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In Building and Distributed Antenna System
(IBS and DAS) Landscape and Business
1
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Tower SiteNetwork spreadMacro Tower Site
Intelligent Repeaters
Coverage Evolution
One Operator-Infra Roll
outsBTS-for site 1Repeaters/Donor Antennas for site 2
Dedicated BTS-Indoor DAS for site 3
Associated Accessories.
Operator BTS
POI
Couplers
Splitters
Omni Antennas
Indoor DAS
12
3
Increased CapEX
Increased OpEX
Increased Infra
Cluttering
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User Density
cover only Small # large
macro cells outdoor
AMPS
1G
Analog
2G
Digital TDM
GSM
larger # macro cells; Indoorcoverage w/ more power;
Some micro in dense urban
UMTS/HSPA
3G
Digital CDMA
Thin macro cell overlaysDense micro cell under lays
DAS for large buildings
4G
Digital OFDM
Microcells for outdoor; DAS& Pico for enterprise; femto
for residential
Voice Driven Data Driven
Traffic/User
LTE/WiMax
Capacity Limited
Coverage Limited
Network EvolutionThe Service Delivery Challenge
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Without an In-Building Coveragesolution!
- Uncertain coverage! - Unknown capacity!
Au
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Loss of Revenue on Smart Devices without
IBS & DAS
70% of Data Traffic is generated indoors therefore the need of coverage
and capacity inside the premises
Social Media,
SMS, IM
Broadband
InternetEmail
TelevisionHigh quality
audio
Banking Bill
Payment
ShoppingGaming
GPS
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Fibre-DAS is Suitable for Fibre-Covered Areas
6
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Fibre-DASThe Way Forward for Mobile
Coverage
7
The complexity of providing mobile coverage to
demanding customers will be an onerous task as the
EMF from the Towers has been reduced to 1/10th of
the present value
With site acquisition being a difficult task as well as site
availability being a variable, operators will struggle to
meet the coverage obligation
Shared Multi Operator Multi technology Network
Distributed Antenna System
is
the only way forward
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New Trends - IBS
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What is an
In-Building
Solution &
Why is it
required ?
It is a process, where in we radiate adequate Mobile signalsof
one particular Network operator in that entire building.
In places like basement floors, higher floors of some high rise
Buildings, Airports, Corporate offices, Hotels & Shopping malls we
tend to get signals from different cell sites around the building, so
subscriber mobile ping-pong from one cell site to another
resultingin high CALL-DROPS
In some case when the subscriber base increases, the Networkoperator has difficulty in planning new BTS. So instead of
deploying a Macro Site the operator uses a Micro BTS where in
the signal from Micro BTS will be distributed through out the
building using Co-axial cables and distributed antenna system.
By doing so, we will have uniform signal been radiated all
through out the building providing an error free Network
connection to all their valuable subscribers present in that
building.
In the basement floorsthere will be absolutely no mobile signals
present, so this problem also can be solved using a distributed
antenna system in that floor.
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Network Problems inside Buildings High Call Drops- Above 4th or 5th floors ( Due to Multi cell Hand over )
High Bit Error Rate- Water refraction, Interference from other cell sites of same operator or other operators
No network Coverage- Basements, Ground Floors etc. ( Penetration loss)
Subscriber base increasesIf deployment of new BTS sites are not possible
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Boosts Mobile network business and hence Revenues for
the operators
Better use of network resources
Easy to install, expand or upgrade
Greatly improves cell phone performance while in
building, eliminating problems such as unstable reception,
unclear vocal quality, difficulty in accessing calls and evencalls being disconnected.
Is Suitable for Applications of Indoor Signal
Enhancement: offices, houses, shops, stores, super-
markets, department stores, hotels, car parks and etc.
Extends the GSM signal coverage
Eliminates the "blind" area
Improve the quality of conversation Improves sound quality, range, and system access.
Reduces dropped calls, signal fades, or no-service
conditions.
