Overseas Plant Overseas Plant and Animal and Animal
Diffusion Before Diffusion Before 14921492
By
Carl L. Johannessen
Professor Emeritus, Biogeographer
World MapWorld Map
India Detail India Detail Karnataka Karnataka PradeshPradesh
Letters From Ohio Agricultural Letters From Ohio Agricultural Research and Developmental Research and Developmental Center, Wooster OhioCenter, Wooster Ohio
Letters from Wooster, OhioLetters from Wooster, Ohio
Corn, Sunflowers, Peanuts, Corn, Sunflowers, Peanuts, and Annonaand Annona
Temple Layout, Somnathpur, Temple Layout, Somnathpur, IndiaIndia
Halebid Temple, IndiaHalebid Temple, India
Variation in Shape of Corn Ears,Variation in Shape of Corn Ears,Peru for comparison to IndiaPeru for comparison to India
Variation in the Shape of Corn Variation in the Shape of Corn Ears, ChinaEars, China
Indian Indian Sculpture of Sculpture of CornCorn
Indian Sculpture of CornIndian Sculpture of Corn
Corn Maiden Sculpture Corn Ear from Mexico
Maize Anatomical StructuresMaize Anatomical Structures
Maize Seed Arrangement American Maize
Maize Ears Maize Ears Sculpture and Sculpture and Hand MudraHand Mudra
Somnathpur Somnathpur Temple, IndiaTemple, India
Yaksha Sculpture with MaizeYaksha Sculpture with Maize
8th CenturyFrom 5000 Years of Art in India Mexican Maize Ear
MaizeMaize
Somnathpur Four Row, Unpollinated and Husk
Maize Ear at end of Pollinating Season
Maize God, MexicoMaize God, MexicoNote Curls on Headdress of Note Curls on Headdress of MaizeMaize
Spiral Kernel SeedsSpiral Kernel SeedsKedareshvara, Halebid, IndiaKedareshvara, Halebid, India
Sharp Kernelled Maize Ears,Sharp Kernelled Maize Ears,“Dog-Toothed”“Dog-Toothed”
Sculpture of Chihuahua with Maize Sculpture of Chihuahua with Maize Ear,Colima, MexicoEar,Colima, Mexico
Tessellated Base KernelsTessellated Base KernelsSomnathpurSomnathpur
Traits
Sculpture Numbers1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X2a X X X X X X X X X X X X X2b X X X X X X3a X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X3b X3c X X X4 X X X X X X X X5 X X X X X X X X X X X X6 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X7 X8 X
10 X11 X X X12 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X14a X14b X14c X16 X X18a X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X18b X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X18c X X X X X X X X X X X X X18d X X X X X X X X X X X X X X19 X X X X20 1.1 1.1-
1.21.3-1.6
1.1 1.1-1.2
1.0-1.5
1.2 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.2-1.4
1.3 1.1 1.3 1.0
21a X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X21b X X X X X X X23 X26 X27 X28 X
ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS OF MAIZE ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS OF MAIZE SHOWN IN INDIAN 20 TEMPLE SHOWN IN INDIAN 20 TEMPLE
SCULPTURESSCULPTURES
Traits List 1. Size and shape relationship 2. Sides of Ears
a. parallel b. bulging at midway
3. Tips of Ears a. generally pointed b. sometimes fasciated c. occasionally rounded
4. Ears are sometimes warped. 5. Straight Ears are the norm 6. Usually shown with husks removed 7. Partly covered ears (3%) 8. Few fully enclosed 9. Husked Ears with double etched curl. 10. Curls etched in the curls of the silk 11. similar shape to the dehusked ears 12. rows of kernels generally parallel 14. Parallel rows over 2/3 s
a. tessellate arrangement at the base b. tessellate at the small end
c. tessellate only on front and bottom. 15. Parallel on basal ¾ and spiral at top 16. spiral upward from base of ear. 18. cupule pairs are:
a. exactly opposite the adjacent pairs b. Offset by ½ kernel c. individual cupules can be tilted d. change with location on the cob
19. Knobs of kernels at the end of the ear can be a deformity caused by larval destruction of lack of pollination
20. Sculpted kernel on the average are rounded rectilinear. 21. Kernels are often
a. smaller at the tip of the ears b. more rounded at the tip
23. rows of mature kernels parallel to rows of unpollinated kernels.
