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Medical/Healthcare
• Patient monitoring and tracking – Patient location in hospital– Patient would have tag installed – typically
UHF or Active • Patient verification
– Scan wristband-type device (HF) • Staff tracking in hospital.
– UHF or Active– Example in accident/emergency department
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In Hospitals Geo-fencing - Tracking Patients (research - WINMEC RFID Lab)
Research issues-Create zone filtration at each reader-Multiple readers help pin-point tag-Tracks location and movement of tag-Directional readers allow determination of floor-level-Investigating SAW technology for room delineation
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Medical/Healthcare-Drug Authentication • Background
– Lawsuit against Amgen for counterfeit Epogen sold at CVS– Pfizer receives 4 complaints of potentially counterfeit Viagra in CA– In US, less than 1% of the drugs are counterfeit– Increasing counterfeiting overseas
• Solution– RFID tagging of drug bottles in factory– Track where the bottles have been in the supply chain– Verify bottle at pharmacy– Ensure that bottles have not been tampered with
• Technology– Short range RFID
• FDA report, February 2004, http://www.fda.gov/oc/initiatives/counterfeit/report02_04.html
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WinRFID in Pharma
• RFID should provide minimum disruption to existing business process• …But there is a paradox…
• What is the business problem?
• Getting the authentic drug to the right place at the right time and delivered by the right person to the right person (chain of custody)
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Medical/Healthcare – reduce human errors
• Reducing human errors
– Human error – In surgery, sponge getting left inside human body after procedure
– Approach – RFID tagging of sponges and scanning for sponges after surgery
– Organization – Stanford University – Issue – Reliability of read, Approval from
organizations such as FDA
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Mobile Payments, Access and NFC
• Intro
• Requirements are similar – near field and security
• Card form factor
• Small, without battery
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Toll Payment
• Efficiency in toll collection
• Toll is collected while car (object) is in motion, thereby eliminating the need for a human being to take the toll and for the driver to stop
• E.g. http://www.ezpass.com/ active
• E.g. http://www.wordiq.com/definition/FasTrak active
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Examples of RFID-based payment systems
• Mobile-phone based RFID payments, chip in phone has pre-paid funds available http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/articleview/1197/1/1/
• NTT DoCoMo smart-card handsets with i-mode Felica® mobile wallet service
• Payment of drinks by VIP customers (tags embedded in skin) http://www.adsx.com/investorrelations/pdfs/VeriBro.pdf
• Exxon Mobil RFID Speedpass
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Payment in Mass Transit System
• Bay area mass transit system
– TransLink cards by ASK• 8 KB of memory• Passive• ISO 14443B• 13.56 Mhz
– Readers installed on trains and buses
http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/articleview/1209/1/1/
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Near Field Communications
• Established by Nokia, Philips and Sony
• Touch/proximity based action
• NFC technology evolved from a combination of contact-less identification (RFID) and interconnection technologies
• 13.56 MHz (HF)
• Distance is a few centimeters
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Near Field Communications• NFC technology is standardized in ISO
(International Standards Organization) 18092, ECMA 340, and ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) TS 102 190.
• Compatible to the broadly established contact-less smart card infrastructure based on ISO 14443 A (Philips MIFARE(R) technology & Sony's FeliCa* card)
• NFC forum