By
ANKIT SHRIVASTAVA
CHARUL GARG
KSHITIJ VATS
POOJA GARG
RAHUL SINGH BHADOURIA
SHALINI SHARMA
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
1) Site Clearance
removal of grass and vegetation along with any other objections which might be there in the site location
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
2) Demarcation of Site-
The whole area on which construction is to be done is marked so as to identify the construction zone
3) Positioning of Central coordinate ie (000) as per grid plan-
A central point is to be marked and all the other points of columns were to be decided with this central point
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
4) excavation-
bull Site excavation is a process in which soil rock and other materials are removed from a site typically with the use of heavy earthmoving equipment such as excavators and bulldozers
bull During new construction on buildings roads and other structures site excavation is one of the earliest stages The site is excavated to create a level clean area to work with the foundations being established in the excavated area
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
5) PCC (Plain Cement Concrete)
bull After the process of excavation laying of plain cement concrete that is PCC is done A layer of 4 inches was made in such a manner that it was not mixed with the soil It provides a solid base for the raft foundation and a mix of 1510 that is 1 part of cement to5 parts of fine aggregates and 10 parts of coarse aggregates by volume were used in it Plain concrete is vibrated to achieve full compaction Concrete placed below ground should be protected from falling earth during and after placing Concrete placed in ground containing deleterious substances should be kept free from contact with such a ground and with water draining there from during placing and for a period of seven days When joint in a layer of concrete are unavoidable and end is sloped at an angle of 30 and junctions of different layers break joint in laying upper layer of concrete The lower surface is made rough and clean watered before upper layer is laid
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
8) Shuttering and Scaffolding
Shuttering or form work is the term used for temporary timber plywood metal or other material used to provide support to wet concrete mix till it gets strength for self support It provides supports to horizontal vertical and inclined surfaces or also provides support to cast concrete according to required shape and size The form work also produces desired finish concrete surface
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
bull Shuttering or form work should be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete mix and the pressure for placing and compacting concrete inside or on the top of form workshuttering It should be rigid to prevent any deflection in surface after laying cement concrete and be also sufficient tight to prevent loss of water and mortar form cement concrete Shuttering should be easy in handling erection at site and easy to remove when cement concrete is sufficient hard
11) DeshutteringDeshuttering in simple words is the removing of shuttering and formwork12) BrickworkBrick masonry is construction in which uniform units (bricks) small enough to be placed with one hand are laid in courses with mortar joints to form walls Bricks are kiln baked from various clay and other mixtures These characteristics and the kiln temperatures combine to produce brick in a variety of colors and harnesses In some regions individual pits yield clay or shale which when ground and moistened can be formed and baked into durable brick In other regions clay or shale from several pits must be mixed
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
BRICKWORK
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
13) Doors and windows frames along with lintels
After brickwork These frames are made to fit door and windows
14) Wiring for electrical purposes-
Wiring for switch boards and electrical purposes is now done during construction itself so as to to hide them after construction on walls
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
15) Plastering
Plasterwork refers to construction or ornamentation done with plaster such as a layer of plaster on an interior wall or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls The process of creating plasterwork called plastering has been used in building construction for centuries
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
PLUMBING
bullPlumbing is the system of pipes drains fittings valves valve assemblies and devices installed in a buildingbullDistribution of water for drinking heating and washing and the removal of waterborne wastes
SYSTEMS
bullTypes of system in plumbing are
Two pipe system
One pipe system
Single stack system
Single stack-partially ventilated
ONE PIPE SYSTEM
TWO PIPE SYSTEM
Materials Used
bull These pipes can be of various types
Cast iron
Reinforcement concrete
Prestressed concrete
Mild steel tubes
Copper brass rought iron
Asbestos cement
Lead polythene
pvc
Pipe sizes
bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units
bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet
SEWERAGE
bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage
bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer
bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment
IntroductionSewage
bullAlso known as waste water
bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community
bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables
bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included
Types of Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
b Industrial Sewage
c Combined Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
bull Also known as Domestics
Sewage
bull The foul discharges from
residential amp commercial area
bull It mainly includes discharges
from latrines urinals laundry
etc
b Industrial Sewage
bull The foul discharges
from industries
bull It includes discharges
produced during the
manufacturing of goods
c Combined Sewage
bull Combination of Sanitary
sewage amp Storm water
bull Storm water is rain amp snow
melt that runs off surfaces
such as rooftops paved
streets highways amp parking
lots
Sewerage SystemSewerage
bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities
bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly
bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible
bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition
bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water
carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as
Sewerage
bull Components of sewerage system are
a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer
DrainIs a plumbing fixture
that provides an exit-
point for waste water
or water that is to be
re-circulated
The opening or hole through
which a man can enter the
sewer line or other closed
structure for inspection and
cleaning
Includes pumps
ampequipments for pumping
fluids
Supplies water to remove
sewage from processing site
Man holePumping Station
Sewer
III Combined Sewer
bull Type of sewer system
bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system
bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer
overflows
bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather
bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities
Features Of Sewerage System
A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the
system of pipe lines or sewers
bull The system of sewers is called sewerage
or sewerage system
bull Where sewerage system is not provided
sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank
Main features of sewerage system are
A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal
C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of
removing contaminants from sewage
bull Objective is to produce an environmentally
safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for
disposal or reuse
bull Discharge to the environment must be
accomplished without transmitting diseases
or endangering aquatic organisms
Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field
1 The final treatment takes place in
drain field
2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes
through the gravel layer and passes
into the soil
3 The soil filters the wastewater as it
passes through the pore spaces
4 The soil microbes deactivates the
disease germs that remain in the
effluent
5 Eventually treated water enters the
groundwater
6 These processes work best where the
soil is dry permeable and contains
Sewage Treatment
II Waste Water Treatment
Plant
bull It includes physical chemical
and biological processes to
remove physical chemical and
biological contaminants
bull Sewage treatment is a
multistep process
bull Sewage treatment involves four
stages
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage
bull Consists of following
a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of
wood etc
b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken
glass etc
c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels
plastic bags syringes etc
A
B C
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
1) Site Clearance
removal of grass and vegetation along with any other objections which might be there in the site location
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
2) Demarcation of Site-
The whole area on which construction is to be done is marked so as to identify the construction zone
3) Positioning of Central coordinate ie (000) as per grid plan-
A central point is to be marked and all the other points of columns were to be decided with this central point
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
4) excavation-
bull Site excavation is a process in which soil rock and other materials are removed from a site typically with the use of heavy earthmoving equipment such as excavators and bulldozers
bull During new construction on buildings roads and other structures site excavation is one of the earliest stages The site is excavated to create a level clean area to work with the foundations being established in the excavated area
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
5) PCC (Plain Cement Concrete)
bull After the process of excavation laying of plain cement concrete that is PCC is done A layer of 4 inches was made in such a manner that it was not mixed with the soil It provides a solid base for the raft foundation and a mix of 1510 that is 1 part of cement to5 parts of fine aggregates and 10 parts of coarse aggregates by volume were used in it Plain concrete is vibrated to achieve full compaction Concrete placed below ground should be protected from falling earth during and after placing Concrete placed in ground containing deleterious substances should be kept free from contact with such a ground and with water draining there from during placing and for a period of seven days When joint in a layer of concrete are unavoidable and end is sloped at an angle of 30 and junctions of different layers break joint in laying upper layer of concrete The lower surface is made rough and clean watered before upper layer is laid
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
8) Shuttering and Scaffolding
Shuttering or form work is the term used for temporary timber plywood metal or other material used to provide support to wet concrete mix till it gets strength for self support It provides supports to horizontal vertical and inclined surfaces or also provides support to cast concrete according to required shape and size The form work also produces desired finish concrete surface
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
bull Shuttering or form work should be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete mix and the pressure for placing and compacting concrete inside or on the top of form workshuttering It should be rigid to prevent any deflection in surface after laying cement concrete and be also sufficient tight to prevent loss of water and mortar form cement concrete Shuttering should be easy in handling erection at site and easy to remove when cement concrete is sufficient hard
11) DeshutteringDeshuttering in simple words is the removing of shuttering and formwork12) BrickworkBrick masonry is construction in which uniform units (bricks) small enough to be placed with one hand are laid in courses with mortar joints to form walls Bricks are kiln baked from various clay and other mixtures These characteristics and the kiln temperatures combine to produce brick in a variety of colors and harnesses In some regions individual pits yield clay or shale which when ground and moistened can be formed and baked into durable brick In other regions clay or shale from several pits must be mixed
