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Revista de Neurologie şi Psihiatrie a Copilului şi Adolescentului din Romacircnia ndash 2012 ndash vol 12 ndash nr 4 7
DE LA BATESON LA TERAPIA SCURTĂ SISTEMIC983085STRATEGICĂ 991251O ALTERNATIVĂ LA SISTEMELE TRADIŢIONALE
FROM BATESON TO SHORT SYSTEMIC983085STRATEGIC THERAPY 991251 AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE TRADITIONAL SYSTEMS
Dany Gerbinet 1 Speran983579a Popescu2 Camelia Stanciu3
REZUMAT
Prelegere susţinută la Universitatea Dimitrie Cantemir din acircrgu Mureș Facultatea de Psihologie și Știinţe ale Educaţiei icircncadrul unui curs de studii masterale icircn domeniul psihologiei clinice la disciplina laquoIntroducere icircn terapia sistemic-strategică dupămodelul de la Palo Altoraquo erapia sistemic-strategică a fost implementată icircn Europa francofonă icircn urma cu 20 de ani și are la bazăfundamentele epistemologice elaborate de Gregory Bateson biolog și antropolog adept al teoriei constructivismului pe care s-aubazat pionierii școlii de la Palo Alto California icircn cadrul intervenţiilor lor terapeutice Icircntemeietorii epistemologiei sistemice șiicircn același timp primii practicieni ai metodei de intervenţie au fost Gregory Bateson Paul Watzlawicz John Weakland Richard
Fish Don Jackson Milton Erickson Heinz von Foerster Jay Haley Virginia Satir
ABSTRACT
Lecture held at Dimitrie Cantemir University of argu Mures Faculty of Psychology and Educational sciences as part of amasterrsquos level course in the field of clinical psychology on the subject laquo Introduction to systemic ndash strategic therapy based onthe Palo Alto model raquo Systemic ndash strategic therapy was implemented in French ndash speaking Europe 20 years ago and has asits basis the epistemological foundations built by Gregory Bateson biologist and anthropologist follower of the constructivisttheory on which the pioneers of the Palo Alto school in California relied on during their therapeutic interventions Te foundersof systemic epistemology and at the same time the first practitioners of the intervention method were Gregory Bateson Paul
Watzlawicz John Weakland Richard Fish Don Jackson Milton Erickson Heinz von Foerster Jay Haley Virginia Satir
1 Psihoterapeut și formator la Institutul Gregory Bateson din Liegravege Belgia wwwigb-mricom
2 Psiholog principal clinician și psihoterapeut specialist Lector Doctor la Uni- versitatea Dimitrie Cantemir din acircrgu Mureș Facultatea de Psihologie și Ști-inţe ale Educaţiei
3 Conferenţiar Doctor la Universitatea Dimitrie Cantemir din acircrgu MureșFacultatea de Psihologie și știinţe ale educaţiei Cadru didactic responsabil alDepartamentului de studii masterale Psihologia clinică și tehnici de intervenţiestanciu camelia74yahoocom
1 Psychotherapist and trainer at the Gregory Bateson Institute in Liegravege Belgium wwwigb-mricom
2 Main clinical psychologist and specialised psychotherapist senior lecturer atDimitrie Cantemir University Faculty of Psychology and Educational SciencesPhD -sperantapsygmailcom
3 Lector at Dimitrie Cantemir University Faculty of Psychology and Educatio-nal Sciences Coordinator for the masterrsquos programme Clinical psychology andintervention techniques through counselling and psychotherapystanciu camelia74yahoocom
REFERAT GENERAL GENERAL STUDIES
8202019 De La Baterson La Terapia Scurta Sistemica
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullde-la-baterson-la-terapia-scurta-sistemica 26
DANY GERBINET bull De la Bateson la terapia scurtă sistemic-strategică ndash O alternativă la sistemele tradiţionale REFERAT GENERAL
8 Revista de Neurologie şi Psihiatrie a Copilului şi Adolescentului din Romacircnia ndash 2012 ndash vol 12 ndash nr 4
INTRODUCERE
Icircn mod curent clinicienii nu sunt epistemologi șiau puţine cunoștinţe care privesc aceasta știinţă carestudiază originile cunoașterii și totuși prelegerea de
faţă va presupune o călătorie imaginară care icircncepe cuo personalitate Gregory Bateson care ne va purta dela epistemologie la cibernetică de la cibernetică la oteorie a schizofreniei de la psihoterapie la o anumitătehnică de psihoterapie care reprezintă o alternativă lademersurile tradiţionale din acest domeniu
Vom adopta icircn această călătorie inițiatică pozițiaantropologului care observă fără să judece comparăstudiază și meditează adunacircnd date autentice
Prima etapă a călătoriei noastre va fi dedicată
unui om de știinţă Gregory Bateson care icircntreagasa viață a fost preocupat de această formulălaquostructură care leagăraquo Desigur aceasta formulă devinecomprehensibilă dacă vom prezenta contextul familialși cultural care i-a influențat concepţiile
CONTEXTUL FAMILIAL ȘI CULTURAL
Gregory Bateson a fost fiul unui reputat profesorde zoologie de la Colegiul St John al Universității dinCambridge care a cercetat și a predat la sfacircrșit de secol
XIX icircntr-o perioada cacircnd Darwin a publicat lucrareasa laquoOriginea speciilorraquo lucrare ce a creat dezbaterimai mult decacirct zgomotoase privind opoziţia dintreconcepţia creationistă (divină) și cea evoluționistăprivind dezvoltarea vieții pe pămacircnt Copil fiindGregory Bateson asista icircn casa părintească la icircntruniricu personalităţi știinţifice și culturale ale epocii caredezbăteau aceste concepţii cu pasiune
Mai tacircrziu icircn lucrarea sa laquoNatura și gacircndirearaquoGregory Bateson insista asupra legăturilor relațiilor
dintre indivizi lucruri asupra structurării formaleierarhizate asupra a ceea ce el numește laquostructura careleagă ce legătură este icircntre homar și crab icircntre orhideeși ghiocel icircntre cei patru și eu și dumneavoastră icircntrenoi șase și bolnavul schizofrenraquo
Gregory Bateson va studia biologia la acelașiColegiu St John din Cambridge Icircși va petrececopilaria și tinerețea icircn preajma tatălui său studiindanimale și plante și avacircnd acces la o vastă cultură nunumai știinţifică ci și artistică și literară Icircntreaga sa
viață va rămacircne fidel respectului pentru știinţă actulștiinţific fiind supus rigorii și discernămacircntului
La vacircrsta de douzeci de ani Gregory Bateson vaface o călătorie icircn Galapagos și va fi fascinat nu atacirctde speciile de animale pe care le va cunoaște cacirct maiales de oamenii din acele locuri de obiceiurile lor de
viață făcacircnd atunci o alegere determinantă icircn cariera
sa va fi antropolog
EVENIMENTUL CIBERNETIC
Următoarea etapa a călătoriei noastre se vadesfășura icircn contextul știinţific al perioadei icircn careGregory Bateson a cercetat și a activat
Claude Bernard a fost primul care a constatatexistența unei analogii icircntre funcţionarea mașinii cuaburi și cea a organismelor vii care dispun de anumiţi
parametrii organici care se mențin icircn jurul unor valori constante pentru a asigura o bună funcţionarea organismului de exemplu nivelul colesterolului saunivelul de zahăr icircn sacircnge sau temperatura corpuluiAcest echilibru relativ constant poartă numelede homeostazie Homeostazia este posibilă grațieproceselor de autoreglare care determină menţinereaacelor parametrii le niveluri constante
Norbert Wiener icircn 1930 considerat părinteleciberneticii moderne descoperă noțiunea de feed-back ca un proces de retroacțiune ce are roulul de amenține stabilitatea sistemului icircn condițiile icircn careacesta se icircndepărtează de la parametrii normali defuncționare adică icircn condiţiile icircn care apare un decalajimportant icircntre normele interne și unele fenomeneexterne care amenință echilibrul sistemului Noțiuneade normă pune problema reglării sistemului icircn jurulunei valori stabile cu ajutorul feed-back-ului negativcare reprezintă baza autoreglării icircn cazul teorieifuncționării sistemelor
Icircndepărtarea de norma care reprezintă un risc
major pentru menţinerea integrităţii sistemului seexplică prin feed-back-ul pozitivNoțiunile cibernetice cacircștigă teren icircn domeniul
psihologiei și al explicării comportamentelor umane șistacircrnesc interesul lui Gregory Bateson ca antropolog
Icircn ceea ce privește noțiunea de normă icircn domeniulcomportamentului uman putem vorbi de normepersonale norme familiale și norme sociale
Autoreglarea apare icircn ceea ce privește normelebiologice dar și raportată la cele psihologice
Noi trebuie sa gestionăm perturbările care apar icircnmediul nostru de viață atunci fie comportamentul
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REFERAT GENERAL DANY GERBINET bull De la Bateson la terapia scurtă sistemic-strategică ndash O alternativă la sistemele tradiţionale
Revista de Neurologie şi Psihiatrie a Copilului şi Adolescentului din Romacircnia ndash 2012 ndash vol 12 ndash nr 4 9
nostru permite revenirea la normă fie distanțafață de normă se amplifică și atunci vom crea oproblemă
Aceste concepții suscită interese din parteapsihologiei a psihoterapiei și pe tăracircmul comunicării
crează premisele terapiei sistemiceDescartes icircn faimosul sau laquoDiscurs asuprametodeiraquo postulează ideea că nu vom putea cunoaștecomplexitatea universului nostru dacă nu-i cunoaștemelementele constitutive
Cibernetica și teoria generală a sistemelor susținecă studiind fiecare element constitutiv al sistemuluinu vom putea cunoaște modul icircn care funcționeazăsistemul icircn integralitatea sa
Icircntregul sistem tinde către respectarea unei norme
de echilibru ori pentru a icircnţelege comportamentulunuia dintre elementele sistemului va trebui să-lraportăm la ansamblu căci funcţionarea acestuia estecontrolată de anasmblu
DIFERENŢELE DINTRE NIVELURILELOGICE
Icircn acest context Gregory Bateson acordă oimportanță deosebită studiilor lui Bertrand Russell șiAlfred Withehead reunite icircn opera acestora ldquoPrincipiamatematicardquo publicată icircntre 1910 și 1913 icircn careexplicau tipurile logice Ei susțineau teza conformcăreia atunci cacircnd avem de-a face cu elementeindividuale care fac parte dintr-un anasamblu atunci
va trebui să separăm discursul care privește elementeleindividuale de cel care privește ansamblul de elementeDacă nu vom ține seama de această condiţie rezultatulraționamentelor va fi paradoxal
Gregory Bateson aplică această teză la nivelullimbajului logic care este ierarhizat De exemplu nu
putem considera individul X ca fiind comparabil cuomul icircn general Sau enunțul lui Efimenide care eracretan și care afirma laquotoți cretanii sunt mincinoșiraquosau invitaţia la spontaneitate laquoFiți spontaniraquo
DUBLA CONSTRAcircNGERE
Acest moment al analizei tipurilor logice facetrecerea spre dezvoltarea teoriei comunicării și permitedescoperirea și explicarea laquodublei constracircngeriraquo Icircn
cadrul comunicării avem icircntotdeauna două elementeun emițător și un receptor indispensabile pentruconstituirea dublei constracircngeri Putem lua exemplul
mamei care prin cuvinte spune copilului ei laquovinoaiciraquo dar prin gesturi respinge copilul
Icircn această situație avem1 Un mesaj de prim nivel laquovino aiciraquo o
injoncțiune negativă primară
2 Un mesaj de al doilea nivel o injoncțiunenegativă secundară care o contrazice pe prima3 O relație investită afectiv4 Un eșec la nivelul situației de comunicare5 O dificultate sau o imposibilitate de a ieși din
relațieGregory Bateson icircn lucrarea sa laquoDespre o ecolo-
gie a spirituluiraquo explică efectul dublei constracircngerilaquoPresupunem că icircn fața unei situații de dublă con-stracircngere orice individ observă cum capacitatea sa de
