Digitalstorytellingforsupportingchildren’screativityElisaRubegni,SeniorLecturer,ComputerScienceSchoolUniversity ofLincoln– 10.11.2017
Myfocus:toidentifythekeyissuesofCCI forbetterdesignanddevelop
informationsystemstosupportlearningand teachingactivities informalsetting.
Context,people,andactivitiesmatter!
ElisaRubegni,October2013
Child–ComputerInteraction(CCI)
“CCI is the study of the Activities, Behaviours, Concerns and Abilities of Children as they interact with computer technologies, often with the intervention of others (mainly adults) in situations that they partially (but generally do not fully) control and regulate’’ [Read J., 2011]
CREATIVITY
Themechanismsofimaginationandcreativityistheexperienceandthere-elaborationoftheexperiencethroughdisassociation,associationandmutation.[Vygotsky,2004]
Inthisconstantprocesshumancreativityrestsuponrealexperiencewiththeworld,andimaginationisaspecialanduniqueformofusingourrealworldexperience.[Vygotsky,2004]
Creativityhasanindividualandasocialdimensionthatconstitutethetwosidesofthesamecoin[Vygotsky,1978]
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STORYTELLING
Thenarrativeisaprimitivefunctionofhumanpsychologyandafundamentalaspectintheconstructionofmeaning.Narrativeisawayofmediatingtheconstructionofmeaningandachild’sorganizationofknowledge toexpresscreativityandusetheimagination.[Bruner,1996]
Storytellingactsasavehicleormetaphorforenablingchildren’screativity,experimentation,andlanguageenrichment intheirownoralandwrittenstories[Amour,2003]
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STORYTELLINGINSCHOOL
Storytellingfacilitatespedagogicalandpsychologicaldevelopment suchaschildren'suseoflanguage andotherformsofcreativeself-expression(i.e.drawing,acting,etc.)aswellastheirsocialskills.
Thecreationofstoriesarearticulatedsocialpracticesthatmakethechildthefundamentalactorincloserelationshipwithpeersand,firstofall,theteacher(s)[Rizzoetal.,2002]
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RecentCCIprojects
2009-11,Digital-BasedNarrativeActivitiesinaFormalEducationalSetting(Mr.Edu),grantfromUSI,CHUniversity ofLugano, Politecnico diMilano,It
2011-13,Activité NarrativeInstrumentée (ANI),FundedbyPartenariat HubertCurien (PHC)GermainedeStaël,CHUniversity ofLugano,University ofParis8,OrangeFrance,Fr
2011-15,PAper andDigitalresourcesinSchools, (PADS),grantfromHASLERfoundation,CHUniversity ofLugano
2016-18,Howdesigndigital storytelling uthoring tool forimproving pre-writing andpre-reading skillsUniversity ofLincoln,University ofLugano
ElisaRubegni,November2016Context,people,andactivitiesmatter!
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PADSPAperandDigitalresourcesinSchools2011-15
Educatingpupilsandenhancing theirmedialiteracyis concernednotonlywithcomputerusageandInternetbrowsingbutalsowiththeabilitytocreatedigitalcontent
Swissschoolcurriculum
Subject:Local/FirstLanguageand,inparticular,onthesubareaofnarrativeandstorytelling
Curriculumgoals:• Linguisticcompetences• Narrativestyles• Digitalliteracy• Socialandemotionalskills
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Longitudinalstudy
• 2primaryschools,theLeonardodaVinci(LDV)andtheIstituto Elvetico (IE)• 130pupils(ages6to11)• 7teachers• 2schooldirectors
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Projectphases
1. Activityanalysis/usersneedselicitation2. Designandprototyping3. Evaluationofthefinalprototype
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Fiabot!components
I)Definitionofstorystructureandplot;
II)Mediacreationandediting;
III)Sharingwithintheclassandpublicationofthestory.