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
BRICKWORK
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
13) Doors and windows frames along with lintels
After brickwork These frames are made to fit door and windows
14) Wiring for electrical purposes-
Wiring for switch boards and electrical purposes is now done during construction itself so as to to hide them after construction on walls
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
15) Plastering
Plasterwork refers to construction or ornamentation done with plaster such as a layer of plaster on an interior wall or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls The process of creating plasterwork called plastering has been used in building construction for centuries
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
PLUMBING
bullPlumbing is the system of pipes drains fittings valves valve assemblies and devices installed in a buildingbullDistribution of water for drinking heating and washing and the removal of waterborne wastes
SYSTEMS
bullTypes of system in plumbing are
Two pipe system
One pipe system
Single stack system
Single stack-partially ventilated
ONE PIPE SYSTEM
TWO PIPE SYSTEM
Materials Used
bull These pipes can be of various types
Cast iron
Reinforcement concrete
Prestressed concrete
Mild steel tubes
Copper brass rought iron
Asbestos cement
Lead polythene
pvc
Pipe sizes
bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units
bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet
SEWERAGE
bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage
bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer
bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment
IntroductionSewage
bullAlso known as waste water
bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community
bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables
bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included
Types of Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
b Industrial Sewage
c Combined Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
bull Also known as Domestics
Sewage
bull The foul discharges from
residential amp commercial area
bull It mainly includes discharges
from latrines urinals laundry
etc
b Industrial Sewage
bull The foul discharges
from industries
bull It includes discharges
produced during the
manufacturing of goods
c Combined Sewage
bull Combination of Sanitary
sewage amp Storm water
bull Storm water is rain amp snow
melt that runs off surfaces
such as rooftops paved
streets highways amp parking
lots
Sewerage SystemSewerage
bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities
bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly
bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible
bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition
bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water
carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as
Sewerage
bull Components of sewerage system are
a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer
DrainIs a plumbing fixture
that provides an exit-
point for waste water
or water that is to be
re-circulated
The opening or hole through
which a man can enter the
sewer line or other closed
structure for inspection and
cleaning
Includes pumps
ampequipments for pumping
fluids
Supplies water to remove
sewage from processing site
Man holePumping Station
Sewer
III Combined Sewer
bull Type of sewer system
bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system
bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer
overflows
bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather
bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities
Features Of Sewerage System
A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the
system of pipe lines or sewers
bull The system of sewers is called sewerage
or sewerage system
bull Where sewerage system is not provided
sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank
Main features of sewerage system are
A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal
C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of
removing contaminants from sewage
bull Objective is to produce an environmentally
safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for
disposal or reuse
bull Discharge to the environment must be
accomplished without transmitting diseases
or endangering aquatic organisms
Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field
1 The final treatment takes place in
drain field
2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes
through the gravel layer and passes
into the soil
3 The soil filters the wastewater as it
passes through the pore spaces
4 The soil microbes deactivates the
disease germs that remain in the
effluent
5 Eventually treated water enters the
groundwater
6 These processes work best where the
soil is dry permeable and contains
Sewage Treatment
II Waste Water Treatment
Plant
bull It includes physical chemical
and biological processes to
remove physical chemical and
biological contaminants
bull Sewage treatment is a
multistep process
bull Sewage treatment involves four
stages
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage
bull Consists of following
a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of
wood etc
b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken
glass etc
c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels
plastic bags syringes etc
A
B C
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
2) Demarcation of Site-
The whole area on which construction is to be done is marked so as to identify the construction zone
3) Positioning of Central coordinate ie (000) as per grid plan-
A central point is to be marked and all the other points of columns were to be decided with this central point
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
4) excavation-
bull Site excavation is a process in which soil rock and other materials are removed from a site typically with the use of heavy earthmoving equipment such as excavators and bulldozers
bull During new construction on buildings roads and other structures site excavation is one of the earliest stages The site is excavated to create a level clean area to work with the foundations being established in the excavated area