a distinge tipurile logice se scufundăraquo Caracteristicileunei astfel de situații sunt următoarele1 Subiectul este implicat icircntr-o situație icircn care
pentru el este vital să icircnţeleagă tipul de mesajcare icirci este comunicat pentru a putea răspundeicircntr-o manieră potrivită
2 Subiectul este prins icircntr-o situație icircn carecelălalt emite două tipuri de mesaje care secontrazic icircntre ele
3 Subiectul este incapabil să comentezemesajele care icirci sunt transmise icircnainte de a-lindentifica pe cel căruia trebuie să-i răspundăcu adevărat El nu poate sa enunțe o propozițiemetacomunicativă
DESPRE O NOUĂ ABORDARE A SCHIZOFRENIEI
Gregory Bateson DD Jackson John Weakland Jay Haley au icircnceput primele cercetării clinice pepacienţi schizofrenici și au demonstrat că un pacient
prins timp icircndelungat icircntr-un astfel de model decomunicare (ldquodouble bindrdquo) poate dezvolta simptomepsihotice
Studiile explică cum dubla constracircngere poateapare icircntr-o situație familială și pun icircn practicăconcepţia sistemică privind etiologia și psihoterapiabolilor mintale
Studiile ulterioare bazate pe teoria comunicăriilansată de Gregory Bateson au luat formaldquoProgramului Batesonrdquo icircn cadrul căruia clinicieni
precum Haley Weakland Milton Erickson utilizacircndși tehnici de intervenţie paradoxală au fondat Institutulde Cercetări Mintale de la Palo Alto icircn 1959 Icircn cadrul
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DANY GERBINET bull From Bateson to short systemic-strategic therapy ndash An alternative to the traditional systems GENERAL STUDIES
10 Revista de Neurologie şi Psihiatrie a Copilului şi Adolescentului din Romacircnia ndash 2012 ndash vol 12 ndash nr 4
programului de cercetării au dezvoltat pe baza teorieisistemic-strategice tehnici de psihoterapie specificedenumite și terapii scurte
SPIRITUL DE LA PALO ALTO
Teoria comunicării lansată de Gregory Batesonleagă individul de grupul social icircntr-o nouă viziuneinteracțională care schimbă complet concepția icircnceea ce privește patologia psihică și intervenţiapshoterapeutică
Icircncepacircnd din acest moment istoric putem vorbi dedouă orientări importante terapeutice
Teoria și practica psihodinamică care acordăprioritate inconștientului individual istoria personală
avacircnd o cauzalitate lineară
Teoria și practica sistemică care acordă importanțaperspectivei relaționale informația fiind circulară șisincronică
Demersul icircn cadrul terapiilor scurte sistemic-strategice este non-normativ și non-patologizant
comparativ cu normele care privesc clasificareabolilor mintale Icircn cadrul acestui demers terapeuticclinicianul nu caută să icircnţeleagă cauzele suferinţei cimodul icircn care aceasta funcţionează icircn prezent
Thereza Garcia și JJ Wittezaele icircn lucrarealor intitulată laquoIcircn căutarea școlii de la Palo Altoraquoexprimau cu precizie specificitatea acestui demersterapeutic laquoUnul dintre aspectele cele mai novatoareși mai seducătoare ale terapiei scurte este cel legat derespectul față de celălalt icircn ceea ce prezintă diferit
lăsacircnd pacientul să decidă asupra obiectivului deschimbare cu care dorește să lucreze icircn psihoterapieraquo
INTRODUCTION
Clinicians are not usually epistemologists andhave little knowledge regarding this science whichstudies the origin of knowledge however this paper
will involve an imaginary journey beginning witha personality Gregory Bateson who will takes usfrom epistemology to cybernetics from cyberneticsto a theory of schizophrenia from psychotherapy toa certain psychotherapy technique representing analternative to the traditional approaches in this field
In this initiatic journey we will adopt theanthropologistrsquos position observing without judgingcomparing studying and meditating while collecting
authentic data The first stage of our journey will be devoted toa scientist Gregory Bateson who throughout hislife was preoccupied by the following formula ldquothelinking structurerdquo Of course this formula becomescomprehensible if we present the family and culturalcontext which influenced his conceptions
THE FAMILY ANDCULTURAL CONTEXT
Gregory Bateson was the son of a reputed zoologyprofessor at the St John College of Cambridge
University who researched and taught at the endof the 19th century in the period when Darwin waspublishing his Origin of the Species work which createdmore than heated debates regarding the oppositionbetween the creationist (divine) conception andthe evolutionist one in terms of how life evolvedon earth As a child in his parentsrsquo home GregoryBateson was witness to gatherings of scientific andcultural personalities of the era who debated theseconceptions passionately
Later in his work ldquoMind and Naturerdquo GregoryBateson insisted on the connections relationshipsbetween individuals objects on the hierarchicalformal structure on what he called ldquothe linking
structure what is the connection between a lobsterand a crab between the orchid and the snowdropbetween the four and I and you between us six andthe schizophrenic patientrdquo
Gregory Bateson later studied biology at thesame St John College in Cambridge He spent hischildhood and youth in the company of his fatherstudying animals and plants and having access to a
vast culture not only scientific but also artistic andliterary For the rest of his life he remained faithful to
his respect for science the scientific act being subjectto rigour and discrimination
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GENERAL STUDIES DANY GERBINET bull From Bateson to short systemic-strategic therapy ndash An alternative to the traditional systems
Revista de Neurologie şi Psihiatrie a Copilului şi Adolescentului din Romacircnia ndash 2012 ndash vol 12 ndash nr 4 11
At the age of 20 Gregory Bateson took a trip tothe Galapagos and was fascinated not as much bythe animal species which he encountered as by thepeople in those places their customs he then madethe determining choice in his career he was going to
become an anthropologist
THE CYBERNETIC EVENT
The next stage in our journey will take place inthe scientific context of the period in which GregoryBateson researched and worked
Claude Bernard was the first who ascertainedthe existence of an analogy between the operationof the steam engine and that of living organisms
which possess certain organic parameters beingmaintained at constant levels in order to ensure theorganism functions well for example cholesterollevels or blood sugar levels or body temperature
This constant relative balance bears the name ofhomoeostasis Homoeostasis is possible due to selfregulating processes which cause those parameters tobe maintained at constant levels
In 1930 Norbert Wiener considered to be thefather of modern cybernetics discovered the conceptof feedback as a retroactive process with the role ofmaintaining system stability if it strays from normalfunctioning parameters that is to say if there is animportant disparity between internal norms and someexternal phenomena which threaten the balance ofthe system The concept of norm poses the problemof regulating the system around a stable value withthe help of negative feedback which represents thebasis of self regulation in the system operation theory
Straying from the norm which represents a majorrisk for maintaining system integrity is explained
through positive feedbackCybernetic concepts gained ground in the fieldof psychology and explaining human behaviours andsparked Gregory Batesrsquo interest as an anthropologist
With regard to the concept of norm in the field ofhuman behaviour one can speak of personal normsfamily norms and social norms
Self regulation occurs in terms of biological normsbut also related to psychological ones
One must manage the disturbances which occur
in onersquos life environment then either our behaviourallows returning to the norm or distance from thenorm grows and a problem is created
These conceptions spark interest in the fieldof psychology psychotherapy and in the field ofcommunication they create the premises of systemictherapy
Descartes in his famous Discourse on the Method
postulates that we will never be able to know thecomplexity of our universe if we do not know itsconstitutive elements
Cybernetics and general system theory claim thatstudying each constitutive element of the system one
will not be able to know the manner in which thesystem works in its entirety
The entire system tends towards respectinga balance norm and in order to understand thebehaviour of one of the system elements it will have
to be put in relation to the whole as its functioning iscontrolled by the whole
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEENLOGICAL LEVELS
In this context Gregory Bateson grants special im-portance to Bertrand Russell and Alfred Witheheadrsquosstudies collected in their work Principia matemati-ca published between 1910 and 1913 in which theyexplained the logical types They claimed the thesisaccording to which when one must deal with indi-
vidual elements which are part of a system then thediscourse regarding individual elements must be se-parated from that regarding the system of elements Ifone does not respect this condition the result of thereasoning will be paradoxical
Gregory Bateson applies this thesis to logical lan-guage which is hierarchical For example we cannotconsider individual X to be comparable to man in ge-neral Or Epimenidesrsquo assertion ldquoall Cretans are liarsrdquo
or his invitation to spontaneity ldquobe spontaneousrdquo
DOUBLE BIND
This moment of analysing logical types makes thetransition to developing communication theory andallows the discovery and explanation of the ldquodoublebindrdquo Within communication there are always twoelements an emitter and a receiver indispensable inorder to construct a double bind One can take the
example of the mother who tells her child ldquocomehererdquo in words but actually rejects the child with hergestures In this situation we have
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DANY GERBINET bull From Bateson to short systemic-strategic therapy ndash An alternative to the traditional systems GENERAL STUDIES
12 Revista de Neurologie şi Psihiatrie a Copilului şi Adolescentului din Romacircnia ndash 2012 ndash vol 12 ndash nr 4
1 A first level message ldquocome hererdquo which is anegative primary injunction
2 A second level message a secondary negativeinjunction contradicting the first
3 An emotionally invested relationship
4 A failure in the communication situation5 A difficulty or impossibility to get out of therelationship
Gregory Bateson in his work Steps to An Ecologyof Mind explains the double bind effectrdquoWesuppose that faced with a double bind situation anyindividual sees hisher capacity to distinguish logicaltypes sinkingrdquo The features of such a situation are asfollows
1 The subject is involved in a situation in which
it is vital to himher to understand the type ofmessage being communicated in order to be ableto respond in an appropriate manner2 The subject is caught in a situation in whichthe other emits two types of messages which aremutually contradictory3 The subject is incapable of commenting themessages being transmitted before identifying theone to which heshe must really respond Heshecannot utter a meta-communicative sentence