Think about it, we actually spend most of our time inside buildings
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1. Commercial Real Estate Developers
2. Tower Operators3. StateCountry - City Buildings
4. Public Schools
5. Hospitals
6. Stadiums7. Hotels
8. Hospitals
9. Metro Trains
10.Cantonments
11.Special Government Facilities
12.Tunnels
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A network of spatially separated antenna nodes connected to a
common source via a transport medium that provides wireless
service within a geographic area or structure
compatible with:
Cellular phone service
Wi-Fi
Public safety radio frequencies
BTS Hotel
Concept
Distribute & manage wireless network from
central BTS Hotel
All digital/analog wireless network
extension solutions from central BTS
suites to cell sites
Support s 2G, 3G & 4G applications
from single system; transport &remote
Distribute & add capacity as needed
without changing remotes-Modular
Concept
Back-fill/In-fill coverage gaps using
existing resources and deployment
Increase proximity of services to user
Hole & macro gap coverage
Tower shadow areas; canyons,
tunnels, buildings
Improve uplink data performance
through smaller cells
Stealth solutions, ease municipalityapprovals
Addresses need for Outdoor & In-
building Coverage & Capacity
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Economic
Significantly reduces Utility and Infra Cost costs Increased spectrum efficiency
No repetitive site acquisition costs for unsuccessful sites
Elimination of construction and site acquisition costs for
multiple sites for capacity
Reduced future base station infrastructure deployment
costs
Network cost sharingZoning/permitting, fiber build,
pole rent, etc
Alternate to traditional expensive urban deployments(roof tops)
Eliminates the need to build costly, difficult and
sometimes impossible conventional sites needed to
augment capacity
Operational
Much easier to troubleshoot and respond to network problems Efficient use of technical personnel for operations and
maintenance
All radio resource capacity enhancements are centrally
implemented at the BTS Hotel
All BTS maintenance is performed centrally at the Hub
Significant reduction in spare parts inventory, repair costs and
personnel requirements.
Aesthetics
Compact nature of the equipment satisfies aestheticconcerns of communities and their residents
Reduces the requirement for towers and rooftop
antennas which helps improve or maintain the
community aesthetics
Alleviates citizen concerns regarding the proliferation of
unsightly wireless infrastructure.
Strategic
Many advantages for communities: No cost to the city or community
Visually unobtrusive equipment
Use of existing infrastructure such as utility poles and street
lights
Franchise agreements and extensive system real estate assets
Ultra low RF emissions, well below all local, regional, & limits
Fast time-to-market
Increased wireless capacity for next-generation data
applications Easy to maintain and upgrade
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Current Issues
Physical Structure
and Layout
Wireless Signal
Hard Wire Phones Portable Radio
Operations
Student
Expectations
Wireless Providers
Universal
Cellular/PCS/Safety Radio
Coverage
Neutral-Host Wireless
System
Booster for Current andFuture Mobile Applications
with Excellent Network
Quality
Eliminated fixed-line
telephones
Extend wireless carrier
coverage inside and outsidebuildings
Airports
Metro Rail / SubwaySystems
Large FederalGovernment Facilities,Campuses and Bases
State & LocalGovernment Facilities
Office Buildings
Court Houses/Jails
Schools
BTS Hotel
Provides
Solution
DAS Opportunity Areas
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Transmission Rates/Environmental Issues
Wireless connection and antennas can be affected by the environment
and the weather
Despite improving connectivity in dead areas it still may have slow
transmission rates due to working with several frequencies on same
network.
Standards
There are not standards set for BTS hotels
May Lead to competing proprietary technologies
Certain organizations/institutions may need different types requiring in
costly consulting fees from third parties
Environmental Issues
Need for a schematic design for the routing of cables horizontally and
vertically Several antennas, repeaters, and a central hub with wiring can take time
to install (usually installed in ceilings)
Could be an unnecessary cost for some businesses and there is no clear
measurement of costs in terms of productivity
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Shared Infrastructure
Base Station Hotel
Reduced BTS site development
expenses Reduce visual impact of
traditional shelters
Infrastructure in place
backhaul, HVAC, back-up
power, etc.