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
5) PCC (Plain Cement Concrete)
bull After the process of excavation laying of plain cement concrete that is PCC is done A layer of 4 inches was made in such a manner that it was not mixed with the soil It provides a solid base for the raft foundation and a mix of 1510 that is 1 part of cement to5 parts of fine aggregates and 10 parts of coarse aggregates by volume were used in it Plain concrete is vibrated to achieve full compaction Concrete placed below ground should be protected from falling earth during and after placing Concrete placed in ground containing deleterious substances should be kept free from contact with such a ground and with water draining there from during placing and for a period of seven days When joint in a layer of concrete are unavoidable and end is sloped at an angle of 30 and junctions of different layers break joint in laying upper layer of concrete The lower surface is made rough and clean watered before upper layer is laid
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
8) Shuttering and Scaffolding
Shuttering or form work is the term used for temporary timber plywood metal or other material used to provide support to wet concrete mix till it gets strength for self support It provides supports to horizontal vertical and inclined surfaces or also provides support to cast concrete according to required shape and size The form work also produces desired finish concrete surface
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
bull Shuttering or form work should be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete mix and the pressure for placing and compacting concrete inside or on the top of form workshuttering It should be rigid to prevent any deflection in surface after laying cement concrete and be also sufficient tight to prevent loss of water and mortar form cement concrete Shuttering should be easy in handling erection at site and easy to remove when cement concrete is sufficient hard
11) DeshutteringDeshuttering in simple words is the removing of shuttering and formwork12) BrickworkBrick masonry is construction in which uniform units (bricks) small enough to be placed with one hand are laid in courses with mortar joints to form walls Bricks are kiln baked from various clay and other mixtures These characteristics and the kiln temperatures combine to produce brick in a variety of colors and harnesses In some regions individual pits yield clay or shale which when ground and moistened can be formed and baked into durable brick In other regions clay or shale from several pits must be mixed
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
BRICKWORK
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
13) Doors and windows frames along with lintels
After brickwork These frames are made to fit door and windows
14) Wiring for electrical purposes-
Wiring for switch boards and electrical purposes is now done during construction itself so as to to hide them after construction on walls
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
15) Plastering
Plasterwork refers to construction or ornamentation done with plaster such as a layer of plaster on an interior wall or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls The process of creating plasterwork called plastering has been used in building construction for centuries
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
PLUMBING
bullPlumbing is the system of pipes drains fittings valves valve assemblies and devices installed in a buildingbullDistribution of water for drinking heating and washing and the removal of waterborne wastes
SYSTEMS
bullTypes of system in plumbing are
Two pipe system
One pipe system
Single stack system
Single stack-partially ventilated
ONE PIPE SYSTEM
TWO PIPE SYSTEM
Materials Used
bull These pipes can be of various types
Cast iron
Reinforcement concrete
Prestressed concrete
Mild steel tubes
Copper brass rought iron
Asbestos cement
Lead polythene
pvc
Pipe sizes
bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units
bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet
SEWERAGE
bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage
bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer
bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment
IntroductionSewage
bullAlso known as waste water
bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community
bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables
bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included
Types of Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
b Industrial Sewage
c Combined Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
bull Also known as Domestics
Sewage
bull The foul discharges from
residential amp commercial area
bull It mainly includes discharges
from latrines urinals laundry
etc
b Industrial Sewage
bull The foul discharges
from industries
bull It includes discharges
produced during the
manufacturing of goods
c Combined Sewage
bull Combination of Sanitary
sewage amp Storm water
bull Storm water is rain amp snow
melt that runs off surfaces
such as rooftops paved
streets highways amp parking
lots
Sewerage SystemSewerage
bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities
bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly
bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible
bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition
bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water
carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as
Sewerage
bull Components of sewerage system are
a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer
DrainIs a plumbing fixture
that provides an exit-
point for waste water
or water that is to be
re-circulated
The opening or hole through
which a man can enter the
sewer line or other closed
structure for inspection and
cleaning
Includes pumps
ampequipments for pumping
fluids
Supplies water to remove
sewage from processing site
Man holePumping Station
Sewer
III Combined Sewer
bull Type of sewer system
bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system
bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer
overflows
bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather
bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities
Features Of Sewerage System
A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the