DESPRE O NOUA ABORDARE ASCHIZOFRENIEI
Gregory Bateson DD Jackson John Weakland Jay Haley began the first clinical research onschizophrenic patients and demonstrated that apatient caught in such a communication model(ldquodouble bindrdquo) for a long time can develop psychoticsymptoms
Studies explain how double bind can occur in a
family situation and put into practice the systemicconception regarding the etiology and psychotherapyof mental illness
Subsequent studies based on the communicationtheory launched by Gregory Bateson took the formof the ldquoBateson Programmerdquo within which clinicianssuch as Haley Weakland Milton and Erickson alsousing paradoxical intervention techniques founded
the Mental Research Institute in Palo Alto in 1959 Within this research programme they developedspecific psychotherapy techniques also known as shorttherapies based on the systemic ndash strategic theory
THE PALO ALTO SPIRIT
The communication theory launched by GregoryBateson connects the individual to the social group ina new interactional vision which completely alters the
conception regarding psychological pathology andpsychotherapeutic interventionStarting with this historical moment one can
speak of two main therapeutic directions The psychodynamic theory and practice which
gives precedence to the individual unconsciouspersonal history having a linear causality
The systemic theory and practice which givesprecedence to the relational perspective informationbeing circular and synchronic
The approach in short systemic-strategic therapiesis non-normative and non-pathologizing compared tonorms regarding the classification of mental illnesses
Within this therapeutic approach the clinician doenot seek to understand the causes of the sufferingbut the manner in which it functions at the presentmoment
Thereza Garcia and JJ Wittezaele in their workentitled In search of the Palo Alto School expressed pre-cisely the specificity of this therapeutic approachrdquoOneof the most innovative and seductive aspects of short
therapy is that connected to the respect for the other with regard to the otherrsquos differences letting the pati-ent decide on the change objective with which heshe
wants to work in the psychotherapyrdquo
BIBLIOGRAFIE BIBLIOGRAPHY
1 Bateson G (1990) Vers une eacutecologie de lrsquoesprit Tome1 Seuil
2 BatesonG (1991) Vers une eacutecologie de lrsquoesprit Tome2 Seuil
3 Watzlawick P NardoneG (2000) Strateacutegie de latheacuterapie bregraveve Seuil
4 Wittezaele Jj Garcia T (2006) A la recherche delrsquoeacutecole de Palo Alto Couleur Psy Seuil
5 Watzlawick P Helmick Beavin J Jackson DD(1972) Une logique de la communication Seuil
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DANY GERBINET bull De la Bateson la terapia scurtă sistemic-strategică ndash O alternativă la sistemele tradiţionale REFERAT GENERAL
8 Revista de Neurologie şi Psihiatrie a Copilului şi Adolescentului din Romacircnia ndash 2012 ndash vol 12 ndash nr 4
INTRODUCERE
Icircn mod curent clinicienii nu sunt epistemologi șiau puţine cunoștinţe care privesc aceasta știinţă carestudiază originile cunoașterii și totuși prelegerea de
faţă va presupune o călătorie imaginară care icircncepe cuo personalitate Gregory Bateson care ne va purta dela epistemologie la cibernetică de la cibernetică la oteorie a schizofreniei de la psihoterapie la o anumitătehnică de psihoterapie care reprezintă o alternativă lademersurile tradiţionale din acest domeniu
Vom adopta icircn această călătorie inițiatică pozițiaantropologului care observă fără să judece comparăstudiază și meditează adunacircnd date autentice
Prima etapă a călătoriei noastre va fi dedicată
unui om de știinţă Gregory Bateson care icircntreagasa viață a fost preocupat de această formulălaquostructură care leagăraquo Desigur aceasta formulă devinecomprehensibilă dacă vom prezenta contextul familialși cultural care i-a influențat concepţiile
CONTEXTUL FAMILIAL ȘI CULTURAL
Gregory Bateson a fost fiul unui reputat profesorde zoologie de la Colegiul St John al Universității dinCambridge care a cercetat și a predat la sfacircrșit de secol
XIX icircntr-o perioada cacircnd Darwin a publicat lucrareasa laquoOriginea speciilorraquo lucrare ce a creat dezbaterimai mult decacirct zgomotoase privind opoziţia dintreconcepţia creationistă (divină) și cea evoluționistăprivind dezvoltarea vieții pe pămacircnt Copil fiindGregory Bateson asista icircn casa părintească la icircntruniricu personalităţi știinţifice și culturale ale epocii caredezbăteau aceste concepţii cu pasiune
Mai tacircrziu icircn lucrarea sa laquoNatura și gacircndirearaquoGregory Bateson insista asupra legăturilor relațiilor
dintre indivizi lucruri asupra structurării formaleierarhizate asupra a ceea ce el numește laquostructura careleagă ce legătură este icircntre homar și crab icircntre orhideeși ghiocel icircntre cei patru și eu și dumneavoastră icircntrenoi șase și bolnavul schizofrenraquo
Gregory Bateson va studia biologia la acelașiColegiu St John din Cambridge Icircși va petrececopilaria și tinerețea icircn preajma tatălui său studiindanimale și plante și avacircnd acces la o vastă cultură nunumai știinţifică ci și artistică și literară Icircntreaga sa
viață va rămacircne fidel respectului pentru știinţă actulștiinţific fiind supus rigorii și discernămacircntului
La vacircrsta de douzeci de ani Gregory Bateson vaface o călătorie icircn Galapagos și va fi fascinat nu atacirctde speciile de animale pe care le va cunoaște cacirct maiales de oamenii din acele locuri de obiceiurile lor de
viață făcacircnd atunci o alegere determinantă icircn cariera
sa va fi antropolog
EVENIMENTUL CIBERNETIC
Următoarea etapa a călătoriei noastre se vadesfășura icircn contextul știinţific al perioadei icircn careGregory Bateson a cercetat și a activat
Claude Bernard a fost primul care a constatatexistența unei analogii icircntre funcţionarea mașinii cuaburi și cea a organismelor vii care dispun de anumiţi
parametrii organici care se mențin icircn jurul unor valori constante pentru a asigura o bună funcţionarea organismului de exemplu nivelul colesterolului saunivelul de zahăr icircn sacircnge sau temperatura corpuluiAcest echilibru relativ constant poartă numelede homeostazie Homeostazia este posibilă grațieproceselor de autoreglare care determină menţinereaacelor parametrii le niveluri constante
Norbert Wiener icircn 1930 considerat părinteleciberneticii moderne descoperă noțiunea de feed-back ca un proces de retroacțiune ce are roulul de amenține stabilitatea sistemului icircn condițiile icircn careacesta se icircndepărtează de la parametrii normali defuncționare adică icircn condiţiile icircn care apare un decalajimportant icircntre normele interne și unele fenomeneexterne care amenință echilibrul sistemului Noțiuneade normă pune problema reglării sistemului icircn jurulunei valori stabile cu ajutorul feed-back-ului negativcare reprezintă baza autoreglării icircn cazul teorieifuncționării sistemelor
Icircndepărtarea de norma care reprezintă un risc
major pentru menţinerea integrităţii sistemului seexplică prin feed-back-ul pozitivNoțiunile cibernetice cacircștigă teren icircn domeniul
psihologiei și al explicării comportamentelor umane șistacircrnesc interesul lui Gregory Bateson ca antropolog
Icircn ceea ce privește noțiunea de normă icircn domeniulcomportamentului uman putem vorbi de normepersonale norme familiale și norme sociale
Autoreglarea apare icircn ceea ce privește normelebiologice dar și raportată la cele psihologice
Noi trebuie sa gestionăm perturbările care apar icircnmediul nostru de viață atunci fie comportamentul
8202019 De La Baterson La Terapia Scurta Sistemica
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullde-la-baterson-la-terapia-scurta-sistemica 36
REFERAT GENERAL DANY GERBINET bull De la Bateson la terapia scurtă sistemic-strategică ndash O alternativă la sistemele tradiţionale
Revista de Neurologie şi Psihiatrie a Copilului şi Adolescentului din Romacircnia ndash 2012 ndash vol 12 ndash nr 4 9
nostru permite revenirea la normă fie distanțafață de normă se amplifică și atunci vom crea oproblemă
Aceste concepții suscită interese din parteapsihologiei a psihoterapiei și pe tăracircmul comunicării
crează premisele terapiei sistemiceDescartes icircn faimosul sau laquoDiscurs asuprametodeiraquo postulează ideea că nu vom putea cunoaștecomplexitatea universului nostru dacă nu-i cunoaștemelementele constitutive
Cibernetica și teoria generală a sistemelor susținecă studiind fiecare element constitutiv al sistemuluinu vom putea cunoaște modul icircn care funcționeazăsistemul icircn integralitatea sa
Icircntregul sistem tinde către respectarea unei norme
de echilibru ori pentru a icircnţelege comportamentulunuia dintre elementele sistemului va trebui să-lraportăm la ansamblu căci funcţionarea acestuia estecontrolată de anasmblu
DIFERENŢELE DINTRE NIVELURILELOGICE
Icircn acest context Gregory Bateson acordă oimportanță deosebită studiilor lui Bertrand Russell șiAlfred Withehead reunite icircn opera acestora ldquoPrincipiamatematicardquo publicată icircntre 1910 și 1913 icircn careexplicau tipurile logice Ei susțineau teza conformcăreia atunci cacircnd avem de-a face cu elementeindividuale care fac parte dintr-un anasamblu atunci
va trebui să separăm discursul care privește elementeleindividuale de cel care privește ansamblul de elementeDacă nu vom ține seama de această condiţie rezultatulraționamentelor va fi paradoxal
Gregory Bateson aplică această teză la nivelullimbajului logic care este ierarhizat De exemplu nu
putem considera individul X ca fiind comparabil cuomul icircn general Sau enunțul lui Efimenide care eracretan și care afirma laquotoți cretanii sunt mincinoșiraquosau invitaţia la spontaneitate laquoFiți spontaniraquo
DUBLA CONSTRAcircNGERE
Acest moment al analizei tipurilor logice facetrecerea spre dezvoltarea teoriei comunicării și permitedescoperirea și explicarea laquodublei constracircngeriraquo Icircn
cadrul comunicării avem icircntotdeauna două elementeun emițător și un receptor indispensabile pentruconstituirea dublei constracircngeri Putem lua exemplul
mamei care prin cuvinte spune copilului ei laquovinoaiciraquo dar prin gesturi respinge copilul
Icircn această situație avem1 Un mesaj de prim nivel laquovino aiciraquo o
injoncțiune negativă primară
2 Un mesaj de al doilea nivel o injoncțiunenegativă secundară care o contrazice pe prima3 O relație investită afectiv4 Un eșec la nivelul situației de comunicare5 O dificultate sau o imposibilitate de a ieși din
relațieGregory Bateson icircn lucrarea sa laquoDespre o ecolo-
gie a spirituluiraquo explică efectul dublei constracircngerilaquoPresupunem că icircn fața unei situații de dublă con-stracircngere orice individ observă cum capacitatea sa de
a distinge tipurile logice se scufundăraquo Caracteristicileunei astfel de situații sunt următoarele1 Subiectul este implicat icircntr-o situație icircn care
pentru el este vital să icircnţeleagă tipul de mesajcare icirci este comunicat pentru a putea răspundeicircntr-o manieră potrivită
2 Subiectul este prins icircntr-o situație icircn carecelălalt emite două tipuri de mesaje care secontrazic icircntre ele
3 Subiectul este incapabil să comentezemesajele care icirci sunt transmise icircnainte de a-lindentifica pe cel căruia trebuie să-i răspundăcu adevărat El nu poate sa enunțe o propozițiemetacomunicativă