Improve wireless services to the
residences
Improved coverage & capacity
Greater proximity to user
providing superior voice quality
& data rates
Minimal visual impactblend
into environment
DAS over Spare Fiber to Deliver Wireless Services
Fully utilize fiber plant to feed DAS
Remotes
Fiber pair per DAS remote serves
typically 20 km radius
Fiber pair provides up to 70 MHz
mobile services (non-contiguous) &
100 Mbps Ethernet backhaul (feed
WiFi mesh networks)
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Advantages with DAS for the mobile
operators
Advantages for the Mobile operators: Lower CAPEX for their wireless roll out
Lower OPEX
Better quality and service offerings by getting the antennas
closer to the users
Faster deployment, faster revenue stream.
Lower production cost per call / per Mb
Swift roll out
Benefit from a stealth roll out, utilizing street furniture, lamp
posts etc.
Limited zoning and construction challenges.
Better utilization of network recourses and the core network
investment by better trunking gain.
Unlock the capacity from the coverage footprintBTS Hotel, BTSs and DAS Host at
one central location
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Outdoor DAS & Base Station HotelsReplace
Microcells
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Microcells
2 major Shoppingmalls
200 shops
80K-200K
shoppers /day
Heavy high loss
old buildings
100% IB level
wanted
IB-Solutions not
possible
Mall A
Mall B
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Implementation
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Distribute the coverage and capacity from a
centralized Base Station
Unlock the coverage and capacity
Reduces CAPEX and OPEX
Ideal combo with FTTx
Outdoor DAS?
2GRF
3GRF
4G
OBSAI/CPRI
Prism HostMultiplexed Protocols
Base Station
Hotel
FlexWave Prism
Outdoor DAS
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S i l Li k C bi A hit t
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Serial Link Combiner Architecture
Host Unit
BTS3.072 Gbps
Short Range Optics
9.8304 Gbps
Long Range Optics
SLC SLC
HUB
Remote
Remote Units
September 18, 2013
Fiber transport
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Serial Link Combiner SLC
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IP/WiFi backhaul
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IP Backhaul
Host Unit
WiFi Controller
Remote Unit
IP Router
WiFi AP
Fibre Optic Cable
CO location Remote Locations
WiFi AP
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CPRI Overview
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CDIU Enables System Efficiencies
4G BBU
2G BTS
3G NodeB
R
R
HPOI
POI
POIR
R
H
4G BBU
2G BTS
3G NodeB
POI
Without CPRI Interface (applicable to any DAS system)
With CPRI Interface (no RRH, POI, DART)
CPRI
Multi-band
Radio Heads
CPRI
CPRI
CPRI
Multi-band
Radio Heads
DART
DART DART
CDIU DART
RF input for legacy services
Direct CPRI input from BBU
Resident Small Cell baseband processor
Coax
Fiber
a e
-Greater than 50% power, cooling & space savings
-Full EVM budget for maximum HSPA+/LTE data rates
-All the flexibility of multi-carrier DAS solutions
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Small Cell Aggregation, Transport &
Distribution
RF input for legacy services
Direct CPRI input from BBU
Resident Small Cell baseband processor
Distributed & Connected Small Cell Radio Heads
CDIU BBIU
DARTDART
DARTDART
Universal Host Unit
Baseband Pool
(BTS, BBU, etc.)
10Gbps
2G
3G
4G
SISO
MIMOLTE-A
10 Gbps Transport
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High Rise / Gated areas Challenge
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34
The challenge of RF performance
Isolation, interference
Users receives signals from many base stationsThis is interference
Metallic coated windows attenuates the signal
The result is:-Degraded / no service
Dropped calls
The solution is to have a dominant signal
In high rise buildings, interfeerence from distant
bastations is a problem
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Lack of Isolation
OK service from
nearby Macro No service in elevators
Weak service on shadow side
No service in the top of
the building,
interference & Pilotpollution
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Indoor DAS
Only allowed in the ElevatorLobby
This will cover the core of the
building
Still, a problem with dominance
on the perimeter of the building
36
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Indoor & Outdoor DAS
Outdoor DAS from surroundingbuildings and poles will cover
the perimeter
Simulcast with the Indoor DAS
Same sector
Solid dominance
No HO
Limited dropped calls
Max data performance
37
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Elevators
The Passive Repeater solution for
elevators
Shaft antenna, mounted on a service door
This makes it possible to get permission
Passive elevator repeater in the car; two antennas
back to back
No active elements in the elevator car
Low maintenance
Easy permission
Link
loss
Link
Loss
Antenna Gain
Antenna
Gain
Cable loss
A
RAU
A
A
Antenna Gain
Cable loss
RF Power
Se
rvice
door
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Complete DAS solution
Indoor DAS
Outdoor DAS
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Lower EMR
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Enabling 3G/4G Services Indoors
Ethernet LAN / WLAN topology
Standard structured cabling - fiber
optic and CATV cabling.