system of pipe lines or sewers
bull The system of sewers is called sewerage
or sewerage system
bull Where sewerage system is not provided
sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank
Main features of sewerage system are
A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal
C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of
removing contaminants from sewage
bull Objective is to produce an environmentally
safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for
disposal or reuse
bull Discharge to the environment must be
accomplished without transmitting diseases
or endangering aquatic organisms
Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field
1 The final treatment takes place in
drain field
2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes
through the gravel layer and passes
into the soil
3 The soil filters the wastewater as it
passes through the pore spaces
4 The soil microbes deactivates the
disease germs that remain in the
effluent
5 Eventually treated water enters the
groundwater
6 These processes work best where the
soil is dry permeable and contains
Sewage Treatment
II Waste Water Treatment
Plant
bull It includes physical chemical
and biological processes to
remove physical chemical and
biological contaminants
bull Sewage treatment is a
multistep process
bull Sewage treatment involves four
stages
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage
bull Consists of following
a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of
wood etc
b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken
glass etc
c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels
plastic bags syringes etc
A
B C
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
4) excavation-
bull Site excavation is a process in which soil rock and other materials are removed from a site typically with the use of heavy earthmoving equipment such as excavators and bulldozers
bull During new construction on buildings roads and other structures site excavation is one of the earliest stages The site is excavated to create a level clean area to work with the foundations being established in the excavated area
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
5) PCC (Plain Cement Concrete)
bull After the process of excavation laying of plain cement concrete that is PCC is done A layer of 4 inches was made in such a manner that it was not mixed with the soil It provides a solid base for the raft foundation and a mix of 1510 that is 1 part of cement to5 parts of fine aggregates and 10 parts of coarse aggregates by volume were used in it Plain concrete is vibrated to achieve full compaction Concrete placed below ground should be protected from falling earth during and after placing Concrete placed in ground containing deleterious substances should be kept free from contact with such a ground and with water draining there from during placing and for a period of seven days When joint in a layer of concrete are unavoidable and end is sloped at an angle of 30 and junctions of different layers break joint in laying upper layer of concrete The lower surface is made rough and clean watered before upper layer is laid
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
8) Shuttering and Scaffolding
Shuttering or form work is the term used for temporary timber plywood metal or other material used to provide support to wet concrete mix till it gets strength for self support It provides supports to horizontal vertical and inclined surfaces or also provides support to cast concrete according to required shape and size The form work also produces desired finish concrete surface
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
bull Shuttering or form work should be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete mix and the pressure for placing and compacting concrete inside or on the top of form workshuttering It should be rigid to prevent any deflection in surface after laying cement concrete and be also sufficient tight to prevent loss of water and mortar form cement concrete Shuttering should be easy in handling erection at site and easy to remove when cement concrete is sufficient hard
11) DeshutteringDeshuttering in simple words is the removing of shuttering and formwork12) BrickworkBrick masonry is construction in which uniform units (bricks) small enough to be placed with one hand are laid in courses with mortar joints to form walls Bricks are kiln baked from various clay and other mixtures These characteristics and the kiln temperatures combine to produce brick in a variety of colors and harnesses In some regions individual pits yield clay or shale which when ground and moistened can be formed and baked into durable brick In other regions clay or shale from several pits must be mixed
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
BRICKWORK
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
13) Doors and windows frames along with lintels
After brickwork These frames are made to fit door and windows
14) Wiring for electrical purposes-
Wiring for switch boards and electrical purposes is now done during construction itself so as to to hide them after construction on walls
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
15) Plastering
Plasterwork refers to construction or ornamentation done with plaster such as a layer of plaster on an interior wall or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls The process of creating plasterwork called plastering has been used in building construction for centuries
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
PLUMBING
bullPlumbing is the system of pipes drains fittings valves valve assemblies and devices installed in a buildingbullDistribution of water for drinking heating and washing and the removal of waterborne wastes
SYSTEMS
bullTypes of system in plumbing are
Two pipe system
One pipe system
Single stack system
Single stack-partially ventilated
ONE PIPE SYSTEM
TWO PIPE SYSTEM
Materials Used
bull These pipes can be of various types
Cast iron
Reinforcement concrete
Prestressed concrete
Mild steel tubes
Copper brass rought iron
Asbestos cement
Lead polythene
pvc
Pipe sizes
bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units
bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet
SEWERAGE
bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage
bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer
bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment
IntroductionSewage
bullAlso known as waste water
bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community
bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables
bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included
Types of Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
b Industrial Sewage
c Combined Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
bull Also known as Domestics
Sewage
bull The foul discharges from
residential amp commercial area
bull It mainly includes discharges
from latrines urinals laundry
etc
b Industrial Sewage
bull The foul discharges
from industries
bull It includes discharges
produced during the
manufacturing of goods
c Combined Sewage
bull Combination of Sanitary
sewage amp Storm water
bull Storm water is rain amp snow
melt that runs off surfaces
such as rooftops paved
streets highways amp parking
lots
Sewerage SystemSewerage
bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities
bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly
bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible
bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition
bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water
carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as
Sewerage
bull Components of sewerage system are
a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer
DrainIs a plumbing fixture
that provides an exit-
point for waste water
or water that is to be
re-circulated
The opening or hole through
which a man can enter the
sewer line or other closed
structure for inspection and
cleaning
Includes pumps
ampequipments for pumping
fluids
Supplies water to remove
sewage from processing site
Man holePumping Station
Sewer
III Combined Sewer
bull Type of sewer system
bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system
bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer
overflows
bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather
bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities
Features Of Sewerage System
A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the
system of pipe lines or sewers
bull The system of sewers is called sewerage
or sewerage system
bull Where sewerage system is not provided
sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank
Main features of sewerage system are
A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal
C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of
removing contaminants from sewage
bull Objective is to produce an environmentally
safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for
disposal or reuse
bull Discharge to the environment must be
accomplished without transmitting diseases
or endangering aquatic organisms
Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field
1 The final treatment takes place in
drain field
2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes
through the gravel layer and passes
into the soil
3 The soil filters the wastewater as it
passes through the pore spaces
4 The soil microbes deactivates the
disease germs that remain in the
effluent
5 Eventually treated water enters the
groundwater
6 These processes work best where the
soil is dry permeable and contains
Sewage Treatment
II Waste Water Treatment
Plant
bull It includes physical chemical
and biological processes to
remove physical chemical and
biological contaminants
bull Sewage treatment is a
multistep process
bull Sewage treatment involves four
stages
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage
bull Consists of following
a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of
wood etc
b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken
glass etc
c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels
plastic bags syringes etc
A
B C
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
5) PCC (Plain Cement Concrete)
bull After the process of excavation laying of plain cement concrete that is PCC is done A layer of 4 inches was made in such a manner that it was not mixed with the soil It provides a solid base for the raft foundation and a mix of 1510 that is 1 part of cement to5 parts of fine aggregates and 10 parts of coarse aggregates by volume were used in it Plain concrete is vibrated to achieve full compaction Concrete placed below ground should be protected from falling earth during and after placing Concrete placed in ground containing deleterious substances should be kept free from contact with such a ground and with water draining there from during placing and for a period of seven days When joint in a layer of concrete are unavoidable and end is sloped at an angle of 30 and junctions of different layers break joint in laying upper layer of concrete The lower surface is made rough and clean watered before upper layer is laid
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
8) Shuttering and Scaffolding
Shuttering or form work is the term used for temporary timber plywood metal or other material used to provide support to wet concrete mix till it gets strength for self support It provides supports to horizontal vertical and inclined surfaces or also provides support to cast concrete according to required shape and size The form work also produces desired finish concrete surface
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
bull Shuttering or form work should be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete mix and the pressure for placing and compacting concrete inside or on the top of form workshuttering It should be rigid to prevent any deflection in surface after laying cement concrete and be also sufficient tight to prevent loss of water and mortar form cement concrete Shuttering should be easy in handling erection at site and easy to remove when cement concrete is sufficient hard
11) DeshutteringDeshuttering in simple words is the removing of shuttering and formwork12) BrickworkBrick masonry is construction in which uniform units (bricks) small enough to be placed with one hand are laid in courses with mortar joints to form walls Bricks are kiln baked from various clay and other mixtures These characteristics and the kiln temperatures combine to produce brick in a variety of colors and harnesses In some regions individual pits yield clay or shale which when ground and moistened can be formed and baked into durable brick In other regions clay or shale from several pits must be mixed