DESPRE O NOUĂ ABORDARE A SCHIZOFRENIEI
Gregory Bateson DD Jackson John Weakland Jay Haley au icircnceput primele cercetării clinice pepacienţi schizofrenici și au demonstrat că un pacient
prins timp icircndelungat icircntr-un astfel de model decomunicare (ldquodouble bindrdquo) poate dezvolta simptomepsihotice
Studiile explică cum dubla constracircngere poateapare icircntr-o situație familială și pun icircn practicăconcepţia sistemică privind etiologia și psihoterapiabolilor mintale
Studiile ulterioare bazate pe teoria comunicăriilansată de Gregory Bateson au luat formaldquoProgramului Batesonrdquo icircn cadrul căruia clinicieni
precum Haley Weakland Milton Erickson utilizacircndși tehnici de intervenţie paradoxală au fondat Institutulde Cercetări Mintale de la Palo Alto icircn 1959 Icircn cadrul
8202019 De La Baterson La Terapia Scurta Sistemica
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullde-la-baterson-la-terapia-scurta-sistemica 46
DANY GERBINET bull From Bateson to short systemic-strategic therapy ndash An alternative to the traditional systems GENERAL STUDIES
10 Revista de Neurologie şi Psihiatrie a Copilului şi Adolescentului din Romacircnia ndash 2012 ndash vol 12 ndash nr 4
programului de cercetării au dezvoltat pe baza teorieisistemic-strategice tehnici de psihoterapie specificedenumite și terapii scurte
SPIRITUL DE LA PALO ALTO
Teoria comunicării lansată de Gregory Batesonleagă individul de grupul social icircntr-o nouă viziuneinteracțională care schimbă complet concepția icircnceea ce privește patologia psihică și intervenţiapshoterapeutică
Icircncepacircnd din acest moment istoric putem vorbi dedouă orientări importante terapeutice
Teoria și practica psihodinamică care acordăprioritate inconștientului individual istoria personală
avacircnd o cauzalitate lineară
Teoria și practica sistemică care acordă importanțaperspectivei relaționale informația fiind circulară șisincronică
Demersul icircn cadrul terapiilor scurte sistemic-strategice este non-normativ și non-patologizant
comparativ cu normele care privesc clasificareabolilor mintale Icircn cadrul acestui demers terapeuticclinicianul nu caută să icircnţeleagă cauzele suferinţei cimodul icircn care aceasta funcţionează icircn prezent
Thereza Garcia și JJ Wittezaele icircn lucrarealor intitulată laquoIcircn căutarea școlii de la Palo Altoraquoexprimau cu precizie specificitatea acestui demersterapeutic laquoUnul dintre aspectele cele mai novatoareși mai seducătoare ale terapiei scurte este cel legat derespectul față de celălalt icircn ceea ce prezintă diferit
lăsacircnd pacientul să decidă asupra obiectivului deschimbare cu care dorește să lucreze icircn psihoterapieraquo
INTRODUCTION
Clinicians are not usually epistemologists andhave little knowledge regarding this science whichstudies the origin of knowledge however this paper
will involve an imaginary journey beginning witha personality Gregory Bateson who will takes usfrom epistemology to cybernetics from cyberneticsto a theory of schizophrenia from psychotherapy toa certain psychotherapy technique representing analternative to the traditional approaches in this field
In this initiatic journey we will adopt theanthropologistrsquos position observing without judgingcomparing studying and meditating while collecting
authentic data The first stage of our journey will be devoted toa scientist Gregory Bateson who throughout hislife was preoccupied by the following formula ldquothelinking structurerdquo Of course this formula becomescomprehensible if we present the family and culturalcontext which influenced his conceptions
THE FAMILY ANDCULTURAL CONTEXT
Gregory Bateson was the son of a reputed zoologyprofessor at the St John College of Cambridge
University who researched and taught at the endof the 19th century in the period when Darwin waspublishing his Origin of the Species work which createdmore than heated debates regarding the oppositionbetween the creationist (divine) conception andthe evolutionist one in terms of how life evolvedon earth As a child in his parentsrsquo home GregoryBateson was witness to gatherings of scientific andcultural personalities of the era who debated theseconceptions passionately
Later in his work ldquoMind and Naturerdquo GregoryBateson insisted on the connections relationshipsbetween individuals objects on the hierarchicalformal structure on what he called ldquothe linking
structure what is the connection between a lobsterand a crab between the orchid and the snowdropbetween the four and I and you between us six andthe schizophrenic patientrdquo
Gregory Bateson later studied biology at thesame St John College in Cambridge He spent hischildhood and youth in the company of his fatherstudying animals and plants and having access to a
vast culture not only scientific but also artistic andliterary For the rest of his life he remained faithful to
his respect for science the scientific act being subjectto rigour and discrimination
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GENERAL STUDIES DANY GERBINET bull From Bateson to short systemic-strategic therapy ndash An alternative to the traditional systems
Revista de Neurologie şi Psihiatrie a Copilului şi Adolescentului din Romacircnia ndash 2012 ndash vol 12 ndash nr 4 11
At the age of 20 Gregory Bateson took a trip tothe Galapagos and was fascinated not as much bythe animal species which he encountered as by thepeople in those places their customs he then madethe determining choice in his career he was going to
become an anthropologist
THE CYBERNETIC EVENT
The next stage in our journey will take place inthe scientific context of the period in which GregoryBateson researched and worked
Claude Bernard was the first who ascertainedthe existence of an analogy between the operationof the steam engine and that of living organisms
which possess certain organic parameters beingmaintained at constant levels in order to ensure theorganism functions well for example cholesterollevels or blood sugar levels or body temperature
This constant relative balance bears the name ofhomoeostasis Homoeostasis is possible due to selfregulating processes which cause those parameters tobe maintained at constant levels
In 1930 Norbert Wiener considered to be thefather of modern cybernetics discovered the conceptof feedback as a retroactive process with the role ofmaintaining system stability if it strays from normalfunctioning parameters that is to say if there is animportant disparity between internal norms and someexternal phenomena which threaten the balance ofthe system The concept of norm poses the problemof regulating the system around a stable value withthe help of negative feedback which represents thebasis of self regulation in the system operation theory
Straying from the norm which represents a majorrisk for maintaining system integrity is explained
through positive feedbackCybernetic concepts gained ground in the fieldof psychology and explaining human behaviours andsparked Gregory Batesrsquo interest as an anthropologist
With regard to the concept of norm in the field ofhuman behaviour one can speak of personal normsfamily norms and social norms
Self regulation occurs in terms of biological normsbut also related to psychological ones
One must manage the disturbances which occur
in onersquos life environment then either our behaviourallows returning to the norm or distance from thenorm grows and a problem is created
These conceptions spark interest in the fieldof psychology psychotherapy and in the field ofcommunication they create the premises of systemictherapy
Descartes in his famous Discourse on the Method
postulates that we will never be able to know thecomplexity of our universe if we do not know itsconstitutive elements
Cybernetics and general system theory claim thatstudying each constitutive element of the system one
will not be able to know the manner in which thesystem works in its entirety
The entire system tends towards respectinga balance norm and in order to understand thebehaviour of one of the system elements it will have
to be put in relation to the whole as its functioning iscontrolled by the whole
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEENLOGICAL LEVELS
In this context Gregory Bateson grants special im-portance to Bertrand Russell and Alfred Witheheadrsquosstudies collected in their work Principia matemati-ca published between 1910 and 1913 in which theyexplained the logical types They claimed the thesisaccording to which when one must deal with indi-
vidual elements which are part of a system then thediscourse regarding individual elements must be se-parated from that regarding the system of elements Ifone does not respect this condition the result of thereasoning will be paradoxical
Gregory Bateson applies this thesis to logical lan-guage which is hierarchical For example we cannotconsider individual X to be comparable to man in ge-neral Or Epimenidesrsquo assertion ldquoall Cretans are liarsrdquo
or his invitation to spontaneity ldquobe spontaneousrdquo
DOUBLE BIND
This moment of analysing logical types makes thetransition to developing communication theory andallows the discovery and explanation of the ldquodoublebindrdquo Within communication there are always twoelements an emitter and a receiver indispensable inorder to construct a double bind One can take the
example of the mother who tells her child ldquocomehererdquo in words but actually rejects the child with hergestures In this situation we have
8202019 De La Baterson La Terapia Scurta Sistemica
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DANY GERBINET bull From Bateson to short systemic-strategic therapy ndash An alternative to the traditional systems GENERAL STUDIES
12 Revista de Neurologie şi Psihiatrie a Copilului şi Adolescentului din Romacircnia ndash 2012 ndash vol 12 ndash nr 4
1 A first level message ldquocome hererdquo which is anegative primary injunction
2 A second level message a secondary negativeinjunction contradicting the first
3 An emotionally invested relationship
4 A failure in the communication situation5 A difficulty or impossibility to get out of therelationship
Gregory Bateson in his work Steps to An Ecologyof Mind explains the double bind effectrdquoWesuppose that faced with a double bind situation anyindividual sees hisher capacity to distinguish logicaltypes sinkingrdquo The features of such a situation are asfollows
1 The subject is involved in a situation in which
it is vital to himher to understand the type ofmessage being communicated in order to be ableto respond in an appropriate manner2 The subject is caught in a situation in whichthe other emits two types of messages which aremutually contradictory3 The subject is incapable of commenting themessages being transmitted before identifying theone to which heshe must really respond Heshecannot utter a meta-communicative sentence
DESPRE O NOUA ABORDARE ASCHIZOFRENIEI
Gregory Bateson DD Jackson John Weakland Jay Haley began the first clinical research onschizophrenic patients and demonstrated that apatient caught in such a communication model(ldquodouble bindrdquo) for a long time can develop psychoticsymptoms
Studies explain how double bind can occur in a
family situation and put into practice the systemicconception regarding the etiology and psychotherapyof mental illness
