Did you ever wonder what’s in... ?

Breastmilk Formula

Developed as a student project for the Breastfeeding Course for Health Care Providers, Douglas College, New Westminster, BC, Canada - © 2007 by Cecily Heslett, Sherri Hedberg and Haley Rumble.

WaterCarbohydrates Lactose CornmaltodextrinProtein Partiallyhydrolyzedreducedmineralswheyproteinconcentrate(fromcow’smilk)Fats Palmolein Soybeanoil Coconutoil Higholeicsaffloweroil(orsunfloweroil) M.alpinaoil(FungalDHA) C.cohniioil(AlgalARA)Minerals Potassiumcitrate Potassiumphosphate Calciumchloride Tricalciumphosphate Sodiumcitrate Magnesiumchloride Ferroussulphate Zincsulphate Sodiumchloride Coppersulphate Potassiumiodide Manganesesulphate SodiumselenateVitamins Sodiumascorbate Inositol Cholinebitartrate Alpha-Tocopherylacetate Niacinamide Calciumpantothenate Riboflavin VitaminAacetate Pyridoxinehydrochloride Thiaminemononitrate Folicacid Phylloquinone Biotin VitaminD3 VitaminB12Enzyme TrypsinAminoacid Taurine L-Carnitine(acombinationoftwodifferentaminoacids)Nucleotides Cytidine5-monophosphate Disodiumuridine5-monophosphate Adenosine5-monophosphate Disodiumguanosine5-monophosphateSoyLecithin

WaterCarbohydrates(energysource) Lactose Oligosaccharides(seebelow)Carboxylicacid Alphahydroxyacid LacticacidProteins(buildingmusclesandbones) Wheyprotein Alpha-lactalbumin HAMLET(HumanAlpha-lactalbuminMadeLethaltoTumourcells) Lactoferrin Manyantimicrobialfactors(seebelow) Casein SerumalbuminNon-proteinnitrogens Creatine Creatinine Urea Uricacid Peptides(seebelow) AminoAcids(thebuildingblocksofproteins) Alanine Arginine Aspartate Clycine Cystine Glutamate Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lycine Methionine Phenylalanine Proline Serine Taurine Theronine Tryptophan Tyrosine Valine Carnitine(aminoacidcompoundnecessarytomakeuseoffattyacidsasanenergysource) Nucleotides(chemicalcompoundsthatarethestructuralunitsofRNAandDNA) 5’-Adenosinemonophosphate(5”-AMP) 3’:5’-Cyclicadenosinemonophosphate(3’:5’-cyclicAMP) 5’-Cytidinemonophosphate(5’-CMP) Cytidinediphosphatecholine(CDPcholine) Guanosinediphosphate(UDP) Guanosinediphosphate-mannose 3’-Uridinemonophosphate(3’-UMP) 5’-Uridinemonophosphate(5’-UMP) Uridinediphosphate(UDP) Uridinediphosphatehexose(UDPH) Uridinediphosphate-N-acetyl-hexosamine(UDPAH) Uridinediphosphoglucuronicacid(UDPGA) SeveralmorenovelnucleotidesoftheUDPtypeFats Triglycerides Long-chainpolyunsaturatedfattyacids Docosahexaenoicacid(DHA)(importantforbraindevelopment) Arachidonicacid(AHA)(importantforbraindevelopment) Linoleicacid Alpha-linolenicacid(ALA) Eicosapentaenoicacid(EPA) Conjugatedlinoleicacid(Rumenicacid) FreeFattyAcids Monounsaturatedfattyacids Oleicacid Palmitoleicacid Heptadecenoicacid Saturatedfattyacids Stearic Palmiticacid Lauricacid Myristicacid Phospholipids Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphatidylinositol Lysophosphatidylcholine Lysophosphatidylethanolamine Plasmalogens Sphingolipids Sphingomyelin Gangliosides GM1 GM2 GM3 Glucosylceramide Glycosphingolipids Galactosylceramide Lactosylceramide Globotriaosylceramide(GB3) Globoside(GB4) Sterols Squalene Lanosterol Dimethylsterol Methosterol Lathosterol Desmosterol Triacylglycerol Cholesterol 7-dehydrocholesterol Stigma-andcampesterol 7-ketocholesterol Sitosterol β-lathosterol VitaminDmetabolites SteroidhormonesVitamins VitaminA Betacarotene VitaminB6 VitaminB8(Inositol) VitaminB12 VitaminC VitaminD VitaminE a-Tocopherol VitaminK Thiamine Riboflavin Niacin Folicacid Pantothenicacid BiotinMinerals Calcium Sodium Potassium Iron Zinc Chloride Phosphorus Magnesium Copper Manganese Iodine Selenium Choline Sulpher Chromium Cobalt Fluorine NickelMetal Molybdenum(essentialelementinmanyenzymes)GrowthFactors(aidinthematurationoftheintestinallining) Cytokines interleukin-1β(IL-1β) IL-2 IL-4 IL-6 IL-8 IL-10 Granulocyte-colonystimulatingfactor(G-CSF) Macrophage-colonystimulatingfactor(M-CSF) Plateletderivedgrowthfactors(PDGF) Vascularendothelialgrowthfactor(VEGF) Hepatocytegrowthfactor-α(HGF-α) HGF-β Tumornecrosisfactor-α Interferon-γ Epithelialgrowthfactor(EGF) Transforminggrowthfactor-α(TGF-α) TGFβ1 TGF-β2 Insulin-likegrowthfactor-I(IGF-I)(alsoknownassomatomedinC) Insulin-likegrowthfactor-II Nervegrowthfactor(NGF) Erythropoietin Peptides(combinationsofaminoacids) HMGFI(Humangrowthfactor) HMGFII HMGFIII Cholecystokinin(CCK) β-endorphins Parathyroidhormone(PTH) Parathyroidhormone-relatedpeptide(PTHrP) β-defensin-1 Calcitonin Gastrin Motilin Bombesin(gastricreleasingpeptide,alsoknownasneuromedinB) Neurotensin Somatostatin