Amplifiers at the antenna point
means zero loss Significant cost and performance
advantages in medium and large
sized buildings
Industry-leading performance
regardless of frequency
4G support: LTE
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Due to the proximity of the mobile,
the mobile is the main source of EMR
exposure
Electro Magnetic Radio Exposure
All DAS systems and mobiles must fulfill the
international standards
(EN 50385 WHO/EU (ICNIRP) levels: 6minmeasurements (average)
4.5 W/m2 @ GSM
900 9.0 W/m2 @ GSM
180010 W/m2 @ UMTS
Always try to minimize the exposure to the users
The main source for EMR exposure is the mobile
due to proximity to the user
A Mobile will typical expose the user to 200 times
the power compared with a DAS antenna at 50cm
distance
Mobiles on the outdoor network have to power up
to reach the base station
Mobiles on a traditional Coax DAS need to power
up to compensate for the loss in the cables
Mobiles operating on a DAS system will use the
lowest possible power -- Fibre has negligible loss
page 42
R d RF E Of Th U
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43
Mobile using high power in an office
connected to the outdoor network
100 mW 2.000 mW
Mobile need high output power to reach the outdoor
network
1 mW 10 mW
Mobile use only low output power when connected to
an TE in-building system
Mobile on low power in an office
connected to an TE in-building system
Reduce RF Exposure Of The Users
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44
Reduce RF Exposure Of The Users
Traditional systems use lossy cables
Decreasing the data speed
Mobile has to compensate for the loss in the
cables
Increasing the mobile transmit power
The TE system has no loss
Better data performance
Reduce the MS radiation up to
factor 2000This is the mobile transit power in an office environment with 1-
50 meter distance between the mobile and the DAS antenna
EMR & I d GSM
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EMR & Indoor GSM
Indoor EMR measurements
1800 MHz / Indoor Omni 18dBm
Measurement results0cm distance (SAR to be used)
0.630 W/m2 (@ 6 min mean) 7% EU4.597 W/m2 (max @ 6 min.)
50cm distance
0.0109 W/m2 (@ 6 min mean) 0,12% EU0.1567 W/m2 (max @ 6 min)
200cm distance0.0067 W/m2 (@ 6 min mean) 0,07% EU0.0221 W/m2 (max @ 6 min)
WHO/EU (ICNIRP) levels:
4.5 W/m2@ GSM 900.9.0 W/m2@ GSM 1800. 10 W/m2@ UMTS
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Metro tunnel DAS
C it i M j M t i th h ll
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Capacity in a Major Metro is the challenge
The solution
Centralised capacity
Use of limited RF Spectrum
No need for Equipment rooms at the stations
Easy to upgrade capacity
Can handle the actual traffic load in LU..
And then more
We need to think outside the box
DAS
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DAS
Next generation high-power Distributed Antenna System (DAS)
Distribute wireless capacity to remote radiating locations
Flexible capacity, independent on 2G, 3G & 4G
Very efficient user of fiber, via WDM/CDWM
1
2GRF
High-speedRF Transport
NetworkBase Station Hotel
Tunnels & Canyon CoverageMetro Coverage and Capacity
MultiplexedDigitalTransport
3GRF
4GOBSAI/CPRI
Prism HostMultiplexed Protocols
Di it l DAS i th
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Digital DAS is the answer....
