1. J Med Tech Assoc Thailand, Vol. 43 No. 1, April 2015 Review
Article The Differences of Nine Blood Groups System in the Three
Major Ethnicities of Human Kallaya Kerdkaewngam* and Jintana Tubrod
Antiserum and Standard Cells Production Section, National Blood
Centre, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand. Abstract The
Homo sapiens is classified into three main ethnicities: Caucasoids,
Negroids and
Mongoloids.Eachethnicgroupisdifferentingenetictraitsandbloodtypes.Studyofbloodtypes
inhumansfromvariousethnicgroupsgivesbenefitinmanyfieldsofscience.TheNationalBlood
Centre, Thai Red Cross Society, with its important role in blood
banks and transfusion services has seriously studied the
differences in blood types in response to availability of various
ethnic blood donors. Each ethnic group has specific differences in
rare blood types. Some rare blood types exist predominantly in
Mongoloids such as variant MNS or Miltenberger subclasses and Dia
positive which were found in Thais at about 9.1 and 2.99%,
respectively. Rare blood types Fy(a-b-) were found in Negroids at
about 67%. Caucasoids also have 15% of Rh negative blood type. The
study of rare blood types is absolutely essential for management of
rare blood types for transfusion services and reducing the risk of
rare blood types shortage. Antiserum and Standard Cells Production
Section, National Blood Centre, produces standard cells including
screening cells, pool O cells and identification panel cells that
require rare blood types as raw materials in production. These
products are distributed to blood banks in various hospitals
throughout Thailand for red blood cell antibodies screening and
identification in blood donors and patients who need blood
transfusion. Key words: Ethnicities, Caucasoids, Negroids,
Mongoloids, Rare blood types *Corresponding author E-mail address:
[email protected]
3. 5129 (blood transfusion) (organ transplant) (human genetics)
(human migration) (anthropology) (human evolution) (forensics
science) (hemolytic disease of fetus and newborn: HDFN)(1),(2)
(Cauca- soids) (Negroids) (Mongoloids) (1), (3-5) (mutation)
(species) (4-7) (rare bloodtype) variant MNS 9.1 Dia positive 2.99
Fy(a-b-) 67 Rh negative 15 Rh negative, Fy(a-b+) rarebloodtypes
screening cells, pool O cells identification panel cells rare blood
types rare blood types ABO 1900 Landsteiner agglutination
agglutination A B agglutination C O ABO ABO
4. 5130 ABO O 44 49 43 A 43 27 27 B 9 20 25 AB 4 4 5(2), (6),
(8), (9) ABO 3 A, B A1 oligosaccharide ABO 3 9 9q34.1-q34.2 A B
glycosyl transferase A transferase B transferase
N-acetyl-D-galactosamine A D-galactose B H H precursor ABO(9), (10)
A B O glycosyl transferase deletion single nucleotide reading frame
shift stop codon groupO nullphenotype ABO(8) group O H A B ABO A2,
A3, B3 subgroup A B A transferase B transferase A B serology(8-10)
Rh Rh ABO D Rh negative anti-D Rhnegative 15 Rh negative deletion
RHD genome D RHCE Cc Ee RHD (crossing over) meiosis I RHCE RHD
variant alleles Rh phenotype (9), (11), (12) Rhnull, Rh DEL,
Partial D weak D Rhnull Rh RHAG (Rh-associatedglycoprotein) 6
6p11-p21.1 RHAG glycoprotein N-glycan
5. 5131 D, C E RHAG RhAG RhD RhCE Rhnull phenotype Rh
(stomato-spherocytosis) (12) Rhnull Rhnull Rh DEL DEL phenotype D D
D anti- globulin test Absorption-elution Okubo 1984(13) Rh DEL Rh
negative Anti-D RhDEL Rh DEL Rh negative Rh DEL Rh negative
Rhnegative phenotype Rh rr(D-C-E-c+e+) Rh DEL phenotype
rr(D-C+E-c+e+), rr (D-C-E+c+e+) rr(D-C+E+c+e+) phenotype Rh rr
(D-C-E-c+e+) phenotype Rh Anti-D(12) partial D weak D phenotype RHD
D D epitope epitope partialD RHD hybrid RHCE D anti-D epitope D D
agglutina- tion monoclonal anti-D weak D D 70 5,200 D Rhpositive D
15,000 (R1r) 33,000 (R2R2) (12) Rh 12 MNS MNS M, N, S s M N
glycophorins A S s glycophorins B variant alleles Rh GYPA GYPB 4
4q28.2-q13.1 GYPA 6 exons 60Kbp GYPB 5exons 1 exon pseudoexon
6. 5132 58 kbp(8), (9) GYPA glycophorinsA GYPB glycophorinsB
meiosis I (generearrangement) (hybrid) glycophorins A glycophorins
B variant alleles Miltenberger series Mia variant MNS Verweyst
(Vw), Miltenberger (Mia), Murrell (Mur), Hill (Hil), Hut, Hop, Nob,
DANE, MUT, TSEN MINY(14), (15) GYPA GYPB single crossing over,
double crossing over gene conversion single crossing over GYPA GYPB
meiosis I GYP (B-A) hybrid GYPA GYPB double crossing over GYPA GYPB
GYP(A-B-A) GYP (B-A-B) gene conversion hybrid alleles glycophorins