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I) Definitionofstorystructureandplot
• Narrative types structure, plot, and content architecture• Ingredients of the narrative – e.g. antagonist(s), protagonist(s),
protagonist helper(s), antagonist helper(s), magic object(s)[email protected] 10.11.17
II)Mediacreationandediting
• Children can create, import, and edit different media that can then be used in a story.
• The story contents can be very heterogeneous, i.e. images, photos, videos, music, audio, and animation.
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III)Sharingintheclassandpublicationofthestory
Stories can be delivered as video and shared online and onsite with their peers and other schools
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Text-basedVSimage-based
Researchquestion:whichversionismoresuitabletosupport thecreationofadigitalstorytelling forsupporting theachievementofcurriculumobjectivesinaformaleducationalcontext?
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Textualversion Imageversion
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!!!! !
Text-basedVSimage-based
Researchquestion:whichversionismoresuitabletosupport thecreationofadigitalstorytelling forsupporting theachievementofcurriculumobjectivesinaformaleducationalcontext?
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Textualversion Imageversion
Recruitment
• Theschoolcurriculumneededtoincludethecreationofstories• Children4th or5th grade• Teacherinterestsinusingtechnology(nospecificskillneeded)
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Methods
• Ethnographic observation
• Interview- teachers
• Focus group - children
• Teacher evaluation of students’ stories:• Creativity, • Collaboration, • Media Literacy, • Consistency with the narrative genres.
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Elementsofanalysis
Focuson:• Theplotstructure,• Thecharacters’behaviorandrole,• Thechildren’sabilitytoelaborateandusetheirexperienceaselementsofthestory,• Children’ssourcesofinspiration
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Procedure
a. Children’straining,1hour.b. StoriesCreationandsharing,6hourseachday(3
days).c. FocusgroupandInterview,6 hours.
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Setupoftheclass
• Childreninsmallteams,uptofive(goodbalanceofchildren’sskills,attitudes,andpersonalities)• 1iPadeachgroup• Penandpapers
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Setupoftheclass
• Childreninsmallteams,uptofour• 1iPadeachgroup• Eachgroupwasformedconsideringagoodbalanceofchildren’sskills,attitudes,andpersonalities
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Version1:Image-BasedFiabot!EvaluationResults
Researchquestion:
• Howwouldchildrenreacttopopularimages?
• Wouldtheirpresencetriggerdifferentreactionsintermsofbeingcreative?
• Howwouldthestorystructurebeaffected?
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Version1:Image-BasedFiabot!EvaluationResults
Teachers(Interview)
• Childrenfocusedonthevisualcharactersoftenlefttheseunexploredinthestory
• Characterstakenfrompopularsources(movies,booksandcartoons)werenotelaboratedanyfurtherandmoreover,theresultingstorywouldjustfollowtheoriginalonetheywereborrowedfrom
Children(FG)• theImage-Richversionofferedthemguidanceonhowtobuildastoryandideasforcharacters
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Version1:Image-BasedFiabot!EvaluationResults
Children(observation)• Childreninthegroupusedproperlythenameofthecharacters’typesandtheyquicklystartedtocreatethestory
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Version2:Text-BasedFiabot!evaluation
Researchquestion:• Howwouldthetextualversionsupportchildren’screativityinmakingthestory?
• Wouldchildrenfocusmoreoncharacters’roleandhabitswithoutanyinsightsofpredefinedcharacters’images?
