WOODFUEL EXTRACTION AND UTILIZATION; A CARBON
EMISSION CONDUIT IN EJURA-SEKYEDUMASE DISTRICT
GHANA
Divine Odame Appiah and Isaac Anokye Boateng
Department of Geography and Rural Development, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology,
Kumasi
GHANA GEOGRAPHICAL ASSOCIATION CONFERENCE 2011
UNIVERSITY FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, WA CAMPUS
3RD TO 6TH August, 2011
Introduction Problem in contextProfile of study areaMethodologyResults and discussionsConclusionsRecommendation
Presentation outline
Woodfuel is fuel obtained: wood or tree species such as timber, shrubs etc. which may be available as firewood, logs, pallets, charcoal and many others (Ireland et al, 2009)
Globally, >65% of total woodfuel consumption is accounted for by Asia and Africa (UNDP, 2000).
Extraction of woodfuel in developing regions like Africa is among key factors of tropical deforestation due to woodfuel demand for household and commercial use
Introduction
Mensah and Agyare (1994) similarly expressed that the energy needs of Ghana like that of many developing countries are heavily dependent on woodfuel.
The demand for woodfuel for both commercial and household use has contributed to over exploitation of the forest and the environment as well
We examined the effects of woodfuel extraction on forest ecology and the environment in the Ejura-Sekyedumase District.
Introduction cont.
Fifty-three (53%) of the farmers are also engaged in woodfuel production on commercial and subsistence basis.
Excessive extraction of wood for fuelwood and also charcoal production together =>deleterious effects on vegetation and climate
Methods of farming :slash and burn; bush fires == original vegetation, replaced by secondary vegetation.
The Problem in context
With increasing population, the pressure on wood resources and rate of deforestation is alarming (Basel, 2008; Nabuura et al., 2007).
Kaser et al., (2004) argue that the link between deforestation and aridity due to atmospheric warming.
Is well documented (Idso, & Kimball, 1994; Houghton, & Hackler, 2002 and Pinter et al, 1996)
Problem cont.
With DCECC…the earth system could eventually pass a critical threshold beyond which life forms might not be able to survive.
Threat to MDG 7, target 2 reducing loss of Biodiversity
The concern is…green-house effect is highlighted as a result of intensive ‘charcoaling’ which releases carbon-dioxide into the atmosphere.
Howden (2007) supports with the idea that excessive cutting of trees from forest areas leads to deforestation
Deforestation, Carbon Emission and Climate Change
There has been broad consensus that the approach “reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation” (REDD), should be a prominent feature of any international climate change agreement that extends or replaces the Kyoto Protocol in 2012.
However, progress has been much slower than anticipated
The Bali Action Plan agreed at the 2007 UNFCCC conference endorsed the vision of an environment in which the forests have greater value standing than cut down.
It initiated studies into “positive incentives” for developing countries – the provision of financial compensation in return for measurable reduction in deforestation.
Carved out of the then Sekyere and Offinso districts.
It is location: Long. 1˚5W and 1˚39’ W and Lat. 7˚9’ N and 7˚36’N. Northern part of Ashanti Region
Bounded to the: ◦ North by Nkoranza and Atebubu districts (both in
Brong Ahafo Region), ◦ West by Offinso district, ◦ East by Sekyere East district and ◦ South by Afigya-Sekyere district.
Profile of study area
It has a large land size of about 1,782.2 sq. km and is 7.3% of the region’s total land area
The fifth largest among the districts in Ashanti Region.
Ejura is considered as the district capital.
Vegetation is in transitional zone of the semi-deciduous forest and Guinea savanna zones
Average Annual rainfall is 1,300mm Relative humidity is 75%-80%
Map of the study district
Both quantitative and qualitative research design, used primary data and secondary info.
Sampling design: ◦ Probability simple random technique for 10/170
Adiembra, Ebuom Bayere, Nkwanta, Homako, Nyamebekyere, Ejura,
◦ Babaso, Kyenkyenkura, Sekyedumase and Doku Akuraa.