Subsequent studies based on the communicationtheory launched by Gregory Bateson took the formof the ldquoBateson Programmerdquo within which clinicianssuch as Haley Weakland Milton and Erickson alsousing paradoxical intervention techniques founded
the Mental Research Institute in Palo Alto in 1959 Within this research programme they developedspecific psychotherapy techniques also known as shorttherapies based on the systemic ndash strategic theory
THE PALO ALTO SPIRIT
The communication theory launched by GregoryBateson connects the individual to the social group ina new interactional vision which completely alters the
conception regarding psychological pathology andpsychotherapeutic interventionStarting with this historical moment one can
speak of two main therapeutic directions The psychodynamic theory and practice which
gives precedence to the individual unconsciouspersonal history having a linear causality
The systemic theory and practice which givesprecedence to the relational perspective informationbeing circular and synchronic
The approach in short systemic-strategic therapiesis non-normative and non-pathologizing compared tonorms regarding the classification of mental illnesses
Within this therapeutic approach the clinician doenot seek to understand the causes of the sufferingbut the manner in which it functions at the presentmoment
Thereza Garcia and JJ Wittezaele in their workentitled In search of the Palo Alto School expressed pre-cisely the specificity of this therapeutic approachrdquoOneof the most innovative and seductive aspects of short
therapy is that connected to the respect for the other with regard to the otherrsquos differences letting the pati-ent decide on the change objective with which heshe
wants to work in the psychotherapyrdquo
BIBLIOGRAFIE BIBLIOGRAPHY
1 Bateson G (1990) Vers une eacutecologie de lrsquoesprit Tome1 Seuil
2 BatesonG (1991) Vers une eacutecologie de lrsquoesprit Tome2 Seuil
3 Watzlawick P NardoneG (2000) Strateacutegie de latheacuterapie bregraveve Seuil
4 Wittezaele Jj Garcia T (2006) A la recherche delrsquoeacutecole de Palo Alto Couleur Psy Seuil
5 Watzlawick P Helmick Beavin J Jackson DD(1972) Une logique de la communication Seuil
8202019 De La Baterson La Terapia Scurta Sistemica
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REFERAT GENERAL DANY GERBINET bull De la Bateson la terapia scurtă sistemic-strategică ndash O alternativă la sistemele tradiţionale
Revista de Neurologie şi Psihiatrie a Copilului şi Adolescentului din Romacircnia ndash 2012 ndash vol 12 ndash nr 4 9
nostru permite revenirea la normă fie distanțafață de normă se amplifică și atunci vom crea oproblemă
Aceste concepții suscită interese din parteapsihologiei a psihoterapiei și pe tăracircmul comunicării
crează premisele terapiei sistemiceDescartes icircn faimosul sau laquoDiscurs asuprametodeiraquo postulează ideea că nu vom putea cunoaștecomplexitatea universului nostru dacă nu-i cunoaștemelementele constitutive
Cibernetica și teoria generală a sistemelor susținecă studiind fiecare element constitutiv al sistemuluinu vom putea cunoaște modul icircn care funcționeazăsistemul icircn integralitatea sa
Icircntregul sistem tinde către respectarea unei norme
de echilibru ori pentru a icircnţelege comportamentulunuia dintre elementele sistemului va trebui să-lraportăm la ansamblu căci funcţionarea acestuia estecontrolată de anasmblu
DIFERENŢELE DINTRE NIVELURILELOGICE
Icircn acest context Gregory Bateson acordă oimportanță deosebită studiilor lui Bertrand Russell șiAlfred Withehead reunite icircn opera acestora ldquoPrincipiamatematicardquo publicată icircntre 1910 și 1913 icircn careexplicau tipurile logice Ei susțineau teza conformcăreia atunci cacircnd avem de-a face cu elementeindividuale care fac parte dintr-un anasamblu atunci
va trebui să separăm discursul care privește elementeleindividuale de cel care privește ansamblul de elementeDacă nu vom ține seama de această condiţie rezultatulraționamentelor va fi paradoxal
Gregory Bateson aplică această teză la nivelullimbajului logic care este ierarhizat De exemplu nu
putem considera individul X ca fiind comparabil cuomul icircn general Sau enunțul lui Efimenide care eracretan și care afirma laquotoți cretanii sunt mincinoșiraquosau invitaţia la spontaneitate laquoFiți spontaniraquo
DUBLA CONSTRAcircNGERE
Acest moment al analizei tipurilor logice facetrecerea spre dezvoltarea teoriei comunicării și permitedescoperirea și explicarea laquodublei constracircngeriraquo Icircn
cadrul comunicării avem icircntotdeauna două elementeun emițător și un receptor indispensabile pentruconstituirea dublei constracircngeri Putem lua exemplul
mamei care prin cuvinte spune copilului ei laquovinoaiciraquo dar prin gesturi respinge copilul
Icircn această situație avem1 Un mesaj de prim nivel laquovino aiciraquo o
injoncțiune negativă primară
2 Un mesaj de al doilea nivel o injoncțiunenegativă secundară care o contrazice pe prima3 O relație investită afectiv4 Un eșec la nivelul situației de comunicare5 O dificultate sau o imposibilitate de a ieși din
relațieGregory Bateson icircn lucrarea sa laquoDespre o ecolo-
gie a spirituluiraquo explică efectul dublei constracircngerilaquoPresupunem că icircn fața unei situații de dublă con-stracircngere orice individ observă cum capacitatea sa de
a distinge tipurile logice se scufundăraquo Caracteristicileunei astfel de situații sunt următoarele1 Subiectul este implicat icircntr-o situație icircn care
pentru el este vital să icircnţeleagă tipul de mesajcare icirci este comunicat pentru a putea răspundeicircntr-o manieră potrivită
2 Subiectul este prins icircntr-o situație icircn carecelălalt emite două tipuri de mesaje care secontrazic icircntre ele
3 Subiectul este incapabil să comentezemesajele care icirci sunt transmise icircnainte de a-lindentifica pe cel căruia trebuie să-i răspundăcu adevărat El nu poate sa enunțe o propozițiemetacomunicativă
DESPRE O NOUĂ ABORDARE A SCHIZOFRENIEI
Gregory Bateson DD Jackson John Weakland Jay Haley au icircnceput primele cercetării clinice pepacienţi schizofrenici și au demonstrat că un pacient
prins timp icircndelungat icircntr-un astfel de model decomunicare (ldquodouble bindrdquo) poate dezvolta simptomepsihotice
Studiile explică cum dubla constracircngere poateapare icircntr-o situație familială și pun icircn practicăconcepţia sistemică privind etiologia și psihoterapiabolilor mintale
Studiile ulterioare bazate pe teoria comunicăriilansată de Gregory Bateson au luat formaldquoProgramului Batesonrdquo icircn cadrul căruia clinicieni
precum Haley Weakland Milton Erickson utilizacircndși tehnici de intervenţie paradoxală au fondat Institutulde Cercetări Mintale de la Palo Alto icircn 1959 Icircn cadrul
8202019 De La Baterson La Terapia Scurta Sistemica
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullde-la-baterson-la-terapia-scurta-sistemica 46
DANY GERBINET bull From Bateson to short systemic-strategic therapy ndash An alternative to the traditional systems GENERAL STUDIES
10 Revista de Neurologie şi Psihiatrie a Copilului şi Adolescentului din Romacircnia ndash 2012 ndash vol 12 ndash nr 4
programului de cercetării au dezvoltat pe baza teorieisistemic-strategice tehnici de psihoterapie specificedenumite și terapii scurte
SPIRITUL DE LA PALO ALTO
Teoria comunicării lansată de Gregory Batesonleagă individul de grupul social icircntr-o nouă viziuneinteracțională care schimbă complet concepția icircnceea ce privește patologia psihică și intervenţiapshoterapeutică
Icircncepacircnd din acest moment istoric putem vorbi dedouă orientări importante terapeutice
Teoria și practica psihodinamică care acordăprioritate inconștientului individual istoria personală
avacircnd o cauzalitate lineară
Teoria și practica sistemică care acordă importanțaperspectivei relaționale informația fiind circulară șisincronică
Demersul icircn cadrul terapiilor scurte sistemic-strategice este non-normativ și non-patologizant
comparativ cu normele care privesc clasificareabolilor mintale Icircn cadrul acestui demers terapeuticclinicianul nu caută să icircnţeleagă cauzele suferinţei cimodul icircn care aceasta funcţionează icircn prezent
Thereza Garcia și JJ Wittezaele icircn lucrarealor intitulată laquoIcircn căutarea școlii de la Palo Altoraquoexprimau cu precizie specificitatea acestui demersterapeutic laquoUnul dintre aspectele cele mai novatoareși mai seducătoare ale terapiei scurte este cel legat derespectul față de celălalt icircn ceea ce prezintă diferit
lăsacircnd pacientul să decidă asupra obiectivului deschimbare cu care dorește să lucreze icircn psihoterapieraquo
INTRODUCTION
Clinicians are not usually epistemologists andhave little knowledge regarding this science whichstudies the origin of knowledge however this paper
will involve an imaginary journey beginning witha personality Gregory Bateson who will takes usfrom epistemology to cybernetics from cyberneticsto a theory of schizophrenia from psychotherapy toa certain psychotherapy technique representing analternative to the traditional approaches in this field
In this initiatic journey we will adopt theanthropologistrsquos position observing without judgingcomparing studying and meditating while collecting
authentic data The first stage of our journey will be devoted toa scientist Gregory Bateson who throughout hislife was preoccupied by the following formula ldquothelinking structurerdquo Of course this formula becomescomprehensible if we present the family and culturalcontext which influenced his conceptions
THE FAMILY ANDCULTURAL CONTEXT
Gregory Bateson was the son of a reputed zoologyprofessor at the St John College of Cambridge
University who researched and taught at the endof the 19th century in the period when Darwin waspublishing his Origin of the Species work which createdmore than heated debates regarding the oppositionbetween the creationist (divine) conception andthe evolutionist one in terms of how life evolvedon earth As a child in his parentsrsquo home GregoryBateson was witness to gatherings of scientific andcultural personalities of the era who debated theseconceptions passionately
Later in his work ldquoMind and Naturerdquo GregoryBateson insisted on the connections relationshipsbetween individuals objects on the hierarchicalformal structure on what he called ldquothe linking
structure what is the connection between a lobsterand a crab between the orchid and the snowdropbetween the four and I and you between us six andthe schizophrenic patientrdquo
Gregory Bateson later studied biology at thesame St John College in Cambridge He spent hischildhood and youth in the company of his fatherstudying animals and plants and having access to a
vast culture not only scientific but also artistic andliterary For the rest of his life he remained faithful to
his respect for science the scientific act being subjectto rigour and discrimination
8202019 De La Baterson La Terapia Scurta Sistemica
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullde-la-baterson-la-terapia-scurta-sistemica 56
GENERAL STUDIES DANY GERBINET bull From Bateson to short systemic-strategic therapy ndash An alternative to the traditional systems
Revista de Neurologie şi Psihiatrie a Copilului şi Adolescentului din Romacircnia ndash 2012 ndash vol 12 ndash nr 4 11