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Version2:Text-BasedFiabot!evaluation
Teachers(Interview)
• thestorieswereveryoriginal:thecreationofbothtextandimagesandtheircombinationonthestorytriggeredhigherlevelsofcreativity
• Workingonthedescriptionofthecharactersbroughtthechildrentofocusonthestoryplotandcreategoodstory
Children(focusgroup)• theytookinspirationfromtheirownimagination andfrom
experiencestheysharedwiththeirfamilyorfriends
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Version2:Text-BasedFiabot!evaluation-results
Children(observation)• Thecreationoftheplotandthedescriptionofthecharacterswentinparallelandonefedtheother:somechildrenstartedtodrawcharactersonthepaperwhilebrainstormingabouttheplot
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Summary:Text-basedVSImage-based
TheImage-Richversion:• thecharacterswerenotexploredanyfurther,childrencreatethestoryinlinewiththepre-existentone
Thetext-basedversion:• allowedtoexplorebettertheplotandtocombinemoreoriginalelementsofchildrenimaginationandpersonallife(includingbooks,cartoon,movie,etc.)
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Followup:designandevalutionoftheText-basedVersion
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RESULTS
Creativity Collaboration Medialiteracy Narrativegenres
Rebecca 4 4 4 2Thepastinthefuture 4 5 2.5 3Thedragonsandthefamilystone 5 5 4.5 4.5Lukeandthesavior 2 5 1 5Cloudsandproblems 4.5 5 5 5Jonnyandthegiants 1.5 5 4 4Everythinghappenedinonenight 5 5 4 5Thecrown 4.5 5 5 5Lucia’ssavior 3.5 4 4 5Searchingforthegoldandsilvertree 5 5 5 5Virginiathevain 4 5 4 3.5RomeaandGiulietto 2.5 4.5 5 4Theadventureoftwofriends 3 5 2 5ThejewelsoftheQueen 5 5 4.5 5Discoveringthesweetieworld 5 5 5 5Thekidnappedprincess 2 3.5 3 3.5TheknightAghoss 3.5 4.5 5 4.5
Teachers’evaluation
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Creativity
• 60%ofthestoriesobtainedaveryhighscore(teachers’evaluation)
• “In‘Lukeandthesavior’story.ChildrentookinspirationfromHungerGamesbuttheydidn’tcopythegame.Theyusedthestrategiesofthegameinthestorybycreatingcomplexnarrativemechanismsthatwereveryintriguingfortheaudience…therewasanimprovementinthelevelofdiscussionandengagementofpupilsincreatingthecharacterofthestoryandtheplot.”T1(Interview)
• “Ireallylikedhowintheplot‘Virginiathevain’childrenintegratedsomeepisodesfromonechild’sfamilywithotherelementsthatwereinvented.”T2(Interview)
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Discussion
Fiabot!components
• I)Definitionofstorystructureandplot;
• II)Mediacreationandediting;
• III)Sharingwithintheclassandpublicationofthestory.
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I)Definitionofstorystructureandplot
• Thestorystructureandtheingredientssupportthechildrenconceivingthenarrativeanditsmechanismsbeforewriting
• Improvetheirabilityofcollaboratingandsharingtasksamongagroup
• Thediscussionoftheplotandcharactersallowedthemtofigureoutoriginalelementsforthestory
• Reinforcetheexplanationinclassbyrecallingthestructureofthestory,theingredients,thestyle,etc.
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II)Mediacreationandediting
• Childrencanexplorethemediaopportunitiesandlimitsofproducingdigitalcontentforcreatinganarrative
• Theproductionandeditingofmediaaswellasthemixofdifferentcontentstrainedpupilsincommunicatingthroughdigitalmedia
• Thechildrenfeltincontrolofthequalityofthefinalproduct
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III)Sharingandpublication
• Improvementofchildren’sself-esteemandtheirsatisfactionofbeingauthorsandsharingtheirstorieswithothers(includingthefamily)
• Enhancementofteachers’self-confidencetowardstheothercolleaguesandtheschooldirector
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FUTUREDIRECTIONS
• Howcouldwestimulatechildrenimaginationintheprocessofcreationofdigitalmedia?
• Howcouldweallowchildrentocombinetheirpastexperiencesandtocreatemediafordigitalstorytelling?
• Howcoulddigitalstorytellingcreationsupporttheimprovementofchildrenimaginationandcreativethinking?
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Thanksforlistening.Questions?