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Curzon
Tarnished the image of Britain when he
ordered an expedition into Tibet as he feared
Russian expansion as images of blood soaked
monks defending their territory spread across
the globe.
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Curzons positives
He increased railway network by 10,000km
Established the Indian archaeological survey
Doubled the size of Kashmir Resigned after row with kitchener.
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Partition of Bengal 1905
Western Bengal had a total population of 54
million
Eastern Bengal had a total population of 31
million, including 12 million hindus and 18
million muslims
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Reaction to partition
Bengali hindus were outraged by what they
saw as an attempt to divide and rule.
Muslims were delighted with the majority in
the new eastern province as it provided them
with a power base if Indians were able to elect
provincial governments.
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Reaction to partition continued
A popular campaign of swadesh developed. This
was a boycott of british goods, Lancashire cotton
in particular which was publically burned.
Increase in terrorist activity in Bengal. In 1908 2
European women were killed when a bomb
intended for a local judge was thrown into the
wrong carriage. 1909 terrorism came to Londonwhen an official at the india office was shot in the
street by a punjabi seeking political martyrdom.
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Simla delegation
70 Muslim leaders travelled to the british
capital of simla in october 1906 to present a
plan for seperate electorates for Muslims in
any future political reforms.
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Motives for the morley-minto
reforms
The widespread agitation over the partition of
Bengal and support for swadesh.
Fear of a mutiny from Punjab army
Increasingly active congress.
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1909 Indian Councils Act
60 Indian representatives were elected to
serve on the viceroys council; Officials
remained in the majority.
Provincial councils enlarged to create non
official majorities.
Separate electorates were provided for
Muslims and Hindus to allow Muslims to have
a voice in the various councils.
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Effects of the reforms
Muslims were satisfied with the separateelectorates.
Congress welcomed reforms but disliked separateelectorates.
Extremists-wanted further change. Voting wasrestricted to the rich and privileged Rajsupporters.
British administrators were disappointed with thechanges as it diluted their power.
Bengal reunited in1911
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WW1 1914-18
Thousands of individuals volunteered for militaryservice and pledged their loyalty.(congress,Muslim league, princes)
27 of the largest princely states immediately puttheir imperial troops at the viceroys disposal.
A hospital ship, the loyalty, was commissioned,fully fitted and provisioned by the princes.
By November 1918, 827,000 Indians enlisted.
Boosted nationalism as well as increase supportfor raj.
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Effects of WW1
Shortages of fuel and high rising prices.
During the war, food grain prices rose by 93%
Indian manufacturers benefited. Share holderssaw their dividends rocket. In Bombay
dividends for cloth mills jumped from 6% in
1914 to 30% in 1917
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Problem of religion
When Turkey entered the war, there were 3
mutinies. This occurred where they thought
they were going to be sent to fight against
turks.
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Home Rule leagues
Established 1916
2 political organisations set up, one by tilak
and one by Annie besant.
It involved only management of internal
Indian affairs. Defence and foreign policy
remained with the British.
After 1 year, 60,000 Indians joined home rule
leagues.
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Response to Home Rule leagues
Congress at first were reluctant to join.
However when Tilak and Annie Besant were
arrested they swung their support over to the
home rule league campaigns.
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Lucknow Pact 1916
An agreement between congress and the
Muslim league whereby it was agreed that the
Muslims would have a fixed proportion on
seats.
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Montague Declaration 1919
Viceroy was to be advised by 6 civilians, 3 ofwhom had to be Indian.
The viceroy could enforce laws even if thelegislative council rejected them.
Provincial and legislative councils enlarged.
Provincial councils given control over Indianeducation, agriculture, health, local selfgovernment and public works.
Britain retained control over foreign and militaryaffairs.
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Effects of Government of India act
1919
Home rule leagues disappointed
As details of the reforms become known,
unrest and violence increased.
INC (Indian national congress) rejected the act
and boycotted first elections.
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Other factors that put strain on indian
Spanish flew pandemic across Europe. In India
13 million died as a result.
Unemployment due to the collapse of the
demand of war materials.
Failure of a monsoon. There was a regional
famine.
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Response from British to Indian
councils act 1919
Rowlatt acts
Unlimited detention without trial, trial
without jury, censorship and house arrest.
All 22 Indian members of the imperial
legislative council opposed the bill.
Gandhi declared a hartal on April 6th 1919
Hartals turned into widespread violence.
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Amritsar Massacre
2 doctors organised a series of hartals as aprotest against the rowlatt acts.
The British authorities decided to arrest the 2men and trouble broke out and rioting began atfirst as support for the 2 men.
However it quickly turned into an anti-europeanattack.
3 Europeans were killed
Marcia Sherwood was brutally beaten by Hindusbut also found and treated by Hindus.
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Amritsar continued
Dyer arrived at amritsar with about 1000 troops
equipped with machine guns.
12th April Dyer led 400 troops through the streets
of amritsar.
13th April was a religious festival and many
flocked to work at the golden temple.
Dyers men fired 1620 rounds of ammunitionkilling 379 people and a further 1200 wounded
who were left to fend for themselves
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Martial Law
Indians prevented from travelling
No more than 2 Indians were allowed to walk
abreast
The cities water and electricity was cut off
causing great hardship on many Indians.
Crawling order
All Indian lawyers forced to work as
constables.
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Reactions
Hunter committee 11th nov 1919 hunter and hiscolleagues arrived in Lahore
Punjab sub committee
Morning post raise 26,000 for Dyer andpresented him with a sword of honour.
So some Dyer was a hero and to others, hadruined the British.
Lords and commons disagreed on amritsar.
Millions of loyal indians turned against the raj.
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Divided congress
Tilak wanted to use force for self government
Motilal Gokhale-non violence-wanted
dominion status.