Counter Reformation Chapter. 22
The Spanish Empire
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) was an explorer from Genoa, Italy. He had made landfall in the Americas on October 12,
1492.
Cortes in Mexico
Plan of Tenochtitlan, from Cortes first letter to the king of Spain. 1521
Aztecs confront the Spaniards
Spanish massacre Aztecs nobles in the temple courtyard
Pizarro in Peru
Atahuallpa, from Peru.
The acquisition of gold and silver, and other treasure was strong motivation for European colonization of the Americas.
The treasures of gold and silver that were brought back were melted down for currency, far more important that their artistic value to the military Spanish monarchy.
In fact almost no gold or silver object survived from the conquest.
Gold and Silver : The Monetary Motive
The Counter-Reformation
Spain and FranceKing Charles V of Spain and Francis I of
France hated each other and were in a state of constant war
Neither could defeat the otherTheir resentment goes back to Charles’
election to the Holy Roman Emperor over Francis
The pope backed Francis but Charles Bought the votes of the electors
Charles V in troubleCharles’ kingdom was immenseMade bigger with lands of Holy Roman
EmpireSuleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman
Empire killed Charles’ brother in law on Francis’ request
Charles realized how susceptible to attack his empire was
Unite against ProtestantismCharles entered FranceFrancis became frightened and wanted peaceThe feud was endedCatholic kings united and called for a council
to address the Protestant threat
The Council of TrentAt Trento, Northern Italy beginning in
December of 1545A council called to reform the Catholic churchProtestantism could not be defeated militarilyReform was made in an effort to win back
believersMet in three sessions over 18 years
The council of Trent
Reforms of the CouncilCouncil’s main goal was to restore discipline
in the church orderEnd of selling offices and religious goodsSent bishops back to their dioceses from
RomeHeld bishops to their responsibilities to the
parishionersBishops must remain celibate
Reforms of the councilAnti-luxury, emphasis on simple pietyEnded sales of indulgencesReemphasized the traditional values of
Catholicism
Arts of the ReformationThe Church insisted on the use of religious
imageryRequired religious figures to be used in artForbade any unnecessary art techniquesEmphasis on the way art would influence the
viewer’s soul into the faith
Arts of the ReformationMusic was strongly influenced by the
Council’s new mandatesMusic was to be strictly religiousDevoid of anything secular
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina16th century composerChoirmaster in the
Capella Giuliana in the Vatican
Wrote 104 mass settings, 375 motets, 80 hymns, and 140 songs
Giovanni Pierluigi da PalestrinaFirst composer to have his complete works
publishedIncluded secular worksHighly influential composer of his day
Missa Papae Marcellihttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y28ZRYF9
Q-4Example of requirements of the CouncilWords are sung to be clear and audible for
the audience to understand
Missa Papae Marcellihttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y28ZRYF9
Q-4Example of requirements of the CouncilWords are sung to be clear and audible for
the audience to understand
Michelangelo & the Rise of Mannerism
*Michelangelo was a famous and highly skilled sculptor and artist.
*New direction of style and technique
Michelangelo & the Rise ofMannerism Cont.
Michelangelo’s new art style exhibited:
distorted figures, artificial poses , mysterious settings , and enlarged proportions characteristics
Discarded Classical traditions of balanced, symmetric, realistic art.
Church disliked Michelangelo’s provoking style
Victory by Michelangelo; Marble 8’ 7” Palazzo, Vecehio 1520’s•Serpentine figure
•Opinions of meaning
Last Judgment by Michelangelo; Fresco 48x44’ Sistine Chapel, Vatican, Rome 1534-41
• Expresses Mannerism through Serpentine figure technique•“Provoked controversy because of nude religious figures”
Other Mannerist Artist
Corregio, Jupiter and Io; Oil on Canvas
Giovanni Bologna, Rape of Sabine Woman; Marble
Benvenuto Cellini, Perseus;
Mannerist Arts
Mannerism: High RenaissanceMannerism: Artistic style that predominated in Italy from the end of the High Renaissance in the 1520s to the beginnings of the Baroque style around 1590.
Luigi Lanzi (Italian archaeologist).
Mannerist ArtistsMichelangelo BuonarrotiAmico AspertiniPerino Del vagaGiovanni Battista MoroniLuca Cambiaso…
Pontormo and Mannerism YOUTUBE VIDEO
Inquisition and Innovation
Veronese
In 1542 Pope Paul III began the Roman Inquisition
Veronese (born Paolo Cagliari but named after his city) was called forward for his painting
Was forced to correct his painting in 3 months but istead changed the name of it from the Last Supper to Feast in the House of Levi
The Spanish InquisitionBegan in 1478Was created to convert all non-Christian
Spaniards First target were the Muslims of al-AndalusUsed friendly persuasion at first. But in
1500 the clergy began to baptize the Muslims.
MoriscosIn October of 1501 after all the Muslims
were baptized they burned all of the Arabic books
ConversosConversos term for Converted Jews They went after the conversos who they
thought had a suspect conversionOn March 31 King Ferdidnad and Queen
Isabella issued an edict of expulsion for the Jewish people.
Stated that all Jewish must convert or leave the country.
Teresa of AvilaBorn from a Conversos familyFounded Discalced Carmelite1567 – The Way to Perfection1577- The Interior Castle
Cervantes and PicaresqueMiguel de Cervantes Author of Don
QuixoteConsidered first
great modern novel
Picaresque is genre that tells of and adventure of a hero that comes from a low social ranking.
Lazarillo de Tormes
THE END