At the age of 20 Gregory Bateson took a trip tothe Galapagos and was fascinated not as much bythe animal species which he encountered as by thepeople in those places their customs he then madethe determining choice in his career he was going to
become an anthropologist
THE CYBERNETIC EVENT
The next stage in our journey will take place inthe scientific context of the period in which GregoryBateson researched and worked
Claude Bernard was the first who ascertainedthe existence of an analogy between the operationof the steam engine and that of living organisms
which possess certain organic parameters beingmaintained at constant levels in order to ensure theorganism functions well for example cholesterollevels or blood sugar levels or body temperature
This constant relative balance bears the name ofhomoeostasis Homoeostasis is possible due to selfregulating processes which cause those parameters tobe maintained at constant levels
In 1930 Norbert Wiener considered to be thefather of modern cybernetics discovered the conceptof feedback as a retroactive process with the role ofmaintaining system stability if it strays from normalfunctioning parameters that is to say if there is animportant disparity between internal norms and someexternal phenomena which threaten the balance ofthe system The concept of norm poses the problemof regulating the system around a stable value withthe help of negative feedback which represents thebasis of self regulation in the system operation theory
Straying from the norm which represents a majorrisk for maintaining system integrity is explained
through positive feedbackCybernetic concepts gained ground in the fieldof psychology and explaining human behaviours andsparked Gregory Batesrsquo interest as an anthropologist
With regard to the concept of norm in the field ofhuman behaviour one can speak of personal normsfamily norms and social norms
Self regulation occurs in terms of biological normsbut also related to psychological ones
One must manage the disturbances which occur
in onersquos life environment then either our behaviourallows returning to the norm or distance from thenorm grows and a problem is created
These conceptions spark interest in the fieldof psychology psychotherapy and in the field ofcommunication they create the premises of systemictherapy
Descartes in his famous Discourse on the Method
postulates that we will never be able to know thecomplexity of our universe if we do not know itsconstitutive elements
Cybernetics and general system theory claim thatstudying each constitutive element of the system one
will not be able to know the manner in which thesystem works in its entirety
The entire system tends towards respectinga balance norm and in order to understand thebehaviour of one of the system elements it will have
to be put in relation to the whole as its functioning iscontrolled by the whole
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEENLOGICAL LEVELS
In this context Gregory Bateson grants special im-portance to Bertrand Russell and Alfred Witheheadrsquosstudies collected in their work Principia matemati-ca published between 1910 and 1913 in which theyexplained the logical types They claimed the thesisaccording to which when one must deal with indi-
vidual elements which are part of a system then thediscourse regarding individual elements must be se-parated from that regarding the system of elements Ifone does not respect this condition the result of thereasoning will be paradoxical
Gregory Bateson applies this thesis to logical lan-guage which is hierarchical For example we cannotconsider individual X to be comparable to man in ge-neral Or Epimenidesrsquo assertion ldquoall Cretans are liarsrdquo
or his invitation to spontaneity ldquobe spontaneousrdquo
DOUBLE BIND
This moment of analysing logical types makes thetransition to developing communication theory andallows the discovery and explanation of the ldquodoublebindrdquo Within communication there are always twoelements an emitter and a receiver indispensable inorder to construct a double bind One can take the
example of the mother who tells her child ldquocomehererdquo in words but actually rejects the child with hergestures In this situation we have
8202019 De La Baterson La Terapia Scurta Sistemica
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullde-la-baterson-la-terapia-scurta-sistemica 66
DANY GERBINET bull From Bateson to short systemic-strategic therapy ndash An alternative to the traditional systems GENERAL STUDIES
12 Revista de Neurologie şi Psihiatrie a Copilului şi Adolescentului din Romacircnia ndash 2012 ndash vol 12 ndash nr 4
1 A first level message ldquocome hererdquo which is anegative primary injunction
2 A second level message a secondary negativeinjunction contradicting the first
3 An emotionally invested relationship
4 A failure in the communication situation5 A difficulty or impossibility to get out of therelationship
Gregory Bateson in his work Steps to An Ecologyof Mind explains the double bind effectrdquoWesuppose that faced with a double bind situation anyindividual sees hisher capacity to distinguish logicaltypes sinkingrdquo The features of such a situation are asfollows
1 The subject is involved in a situation in which
it is vital to himher to understand the type ofmessage being communicated in order to be ableto respond in an appropriate manner2 The subject is caught in a situation in whichthe other emits two types of messages which aremutually contradictory3 The subject is incapable of commenting themessages being transmitted before identifying theone to which heshe must really respond Heshecannot utter a meta-communicative sentence
DESPRE O NOUA ABORDARE ASCHIZOFRENIEI
Gregory Bateson DD Jackson John Weakland Jay Haley began the first clinical research onschizophrenic patients and demonstrated that apatient caught in such a communication model(ldquodouble bindrdquo) for a long time can develop psychoticsymptoms
Studies explain how double bind can occur in a
family situation and put into practice the systemicconception regarding the etiology and psychotherapyof mental illness
Subsequent studies based on the communicationtheory launched by Gregory Bateson took the formof the ldquoBateson Programmerdquo within which clinicianssuch as Haley Weakland Milton and Erickson alsousing paradoxical intervention techniques founded
the Mental Research Institute in Palo Alto in 1959 Within this research programme they developedspecific psychotherapy techniques also known as shorttherapies based on the systemic ndash strategic theory
THE PALO ALTO SPIRIT
The communication theory launched by GregoryBateson connects the individual to the social group ina new interactional vision which completely alters the
conception regarding psychological pathology andpsychotherapeutic interventionStarting with this historical moment one can
speak of two main therapeutic directions The psychodynamic theory and practice which
gives precedence to the individual unconsciouspersonal history having a linear causality
The systemic theory and practice which givesprecedence to the relational perspective informationbeing circular and synchronic
The approach in short systemic-strategic therapiesis non-normative and non-pathologizing compared tonorms regarding the classification of mental illnesses
Within this therapeutic approach the clinician doenot seek to understand the causes of the sufferingbut the manner in which it functions at the presentmoment
Thereza Garcia and JJ Wittezaele in their workentitled In search of the Palo Alto School expressed pre-cisely the specificity of this therapeutic approachrdquoOneof the most innovative and seductive aspects of short
therapy is that connected to the respect for the other with regard to the otherrsquos differences letting the pati-ent decide on the change objective with which heshe
wants to work in the psychotherapyrdquo
BIBLIOGRAFIE BIBLIOGRAPHY
1 Bateson G (1990) Vers une eacutecologie de lrsquoesprit Tome1 Seuil
2 BatesonG (1991) Vers une eacutecologie de lrsquoesprit Tome2 Seuil
3 Watzlawick P NardoneG (2000) Strateacutegie de latheacuterapie bregraveve Seuil
4 Wittezaele Jj Garcia T (2006) A la recherche delrsquoeacutecole de Palo Alto Couleur Psy Seuil
5 Watzlawick P Helmick Beavin J Jackson DD(1972) Une logique de la communication Seuil
8202019 De La Baterson La Terapia Scurta Sistemica
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullde-la-baterson-la-terapia-scurta-sistemica 46
DANY GERBINET bull From Bateson to short systemic-strategic therapy ndash An alternative to the traditional systems GENERAL STUDIES
10 Revista de Neurologie şi Psihiatrie a Copilului şi Adolescentului din Romacircnia ndash 2012 ndash vol 12 ndash nr 4
programului de cercetării au dezvoltat pe baza teorieisistemic-strategice tehnici de psihoterapie specificedenumite și terapii scurte
SPIRITUL DE LA PALO ALTO
Teoria comunicării lansată de Gregory Batesonleagă individul de grupul social icircntr-o nouă viziuneinteracțională care schimbă complet concepția icircnceea ce privește patologia psihică și intervenţiapshoterapeutică
Icircncepacircnd din acest moment istoric putem vorbi dedouă orientări importante terapeutice
Teoria și practica psihodinamică care acordăprioritate inconștientului individual istoria personală
avacircnd o cauzalitate lineară
Teoria și practica sistemică care acordă importanțaperspectivei relaționale informația fiind circulară șisincronică
Demersul icircn cadrul terapiilor scurte sistemic-strategice este non-normativ și non-patologizant
comparativ cu normele care privesc clasificareabolilor mintale Icircn cadrul acestui demers terapeuticclinicianul nu caută să icircnţeleagă cauzele suferinţei cimodul icircn care aceasta funcţionează icircn prezent
Thereza Garcia și JJ Wittezaele icircn lucrarealor intitulată laquoIcircn căutarea școlii de la Palo Altoraquoexprimau cu precizie specificitatea acestui demersterapeutic laquoUnul dintre aspectele cele mai novatoareși mai seducătoare ale terapiei scurte este cel legat derespectul față de celălalt icircn ceea ce prezintă diferit
lăsacircnd pacientul să decidă asupra obiectivului deschimbare cu care dorește să lucreze icircn psihoterapieraquo
INTRODUCTION
Clinicians are not usually epistemologists andhave little knowledge regarding this science whichstudies the origin of knowledge however this paper
will involve an imaginary journey beginning witha personality Gregory Bateson who will takes usfrom epistemology to cybernetics from cyberneticsto a theory of schizophrenia from psychotherapy toa certain psychotherapy technique representing analternative to the traditional approaches in this field
In this initiatic journey we will adopt theanthropologistrsquos position observing without judgingcomparing studying and meditating while collecting
authentic data The first stage of our journey will be devoted toa scientist Gregory Bateson who throughout hislife was preoccupied by the following formula ldquothelinking structurerdquo Of course this formula becomescomprehensible if we present the family and culturalcontext which influenced his conceptions
THE FAMILY ANDCULTURAL CONTEXT
Gregory Bateson was the son of a reputed zoologyprofessor at the St John College of Cambridge