◦ 150 household respondents of different socio-economic background, and purposively biased towards charcoal producers out of a popx of 81,115
Survey instruments: ◦ Partially Pre-Coded HH Questionnaire,◦ Key Informants Interviews with ESDA, FSD & EPA
Methodology
Conceptual FrameworkUnderlying/Indirect
causes·Rapid Population growth·Poverty·Demand for fuelwood Deforestation in Ejura-
Sekyedumase
Immediate/Direct Causes
·Timber production·Agricultural activities·Woodfuel Production·Bush Fires
Socio-economic effects
·Low agric production and food·Shortage of drinking water·Loss of medicinal plants·Diseases
Ecological effects·Climate Change· Drying up of water
bodies· Soil erosion and
silting· Biodiversity loss
Sources of energy for household/commercial uses: 53.3% use firewood, 44.7% use charcoal, 2% (3) use Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG).
These constituted main sources of energy for cooking and heating purposes in the area.
Reason for choice of source :◦ 78% wood is very affordable and easily available,
It may be cheap now, but continuous use would prove expensive in the long run
Results and Discussions
Sources of Wood for Fuelwood and Charcoal Production.
Results and Discussions
Trees species for Fuelwood and Charcoal
ScientificName
Local Name Number of respondents
Per cent (%)
Anogeissus Leiocarpus
Kane 25 16.67
Erythropleum invoreise
Potrodom 14 9.33
Terminalia aviceniodes
Ongo 30 20
Afzelia Africana Papao 12 8
Khaya spp Mahogany 22 14.67
Mangifera indica Mango tree 17 11.33
Albizia julibrissin Acacia tree 13 8.67
Triplochiton scleroxylon
Wawa 17 11.33
TOTAL 150 100
Relationship b/n Deforestation and carbon-dioxide emission climate change SINK-SOURCE
Deforestations and carbon emission has
several other environmental consequences
Sought to also find out perception of effects of deforestation on environment
The Carbon-dioxide emission conduit
Respondents’ knowledge of climate change
33%
31%
23%
12%
Not attended PrimaryJ HS S H and above
Education background of respondents
As a charcoal producing area, Al Gore (2006) emphasizes that almost 30% of the carbon-dioxide released into the atmosphere each year is a result of ◦burning of bush land for subsistence
agriculture and ◦woodfuel used for cooking; including
Charcoal.
Accordingly, Howden, 2007 explains that carbon emissions from deforestation far outstrip damage caused by planes and automobiles and factories.
A Charcoal producer busily extracting wood
The mound kiln of charcoal burning
Effect of woodfuel extraction on
the soil
With the effort to get employed, generate income to supplement agriculture, woodfuel extraction
Several problems to the forest and the local environment. Carbon emissions, Soil erosion, deforestation, and bush fires
Considered as the main effects on the forest environment and consequently on global warming and climate change in Ejura-Sekyedumase district.
Conclusions
Wood for fuel was mainly from the fallow lands (farmlands), off-forest resources and the forest resources.
Woodfuel extraction were in the hands of most rural populace found in the district of Ejura-Sekyedumase.
DAs in partnership with Academia should disseminated knowledge on climate change in the district
FC, through appropriate dept (FSD) should promote REDD with FORIG; TROPENBOS etc.
NGOs and the Assembly should provide alternative livelihoods to agriculture that would reduce considerably charcoal prodn.
Further research on quantities of Carbon emissions and rates of deforestation is recommended
The Way Forward??
Al Gore, 2005. An inconvenient truth: the planetary emergency of global warming and what we can do about it, Rodale books, 2006.
FAO (2006), Global forest Resource Assessment (2005), FAO forestry papers 147 and 140, Rome.
Howden, D. (2007) Deforestation: The hidden causes of global warming, U.K
Ireland, D., Andy, H., and David H. J (2009): Forest Research (Woodfuel Information Pack), U.K.
Some of References
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