BUMI DALAM TATASURYA
• Matahari dan planet-planetnya• Anatomi bumi• Dinamika bumi
Orbital change
WobbleAxial tilt change
Distributian of day and night; and climate along year
Energy budget
mW m-2
Heat Flow
0 40 60 85 120 180 240 350
The hottest andthe coldest places
Winds circulation
Winds circulation
Siklon dan antisiklonrendahan dan tinggian
RENDAHAN (dekat permukaan)
TINGGIAN
Isobar dan arah angin
Pembentukan siklon danantisiklon
Spiral awan
How does water move among reservoirs?
Ocean Currents• Redistribute heat across planet
Sirkulasi air di samudera
Weather and ClimateWeather and Climate
What is weather? What is weather? What is climate? What is climate?
How do they differ?How do they differ?
•• WeatherWeather is the shortis the short--term state of the atmosphere term state of the atmosphere at a particular place at any given timeat a particular place at any given time
•• ClimateClimate is a longis a long--term composite of weather term composite of weather conditions at a particular placeconditions at a particular place
•• Short term versus long termShort term versus long term------that is how they that is how they differdiffer
Iklim dunia
5. Landforms and Surface Processes
• Glaciers• Mass Wasting
• Streams
• Shorelines
• Deserts
• Groundwaterhttp://www.berann.com
H.C. Berann (1915-1999) Yosemite National Park, 1987
What drives plate motions• Forces that drive plate
motion – Slab-pull
• Cold, dense slabs of subducted oceanic lithosphere pull the plate towards the subduction zone
– Ridge-push• The higher elevation of
spreading centers result in oceanic lithosphere wanting to move “downhill”, away from the ridge
• Far less important than slab-pull
– Mantle drag and plate resistance
• Can act to increase or decrease plate motion
Mantle convection providesthe primary drive forplate tectonics
What drives plate motions• Models of plate-mantle
convection • Any model must be consistent
with observed physical and chemical properties of the mantle
• Horizontal movement of plates causes mantle upwelling
• Models– Layering at 660 km– Explains why basalts
erupted at mid-ocean ridges are different (more evolved, relatively shallow source) compared to those erupted at hot-spots (more primitive, deeper source).
– We know that subductingslabs descend beneath 660 km
What drives plate motions• Whole-mantle convection
– Would mix the entire mantle in the space of a few hundred million years, removing heterogeneities
What drives plate motions• Deep-layer model
– “Lava lamp model”– Two layers swell and
shrink in a complex fashion in response to heat from the Earth’s interior
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