University who researched and taught at the endof the 19th century in the period when Darwin waspublishing his Origin of the Species work which createdmore than heated debates regarding the oppositionbetween the creationist (divine) conception andthe evolutionist one in terms of how life evolvedon earth As a child in his parentsrsquo home GregoryBateson was witness to gatherings of scientific andcultural personalities of the era who debated theseconceptions passionately
Later in his work ldquoMind and Naturerdquo GregoryBateson insisted on the connections relationshipsbetween individuals objects on the hierarchicalformal structure on what he called ldquothe linking
structure what is the connection between a lobsterand a crab between the orchid and the snowdropbetween the four and I and you between us six andthe schizophrenic patientrdquo
Gregory Bateson later studied biology at thesame St John College in Cambridge He spent hischildhood and youth in the company of his fatherstudying animals and plants and having access to a
vast culture not only scientific but also artistic andliterary For the rest of his life he remained faithful to
his respect for science the scientific act being subjectto rigour and discrimination
8202019 De La Baterson La Terapia Scurta Sistemica
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullde-la-baterson-la-terapia-scurta-sistemica 56
GENERAL STUDIES DANY GERBINET bull From Bateson to short systemic-strategic therapy ndash An alternative to the traditional systems
Revista de Neurologie şi Psihiatrie a Copilului şi Adolescentului din Romacircnia ndash 2012 ndash vol 12 ndash nr 4 11
At the age of 20 Gregory Bateson took a trip tothe Galapagos and was fascinated not as much bythe animal species which he encountered as by thepeople in those places their customs he then madethe determining choice in his career he was going to
become an anthropologist
THE CYBERNETIC EVENT
The next stage in our journey will take place inthe scientific context of the period in which GregoryBateson researched and worked
Claude Bernard was the first who ascertainedthe existence of an analogy between the operationof the steam engine and that of living organisms
which possess certain organic parameters beingmaintained at constant levels in order to ensure theorganism functions well for example cholesterollevels or blood sugar levels or body temperature
This constant relative balance bears the name ofhomoeostasis Homoeostasis is possible due to selfregulating processes which cause those parameters tobe maintained at constant levels
In 1930 Norbert Wiener considered to be thefather of modern cybernetics discovered the conceptof feedback as a retroactive process with the role ofmaintaining system stability if it strays from normalfunctioning parameters that is to say if there is animportant disparity between internal norms and someexternal phenomena which threaten the balance ofthe system The concept of norm poses the problemof regulating the system around a stable value withthe help of negative feedback which represents thebasis of self regulation in the system operation theory
Straying from the norm which represents a majorrisk for maintaining system integrity is explained
through positive feedbackCybernetic concepts gained ground in the fieldof psychology and explaining human behaviours andsparked Gregory Batesrsquo interest as an anthropologist
With regard to the concept of norm in the field ofhuman behaviour one can speak of personal normsfamily norms and social norms
Self regulation occurs in terms of biological normsbut also related to psychological ones
One must manage the disturbances which occur
in onersquos life environment then either our behaviourallows returning to the norm or distance from thenorm grows and a problem is created
These conceptions spark interest in the fieldof psychology psychotherapy and in the field ofcommunication they create the premises of systemictherapy
Descartes in his famous Discourse on the Method
postulates that we will never be able to know thecomplexity of our universe if we do not know itsconstitutive elements
Cybernetics and general system theory claim thatstudying each constitutive element of the system one
will not be able to know the manner in which thesystem works in its entirety
The entire system tends towards respectinga balance norm and in order to understand thebehaviour of one of the system elements it will have
to be put in relation to the whole as its functioning iscontrolled by the whole
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEENLOGICAL LEVELS
In this context Gregory Bateson grants special im-portance to Bertrand Russell and Alfred Witheheadrsquosstudies collected in their work Principia matemati-ca published between 1910 and 1913 in which theyexplained the logical types They claimed the thesisaccording to which when one must deal with indi-
vidual elements which are part of a system then thediscourse regarding individual elements must be se-parated from that regarding the system of elements Ifone does not respect this condition the result of thereasoning will be paradoxical
Gregory Bateson applies this thesis to logical lan-guage which is hierarchical For example we cannotconsider individual X to be comparable to man in ge-neral Or Epimenidesrsquo assertion ldquoall Cretans are liarsrdquo
or his invitation to spontaneity ldquobe spontaneousrdquo
DOUBLE BIND
This moment of analysing logical types makes thetransition to developing communication theory andallows the discovery and explanation of the ldquodoublebindrdquo Within communication there are always twoelements an emitter and a receiver indispensable inorder to construct a double bind One can take the
example of the mother who tells her child ldquocomehererdquo in words but actually rejects the child with hergestures In this situation we have
8202019 De La Baterson La Terapia Scurta Sistemica
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullde-la-baterson-la-terapia-scurta-sistemica 66
DANY GERBINET bull From Bateson to short systemic-strategic therapy ndash An alternative to the traditional systems GENERAL STUDIES
12 Revista de Neurologie şi Psihiatrie a Copilului şi Adolescentului din Romacircnia ndash 2012 ndash vol 12 ndash nr 4
1 A first level message ldquocome hererdquo which is anegative primary injunction
2 A second level message a secondary negativeinjunction contradicting the first
3 An emotionally invested relationship
4 A failure in the communication situation5 A difficulty or impossibility to get out of therelationship
Gregory Bateson in his work Steps to An Ecologyof Mind explains the double bind effectrdquoWesuppose that faced with a double bind situation anyindividual sees hisher capacity to distinguish logicaltypes sinkingrdquo The features of such a situation are asfollows
1 The subject is involved in a situation in which
it is vital to himher to understand the type ofmessage being communicated in order to be ableto respond in an appropriate manner2 The subject is caught in a situation in whichthe other emits two types of messages which aremutually contradictory3 The subject is incapable of commenting themessages being transmitted before identifying theone to which heshe must really respond Heshecannot utter a meta-communicative sentence
DESPRE O NOUA ABORDARE ASCHIZOFRENIEI
Gregory Bateson DD Jackson John Weakland Jay Haley began the first clinical research onschizophrenic patients and demonstrated that apatient caught in such a communication model(ldquodouble bindrdquo) for a long time can develop psychoticsymptoms
Studies explain how double bind can occur in a
family situation and put into practice the systemicconception regarding the etiology and psychotherapyof mental illness
Subsequent studies based on the communicationtheory launched by Gregory Bateson took the formof the ldquoBateson Programmerdquo within which clinicianssuch as Haley Weakland Milton and Erickson alsousing paradoxical intervention techniques founded
the Mental Research Institute in Palo Alto in 1959 Within this research programme they developedspecific psychotherapy techniques also known as shorttherapies based on the systemic ndash strategic theory
THE PALO ALTO SPIRIT
The communication theory launched by GregoryBateson connects the individual to the social group ina new interactional vision which completely alters the
conception regarding psychological pathology andpsychotherapeutic interventionStarting with this historical moment one can
speak of two main therapeutic directions The psychodynamic theory and practice which
gives precedence to the individual unconsciouspersonal history having a linear causality
The systemic theory and practice which givesprecedence to the relational perspective informationbeing circular and synchronic
The approach in short systemic-strategic therapiesis non-normative and non-pathologizing compared tonorms regarding the classification of mental illnesses
Within this therapeutic approach the clinician doenot seek to understand the causes of the sufferingbut the manner in which it functions at the presentmoment
Thereza Garcia and JJ Wittezaele in their workentitled In search of the Palo Alto School expressed pre-cisely the specificity of this therapeutic approachrdquoOneof the most innovative and seductive aspects of short
therapy is that connected to the respect for the other with regard to the otherrsquos differences letting the pati-ent decide on the change objective with which heshe
wants to work in the psychotherapyrdquo
BIBLIOGRAFIE BIBLIOGRAPHY
1 Bateson G (1990) Vers une eacutecologie de lrsquoesprit Tome1 Seuil
2 BatesonG (1991) Vers une eacutecologie de lrsquoesprit Tome2 Seuil
3 Watzlawick P NardoneG (2000) Strateacutegie de latheacuterapie bregraveve Seuil
4 Wittezaele Jj Garcia T (2006) A la recherche delrsquoeacutecole de Palo Alto Couleur Psy Seuil
5 Watzlawick P Helmick Beavin J Jackson DD(1972) Une logique de la communication Seuil
8202019 De La Baterson La Terapia Scurta Sistemica
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullde-la-baterson-la-terapia-scurta-sistemica 56
GENERAL STUDIES DANY GERBINET bull From Bateson to short systemic-strategic therapy ndash An alternative to the traditional systems
Revista de Neurologie şi Psihiatrie a Copilului şi Adolescentului din Romacircnia ndash 2012 ndash vol 12 ndash nr 4 11
At the age of 20 Gregory Bateson took a trip tothe Galapagos and was fascinated not as much bythe animal species which he encountered as by thepeople in those places their customs he then madethe determining choice in his career he was going to
become an anthropologist
THE CYBERNETIC EVENT
The next stage in our journey will take place inthe scientific context of the period in which GregoryBateson researched and worked
Claude Bernard was the first who ascertainedthe existence of an analogy between the operationof the steam engine and that of living organisms
which possess certain organic parameters beingmaintained at constant levels in order to ensure theorganism functions well for example cholesterollevels or blood sugar levels or body temperature
This constant relative balance bears the name ofhomoeostasis Homoeostasis is possible due to selfregulating processes which cause those parameters tobe maintained at constant levels
