014• One-way represents 12% of North American carsharing
membership and 18% of fleet (as of Jan 2013)
One-Way EV Carsharing Study• Document economic, travel, and environmental impacts of
electric vehicle (EV) carsharing fleet; pricing impacts on operational efficiency in San Diego (2-year study)
• Interview and survey car2go users on travel patterns, modal shifts, vehicle ownership, perceptions of one-way EV carsharing, demographics
• Partners (FHWA funding):– Daimler car2go– San Diego Association of Governments– City of San Diego– Caltrans– UC Berkeley TSRC
• Possible addition of other partners/cities
• Personal vehicle sharing (PVS) models first seen in North America in 2001, eGOCarShare, RentMyCar
• May 2013: RelayRides acquired Wheelz
• North American PVS Operators (as of Sept. 2013):• 10 operating (9 fully-active, 1 in pilot phase)• 3 planned• 7 defunct
• 38 worldwide• 33 fully-active• 5 in pilot phase
Short-term access to privately-owned vehicles
Personal Vehicle Sharing
• Individuals sub-lease or subscribe to vehicle owned by a third party
Fractional Ownership
• Individuals access vehicles by joining an organization that maintains its own fleet of vehicles, but also includes private autos, throughout a network of locations
Hybrid P2P-Traditional Carsharing Model
• Employs privately-owned vehicles made temporarily available for shared use by individual or members of P2P company
P2P Carsharing
• Enables direct exchanges between individuals via Internet
P2P Marketplace
4 Types of Personal Vehicle Sharing
• Gain early understanding of the emerging industry• Evaluate impacts to user travel patterns• Highlight opportunities for policy adjustments• Interviews with 5 North American P2P
operators, government agencies, insurance experts, and other stakeholders
• Online survey of PVS members• University of California Transportation Center funding source• Study wrap-up and report: January 2014
PVS Study
Autonomous Vehicles
• Autonomous vehicles represent a transformative technology in the transportation industry
• Carsharing/Autonomous Vehicle Synergies• Platform for introducing autonomous vehicle technologies, building
consumer demand/appeal/confidence (e.g., BMW’s DriveNowelectric vehicles)
• Autonomous vehicle sharing potentially new model for some carsharing companies (e.g., taxi-like services)
• P2P autonomous vehicle sharing potentially lowers ownership costs of expensive, technologically-advanced vehicles
GoGet - Australia
• Testing a base Yaris with sensors (3 radar, camera)• Collecting data to model “real” human behavior and usage
scenarios (trip data)• Research partner: University of New South Wales• Understand possible usage patterns and demand in the
longer term and how to best optimize the vehicle in carsharing
• Start with partially autonomous vehicle (human in control)• Goal: First fleet buyer in Australia of fully autonomous
vehicles (5 years)
• 3-year electric vehicle (EV) carsharing pilot program launched 9/11/13
• Open to employees and residents of Hacienda Business Park, Pleasanton, CA
• 30 Scion iQ EVs, range of 40 miles
• 15 locations with charging stations, 2 EVs at each location
• Partners: City CarShare, Toyota, UC Berkeley TSRC
Electric Bikesharing & Carsharing• 4-year pilot to launch in Berkeley and
San Francisco, CA in Spring 2014• Growing to 90 e-bikes at 25+ locations• 22 e-bikes with bike trailer or cargo
bike• Evaluate e-bike sharing cost
effectiveness and impacts on travel patterns and emission reductions
• FHWA grant funding• Partners: City CarShare, UC Berkeley
TSRC, SFMTA, Caltrans
Risk & Insurance Analysis• Classic carsharing reduces overall driving • Study examines implications of multiple users of a single
vehicle on insurance, risk, and actuarial analysis• Understanding risk key to facilitating fair and reasonable
policies, as well as growing shared-use mobility services• Establish and host a database of vehicle use and accidents of
shared-use systems • Data on vehicle activity, vehicle accidents, and accident costs
experienced by shared-use systems (e.g., crashes/mile & vehicle)
• Goal: new insurance products and lower premiums
Key Questions to Consider• As carsharing matures, how will it scale into less dense
areas?• What role will entrants and business models play in its
expansion (e.g., non-profit vs. profit)?• How will carsharing be branded to be successful? In which
markets will it be successful?• What social and environmental impacts can be expected?• How should public policy play a role in its expansion?• What innovative insurance models could be developed to
support shared use?• What type of service integration would best support
shared vehicles the sharing economy?
• October 10-11, 2013 in San Francisco• Panel discussions and presentations by the world’s experts
on carsharing, one-way carsharing, p2p carsharing, and other aspects of the sharing economy
• Dialogue among mobility providers, policymakers, governmental agencies, non-profits, affiliated industries, technologists, academics, media, and stakeholders
• More information at www.sharedusesummit.org• Please join us!• Contact me for a registration discount
Acknowledgements• North American carsharing
organizations• Adam Cohen, Dr. Elliot
Martin, Nelson Chan, TSRC, UC Berkeley
• Dave Brook, Consultant • Ryan Johnson, Enterprise
CarShare