phenotype MNS phenotype En (a-) glycophorins A phenotype S-s-U-
deletion GYPB phenotype MkMk glycophorins A glycophorins B GYPA
GYPB deletion phenotype (8) variantMNS 11classes class MiIII(16)
(14) hybrid glycosphorins A glycosphorins B 10 (17), (18) P GLOB
Collection P 5 P, P1, Pk, LKE (Luke) p P1 Landsteiner Levine 1927
Pk Sanger 1955 Matson P 1965 Tippett LKE (Luke) 1990 International
Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) P P1 P, Pk LKE (Luke) unnamed
collection 1991 collection globoside(GLOBO) 1996 GLOB P
GLOBCollection P, P1 Pk
7. 5133 precursor glucosylation ceramide beta-galactose
lactosylce- ramide (Laccer) precursor globoside paragloboside P Pk
globoside P1 paraglobo- side(19) P1, P2, p, P1 k P2 k phenotype
nullphenotype P GLOB Collection p phenotype Pk,P P1 rare phenotype
P2 k phenotype P P1 P1 k phenotype P pphenotype 5.8 Vsterbotten p
phenotype 141 p phenotype Amish p phenotype anti-Tja anti-P1PPk
HDFN anti-P1PPk IgM potent hemolysis P1, P Pk (hemolytic
transfusion reaction: HTR) p phenotype hemolysis pphenotype
pphenotype Ume p phenotype Anti- P1PPk (19), (20) B3GALNT1 P 3 5
exons 3--N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase globoside4 P type II
transmembrane glycoprotein ( 3GalNAc-T1, EC 2.4.1.79) 331 N-gly-
cosylation sites A4GALT Pk 22 2 3 exons type II transmembrane
glycoprotein 353 A4GALT 4 548T>A (M183K), 560G>A (G187D),
752C>T(P251L) 783G>A (W261X) p phenotype P1 LKE P1 A4GALT Pk
22q11.3 22q13.2 LKE (20) Lewis Lewis glycolipids
8. 5134 (15) Lewis IgM phenotype Le(a-b-) phenotype Le(a+b-)
phenotype Le(a-b+) anti-Lewis HTR HDFN renal transplant rejection
anti-Lea 1946 Mourant agglutina- tion 37 HDFN natural occurring
antibody agglutination 25 Andresen anti-Leb agglutination O A2
Le(a-b+) Brendemoen anti-Leb agglutination A B O anti-Leb anti-LebH
anti-LebL Lewis IgM Lewis phenotype FUT2 secretor (SE) gene FUT3
Lewis (LE) gene 6 Lea Leb Leab LebH A Leb B Leb Lewis ABH ABO Lewis
secretor (SE) phenotypeLe(a+b-) non-secretor FUT2 phenotypeLe(a-b+)
secretor phenotypeLe(a-b-) secretor non-secretor phenotype Le(a+b+)
secretor (20), (22) phenotype Le(a-b-) 30(21) Lewis anti-Lea+b
phenotype Le(a-b-)(22) Kidd Kidd 1951 anti-Jka Mrs. Kidd anti-K
HDFN anti-Jkb HTR anti-Fya Kidd Kidd immunogen Kidd delayed HTR
Kidd Jka Jkb phenotype 3 Jk(a+b-) Jk(a-b+) Jk(a+b+) phenotype
Jk(a-b-) single amino acid (Ser291Pro) Jkb Kidd
10. 5136 9 Kell Kelleher K (synonyms: Kell, K1) k
(synonyms:Cellano,K2) highincidence antigen 1957 Kpa, Kpb K0
(Kellnull) phenotype 24 high-incidence antigen k, Kpb, Jsb, K11 K14
low-incidenceantigen K,Kpa,Kpc,Jsa,K17 K24 Kell Kell glycoprotein
3,500 17,000 null phenotype Kell K0 Kell Kmod phenotype Kell
Kellglycoprotein XK Kell X McLeod syndrome Kell K1 9 HDFN Kell
(high immunogenic) K1 negative K1 negative(23) anti-K1 Kell K1 KK
0.07 Kk 1.78(18) Kell K1 Kell KEL gene 7 q33 19 exons 21.5 kb Kell
(K0) KEL nucleotide deletion, defective splicing, premature stop
codons amino acid substitutions XK XK gene X Xp21 3 exons major
deletions, minor deletions, point mutations, splice site
frameshiftmutations XK McLeod syndrome XK X-linkedgene carrier23
Diego Diego 1955 Mrs. Diego HDFN Dia low-incidence antigen 1967 Dib
high-incidenceantigen 1995 Wra/Wrb Wra low-incidence antigen 1953
Dia
11. 5137 Wra Diego 1955 Diego 19 Dia marker Dia phenotype
Di(a+b-) anti-Dib Dia 0.47 13 15 17 Dia Diego anti-Dia anti-Dib
anti-Wra anti- Wrb HTR HDFN anti-Dia rare antibody anti-Wra
naturallyoccurringantibody autoimmunehemolyticanemia anti-Dib
anti-Wrb Dib negative Wrbnegative Dib positive Wrb positive Dib
negative 700 (25) Dib negative O1 rare cells rare blood types Table
1 rarebloodtypes rare blood types rarebloodtypes American Rare
Donor Program (ARDP) (Japanese Red Cross) rare blood types (26)
rare blood types monoclonal antibodies phenotyping rare
antibodies
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Table 1 Differences among rare blood types in the three major
ethnicities of human Phenotypes Caucasoids Negroids Mongoloids
(Thais) Rh D (-) 15% 8% 0.3% p 141 per million (Sweden) Not found
Very rare Mia(+) Variant MNS or Miltenberger Subclasses Very rare
Not found 9.1% Jk(a-b-) Not found Not found 0.06% Fy(a-b-) Very
rare 67% Not found K(+) 9% 2% 1.85% k(-) 0.2% Very rare Not Found
Dia(+) 0.46% (Poland) Not found 2.99% Dib(-) Very rare Not found
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