In 1930 Norbert Wiener considered to be thefather of modern cybernetics discovered the conceptof feedback as a retroactive process with the role ofmaintaining system stability if it strays from normalfunctioning parameters that is to say if there is animportant disparity between internal norms and someexternal phenomena which threaten the balance ofthe system The concept of norm poses the problemof regulating the system around a stable value withthe help of negative feedback which represents thebasis of self regulation in the system operation theory
Straying from the norm which represents a majorrisk for maintaining system integrity is explained
through positive feedbackCybernetic concepts gained ground in the fieldof psychology and explaining human behaviours andsparked Gregory Batesrsquo interest as an anthropologist
With regard to the concept of norm in the field ofhuman behaviour one can speak of personal normsfamily norms and social norms
Self regulation occurs in terms of biological normsbut also related to psychological ones
One must manage the disturbances which occur
in onersquos life environment then either our behaviourallows returning to the norm or distance from thenorm grows and a problem is created
These conceptions spark interest in the fieldof psychology psychotherapy and in the field ofcommunication they create the premises of systemictherapy
Descartes in his famous Discourse on the Method
postulates that we will never be able to know thecomplexity of our universe if we do not know itsconstitutive elements
Cybernetics and general system theory claim thatstudying each constitutive element of the system one
will not be able to know the manner in which thesystem works in its entirety
The entire system tends towards respectinga balance norm and in order to understand thebehaviour of one of the system elements it will have
to be put in relation to the whole as its functioning iscontrolled by the whole
THE DIFFERENCES BETWEENLOGICAL LEVELS
In this context Gregory Bateson grants special im-portance to Bertrand Russell and Alfred Witheheadrsquosstudies collected in their work Principia matemati-ca published between 1910 and 1913 in which theyexplained the logical types They claimed the thesisaccording to which when one must deal with indi-
vidual elements which are part of a system then thediscourse regarding individual elements must be se-parated from that regarding the system of elements Ifone does not respect this condition the result of thereasoning will be paradoxical
Gregory Bateson applies this thesis to logical lan-guage which is hierarchical For example we cannotconsider individual X to be comparable to man in ge-neral Or Epimenidesrsquo assertion ldquoall Cretans are liarsrdquo
or his invitation to spontaneity ldquobe spontaneousrdquo
DOUBLE BIND
This moment of analysing logical types makes thetransition to developing communication theory andallows the discovery and explanation of the ldquodoublebindrdquo Within communication there are always twoelements an emitter and a receiver indispensable inorder to construct a double bind One can take the
example of the mother who tells her child ldquocomehererdquo in words but actually rejects the child with hergestures In this situation we have
8202019 De La Baterson La Terapia Scurta Sistemica
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullde-la-baterson-la-terapia-scurta-sistemica 66
DANY GERBINET bull From Bateson to short systemic-strategic therapy ndash An alternative to the traditional systems GENERAL STUDIES
12 Revista de Neurologie şi Psihiatrie a Copilului şi Adolescentului din Romacircnia ndash 2012 ndash vol 12 ndash nr 4
1 A first level message ldquocome hererdquo which is anegative primary injunction
2 A second level message a secondary negativeinjunction contradicting the first
3 An emotionally invested relationship
4 A failure in the communication situation5 A difficulty or impossibility to get out of therelationship
Gregory Bateson in his work Steps to An Ecologyof Mind explains the double bind effectrdquoWesuppose that faced with a double bind situation anyindividual sees hisher capacity to distinguish logicaltypes sinkingrdquo The features of such a situation are asfollows
1 The subject is involved in a situation in which
it is vital to himher to understand the type ofmessage being communicated in order to be ableto respond in an appropriate manner2 The subject is caught in a situation in whichthe other emits two types of messages which aremutually contradictory3 The subject is incapable of commenting themessages being transmitted before identifying theone to which heshe must really respond Heshecannot utter a meta-communicative sentence
DESPRE O NOUA ABORDARE ASCHIZOFRENIEI
Gregory Bateson DD Jackson John Weakland Jay Haley began the first clinical research onschizophrenic patients and demonstrated that apatient caught in such a communication model(ldquodouble bindrdquo) for a long time can develop psychoticsymptoms
Studies explain how double bind can occur in a
family situation and put into practice the systemicconception regarding the etiology and psychotherapyof mental illness
Subsequent studies based on the communicationtheory launched by Gregory Bateson took the formof the ldquoBateson Programmerdquo within which clinicianssuch as Haley Weakland Milton and Erickson alsousing paradoxical intervention techniques founded
the Mental Research Institute in Palo Alto in 1959 Within this research programme they developedspecific psychotherapy techniques also known as shorttherapies based on the systemic ndash strategic theory
THE PALO ALTO SPIRIT
The communication theory launched by GregoryBateson connects the individual to the social group ina new interactional vision which completely alters the
conception regarding psychological pathology andpsychotherapeutic interventionStarting with this historical moment one can
speak of two main therapeutic directions The psychodynamic theory and practice which
gives precedence to the individual unconsciouspersonal history having a linear causality
The systemic theory and practice which givesprecedence to the relational perspective informationbeing circular and synchronic
The approach in short systemic-strategic therapiesis non-normative and non-pathologizing compared tonorms regarding the classification of mental illnesses
Within this therapeutic approach the clinician doenot seek to understand the causes of the sufferingbut the manner in which it functions at the presentmoment
Thereza Garcia and JJ Wittezaele in their workentitled In search of the Palo Alto School expressed pre-cisely the specificity of this therapeutic approachrdquoOneof the most innovative and seductive aspects of short
therapy is that connected to the respect for the other with regard to the otherrsquos differences letting the pati-ent decide on the change objective with which heshe
wants to work in the psychotherapyrdquo
BIBLIOGRAFIE BIBLIOGRAPHY
1 Bateson G (1990) Vers une eacutecologie de lrsquoesprit Tome1 Seuil
2 BatesonG (1991) Vers une eacutecologie de lrsquoesprit Tome2 Seuil
3 Watzlawick P NardoneG (2000) Strateacutegie de latheacuterapie bregraveve Seuil
4 Wittezaele Jj Garcia T (2006) A la recherche delrsquoeacutecole de Palo Alto Couleur Psy Seuil
5 Watzlawick P Helmick Beavin J Jackson DD(1972) Une logique de la communication Seuil
8202019 De La Baterson La Terapia Scurta Sistemica
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullde-la-baterson-la-terapia-scurta-sistemica 66
DANY GERBINET bull From Bateson to short systemic-strategic therapy ndash An alternative to the traditional systems GENERAL STUDIES
12 Revista de Neurologie şi Psihiatrie a Copilului şi Adolescentului din Romacircnia ndash 2012 ndash vol 12 ndash nr 4
1 A first level message ldquocome hererdquo which is anegative primary injunction
2 A second level message a secondary negativeinjunction contradicting the first
3 An emotionally invested relationship
4 A failure in the communication situation5 A difficulty or impossibility to get out of therelationship
Gregory Bateson in his work Steps to An Ecologyof Mind explains the double bind effectrdquoWesuppose that faced with a double bind situation anyindividual sees hisher capacity to distinguish logicaltypes sinkingrdquo The features of such a situation are asfollows
1 The subject is involved in a situation in which
it is vital to himher to understand the type ofmessage being communicated in order to be ableto respond in an appropriate manner2 The subject is caught in a situation in whichthe other emits two types of messages which aremutually contradictory3 The subject is incapable of commenting themessages being transmitted before identifying theone to which heshe must really respond Heshecannot utter a meta-communicative sentence
DESPRE O NOUA ABORDARE ASCHIZOFRENIEI
Gregory Bateson DD Jackson John Weakland Jay Haley began the first clinical research onschizophrenic patients and demonstrated that apatient caught in such a communication model(ldquodouble bindrdquo) for a long time can develop psychoticsymptoms
Studies explain how double bind can occur in a
family situation and put into practice the systemicconception regarding the etiology and psychotherapyof mental illness
Subsequent studies based on the communicationtheory launched by Gregory Bateson took the formof the ldquoBateson Programmerdquo within which clinicianssuch as Haley Weakland Milton and Erickson alsousing paradoxical intervention techniques founded
the Mental Research Institute in Palo Alto in 1959 Within this research programme they developedspecific psychotherapy techniques also known as shorttherapies based on the systemic ndash strategic theory
THE PALO ALTO SPIRIT
The communication theory launched by GregoryBateson connects the individual to the social group ina new interactional vision which completely alters the
conception regarding psychological pathology andpsychotherapeutic interventionStarting with this historical moment one can
speak of two main therapeutic directions The psychodynamic theory and practice which
gives precedence to the individual unconsciouspersonal history having a linear causality
The systemic theory and practice which givesprecedence to the relational perspective informationbeing circular and synchronic
The approach in short systemic-strategic therapiesis non-normative and non-pathologizing compared tonorms regarding the classification of mental illnesses
Within this therapeutic approach the clinician doenot seek to understand the causes of the sufferingbut the manner in which it functions at the presentmoment
Thereza Garcia and JJ Wittezaele in their workentitled In search of the Palo Alto School expressed pre-cisely the specificity of this therapeutic approachrdquoOneof the most innovative and seductive aspects of short
therapy is that connected to the respect for the other with regard to the otherrsquos differences letting the pati-ent decide on the change objective with which heshe
wants to work in the psychotherapyrdquo
BIBLIOGRAFIE BIBLIOGRAPHY
1 Bateson G (1990) Vers une eacutecologie de lrsquoesprit Tome1 Seuil
2 BatesonG (1991) Vers une eacutecologie de lrsquoesprit Tome2 Seuil
3 Watzlawick P NardoneG (2000) Strateacutegie de latheacuterapie bregraveve Seuil
4 Wittezaele Jj Garcia T (2006) A la recherche delrsquoeacutecole de Palo Alto Couleur Psy Seuil
5 Watzlawick P Helmick Beavin J Jackson DD(1972) Une logique de la communication Seuil
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