Hormones(chemicalmessengersthatcarrysignalsfromonecell,orgroupofcells,toanotherviatheblood)

Cortisol Triiodothyronine(T3) Thyroxine(T4) Thyroidstimulatinghormone(TSH)(alsoknownasthyrotropin) Thyroidreleasinghormone(TRH) Prolactin Oxytocin Insulin Corticosterone Thrombopoietin Gonadotropin-releasinghormone(GnRH) GRH Leptin(aidsinregulationoffoodintake) Ghrelin(aidsinregulationoffoodintake) Adiponectin Feedbackinhibitoroflactation(FIL) Eicosanoids Prostaglandins(enzymaticallyderivedfromfattyacids) PG-E1 PG-E2 PG-F2 Leukotrienes Thromboxanes ProstacyclinsEnzymes(catalyststhatsupportchemicalreactionsinthebody) Amylase Arysulfatase Catalase Histaminase Lipase Lysozyme PAF-acetylhydrolase Phosphatase XanthineoxidaseAntiproteases(thoughttobindthemselvestomacromoleculessuchasenzymesandasaresult

preventallergicandanaphylacticreactions) a-1-antitrypsin a-1-antichymotrypsinAntimicrobialfactors(areusedbytheimmunesystemtoidentifyandneutralizeforeignobjects,

suchasbacteriaandviruses. Leukocytes(whitebloodcells) Phagocytes Basophils Neutrophils Eoisinophils Macrophages Lymphocytes Blymphocytes(alsoknownasBcells) Tlymphocytes(alsoknownasCcells) sIgA(SecretoryimmunoglobulinA)(themostimportantantiinfectivefactor) IgA2 IgG IgD IgM IgE ComplementC1 ComplementC2 ComplementC3 ComplementC4 ComplementC5 ComplementC6 ComplementC7 ComplementC8 ComplementC9 Glycoproteins Mucins(attachestobacteriaandvirusestoprevent

themfromclingingtomucousaltissues) Lactadherin Alpha-lactoglobulin Alpha-2macroglobulin Lewisantigens Ribonuclease Haemagglutinininhibitors BifidusFactor(increasesgrowthofLactobacillusbifidus-whichisa

goodbacteria) Lactoferrin(bindstoironwhichpreventsharmfulbacteriafromusingthe

irontogrow) Lactoperoxidase B12bindingprotein(deprivesmicroorganismsofvitaminB12) Fibronectin(makesphagocytesmoreaggressive,minimizesinflammation,andrepairs

damagecausedbyinflammation) Oligosaccharides(morethan200differentkinds!)