26. ‘Dog-toothed’ kernels are represented in a few sculptures 27. Imbricated (overlapping) kernels are represented in a few
sculptures 28. Enlarged kernels are represented on a few sculptures.
Sculpture List 1. Halebid 2. Somnathpur 3. Somnathpur 4. Somnathpur 5. Somnathpur 6. Somnathpur 7. Belur 8. Hoysala Temple, Somnathpur
9. Halebid 10. Somnathpur 11. Somnathpur 12. Belur 13. Somnathpur
a. Wisconsin Herbarium example
14. Halebid
15. Halebid 16. Somnathpur
a. Example of American Maize Ear
17. Halebid 18. Somnathpur 19. Halebid 20. Javagal Temple
Refer to Johannessen, Carl L. Maize Diffused to India before Columbus Came to America. In Across Before Columbus. Gilmore, Donald Y. and Linda S. McElroy, eds. Edgecomb, Maine: NEARA Publications, 1988. pp. 190-124.
Corn MaidensCorn Maidens
Sunflowers Oriented Toward SunSunflowers Oriented Toward Sun
Nandi Seen From Inside Halebid Nandi Seen From Inside Halebid TempleTemple
Sunflower Sculpture Below Nandi’s Horn Sunflower Sculpture Below Nandi’s Horn with sunflower as if at Dawn,with sunflower as if at Dawn,Halebid TempleHalebid Temple
Sunflower above Ear of Nandi Sunflower above Ear of Nandi (detail)(detail)
Sunflower Sunflower under under
Nandi’s Tail Nandi’s Tail used as a used as a calendar,calendar,
Halebid Halebid TempleTemple
Nandi at Amruthteshvara with Nandi at Amruthteshvara with Sunflower Below HornSunflower Below Horn
Sunflower at Foot of Corn Sunflower at Foot of Corn MaidenMaiden
Sunflower under Skirt of Corn Sunflower under Skirt of Corn Maiden (detail)Maiden (detail)
Long-tailed Long-tailed Indian Parrot Indian Parrot on Sunflower,on Sunflower,Pattadakal, Pattadakal, IndiaIndia
Lotus FlowerLotus Flower
Lotus Flowers in Rajasthan Lotus Flowers in Rajasthan Temple, Representation of the Temple, Representation of the Heart ChakraHeart Chakra
Lotus Flower Seed Pods, at Lotus Flower Seed Pods, at CenterCenter
Modern Primitive Peanut, Modern Primitive Peanut, Southern ChinaSouthern China
Annona in Hindu and Buddhist Annona in Hindu and Buddhist Art, (note Cashew on Stupa Art, (note Cashew on Stupa Art as well)Art as well)
Annona Sculpture, Ahole, IndiaAnnona Sculpture, Ahole, India
Other EvidenceOther Evidence
Mexican Prickle PoppyMexican Prickle Poppy(Medicine)(Medicine)
Datura (Medicinal)Datura (Medicinal)
Two Transferred GourdsTwo Transferred Gourds
Lagenaria GourdMalabar Gourd
Grain Grain AmaranthAmaranth
Marigold and Bixa TreeMarigold and Bixa Tree
Entire Corn and Entire Corn and Chili PlantsChili Plants
Note Ears on Note Ears on middle stem (top middle stem (top
plate)plate)andand
Chili Peppers Chili Peppers (bottom plate),(bottom plate),
Java, IndonesiaJava, Indonesia
Corn Cob Used in Mortuary Bird, Corn Cob Used in Mortuary Bird,
Head and Tail Broken OffHead and Tail Broken OffMaize Cob used as armature for ceramic bird.
Used for deceased royalty and broken off at the burial.
Dated to before 1000 C.E.
Unintentional TransfersUnintentional Transfers
Domestic Cat Lesser Grain Borer
Unintentional TransfersUnintentional TransfersRat and its FleasRat and its Fleas
ConclusionConclusion
Educational OpportunitiesEducational OpportunitiesThis is only the beginning of the
research.Cultural Traits and other plants are all
areas of research for your students and yourselves.
Our book offers many suggestions for further research.
It is my hope that you have gained a new perspective and will assist with insights for further explorations
The EndThe End