Distributed Base Stations
Inefficient Capacity
HO Nightmare
Need Space for BS
Hard to upgrade
Static capacity
Digital DAS
Effective Capacity use
Limited HO
No for BS
Easy to upgrade
Dynamic, future proof
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Applications for High Speed Rail
The High Speed Train Challenge
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The High Speed Train Challenge
Penetration loss
One of the main challanges is the penetration loss into the train
From the side(A), it is only the window loss (typically 5-20dB)
From the longitudinal direction (A2, B) the penetration loss is typically
30-50dB
Thie penetration loss ditactes the Link Budget, thus the distance
between the serving Base Stations
The High Speed Train Challenge for Base
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The High Speed Train Challenge for Base
Stations
The Handover Zones
We will need to procvide sufficient overlap between the cells to service the
handover zone.
This is a big challange espicially for high speed train service
The High Speed Train Challenge for Base
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The High Speed Train Challenge for Base
Stations
The Handover Zones
We will need to provide sufficient overlap between the cells to service thehandover zone.
This is a big challenge espicially for high speed train service
The speed of the train is also a challenge due to the dopler effect
Base stations along the track is poor performing and a bad buisness case
The High Speed Train Challenge
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The High Speed Train Challenge
DAS
Via simulcast over several remote units, will limit the needed handover zones
In the handover zone, the remote unit will broadcast both serving cell and
handover candidate with controled level offset
This solves the handover problem. By deploying the remote units away from
the track, the penetration loss improves and the dopler effect is minimized,
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Impact on HSDPA performance
Due to lack of isolation between the cells, most of the area
will not be serviced by high data speed.
Degrades the user speed, and increases the operators cost
per produced Mb
10.7M 7.2M 3.6M 720K 480K 360K 480K 720K 3.6M 7.2M 10.7M
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With simulcast and backfire
The high isolation in the solution provides full data speed
Maximum user data rates
Minimum production cost per Mb for the mobile operator
10.7Mbps
DAS along a rail line
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DAS along a rail line
More efficient use of network recoursesAvoid the Doppler problemAvoid the problem with rapid handoversAvoid the heavy signalling load with smallcells
Use Backfire configuration for 3G,maximixe data speed
Share locations for GSM-R, GSM, DCS,UMTS, LTE
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Examples
DAS is Suitable for Any Small Cell
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DAS is Suitable for Any Small Cell
Environment
page 60 /
INDOORS OUTDOORS
Airports
Canyons & CoastalTunnels/SubwaysConvention CenterHospitality
Urban CoreStadiumsHealthcare
Large Enterprise Campus MaritimeMDU/High Rise
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Conclusions
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DAS is ready for the future!
DAS is technology neutral. Can support GSM, DCS, UMTS,
HSPA+, LTE without any modifications
Can operate mixed technologies if needed
WiFi Ovelay Possible
62
DAS Hotel Solutions
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Indoor combined with Street DAS
One central capacity pool via a BS Hotel
DAS Hotel Solutions
Offset in traffic profile will save on
the BSS and Core network
Save cost both CAPEX and OPEX
No local equipment rooms
Easy to upgrade, 2G, 3G, 4G with
minimum impact
Future proof strategy
Link the outdoor and indoor roll out
strategy
Conclusion
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Conclusion
DAS gives several advantages: Offers the most flexible and efficient use of fiber Field upgradable, IP65 remote units with no fans
Reconfigurable simulcast plans, controlled remotely
Digital delay compensation, no need to spool fiber
Supports 2G, 3G, 4G and MIMO
No degradation due to fiber loss
Integrated IP backhaul over the fiber for local IP services, such as
WiFi
DAS Coverage & Capacity Solutions
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DAS Coverage & Capacity SolutionsNetwork Edge; In-building, Near-building, Outdoor
Subway
Enterprise
UndergroundCoverage
Hospitality
Residential
Base StationHotel
Residential
Street-levelStadium
Coverage
Courtyard
FlexWave
Prism
Covered Parking
RetailBuildings
InterReachFusion
Small/MediumBusiness
FlexWave
Prism
FlexWave
PrismFlexWavePrism
FlexWavePrism
InterReachFusion
FlexWave
Prism
FlexWave
Prism
InterReachAccel
FlexWave
Prism
FlexWave
Prism
FlexWave
Prism