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
BRICKWORK
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
13) Doors and windows frames along with lintels
After brickwork These frames are made to fit door and windows
14) Wiring for electrical purposes-
Wiring for switch boards and electrical purposes is now done during construction itself so as to to hide them after construction on walls
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
15) Plastering
Plasterwork refers to construction or ornamentation done with plaster such as a layer of plaster on an interior wall or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls The process of creating plasterwork called plastering has been used in building construction for centuries
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
PLUMBING
bullPlumbing is the system of pipes drains fittings valves valve assemblies and devices installed in a buildingbullDistribution of water for drinking heating and washing and the removal of waterborne wastes
SYSTEMS
bullTypes of system in plumbing are
Two pipe system
One pipe system
Single stack system
Single stack-partially ventilated
ONE PIPE SYSTEM
TWO PIPE SYSTEM
Materials Used
bull These pipes can be of various types
Cast iron
Reinforcement concrete
Prestressed concrete
Mild steel tubes
Copper brass rought iron
Asbestos cement
Lead polythene
pvc
Pipe sizes
bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units
bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet
SEWERAGE
bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage
bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer
bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment
IntroductionSewage
bullAlso known as waste water
bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community
bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables
bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included
Types of Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
b Industrial Sewage
c Combined Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
bull Also known as Domestics
Sewage
bull The foul discharges from
residential amp commercial area
bull It mainly includes discharges
from latrines urinals laundry
etc
b Industrial Sewage
bull The foul discharges
from industries
bull It includes discharges
produced during the
manufacturing of goods
c Combined Sewage
bull Combination of Sanitary
sewage amp Storm water
bull Storm water is rain amp snow
melt that runs off surfaces
such as rooftops paved
streets highways amp parking
lots
Sewerage SystemSewerage
bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities
bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly
bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible
bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition
bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water
carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as
Sewerage
bull Components of sewerage system are
a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer
DrainIs a plumbing fixture
that provides an exit-
point for waste water
or water that is to be
re-circulated
The opening or hole through
which a man can enter the
sewer line or other closed
structure for inspection and
cleaning
Includes pumps
ampequipments for pumping
fluids
Supplies water to remove
sewage from processing site
Man holePumping Station
Sewer
III Combined Sewer
bull Type of sewer system
bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system
bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer
overflows
bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather
bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities
Features Of Sewerage System
A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the
system of pipe lines or sewers
bull The system of sewers is called sewerage
or sewerage system
bull Where sewerage system is not provided
sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank
Main features of sewerage system are
A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal
C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of
removing contaminants from sewage
bull Objective is to produce an environmentally
safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for
disposal or reuse
bull Discharge to the environment must be
accomplished without transmitting diseases
or endangering aquatic organisms
Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field
1 The final treatment takes place in
drain field
2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes
through the gravel layer and passes
into the soil
3 The soil filters the wastewater as it
passes through the pore spaces
4 The soil microbes deactivates the
disease germs that remain in the
effluent
5 Eventually treated water enters the
groundwater
6 These processes work best where the
soil is dry permeable and contains
Sewage Treatment
II Waste Water Treatment
Plant
bull It includes physical chemical
and biological processes to
remove physical chemical and
biological contaminants
bull Sewage treatment is a
multistep process
bull Sewage treatment involves four
stages
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage
bull Consists of following
a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of
wood etc
b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken
glass etc
c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels
plastic bags syringes etc
A
B C
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
8) Shuttering and Scaffolding
Shuttering or form work is the term used for temporary timber plywood metal or other material used to provide support to wet concrete mix till it gets strength for self support It provides supports to horizontal vertical and inclined surfaces or also provides support to cast concrete according to required shape and size The form work also produces desired finish concrete surface
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
bull Shuttering or form work should be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete mix and the pressure for placing and compacting concrete inside or on the top of form workshuttering It should be rigid to prevent any deflection in surface after laying cement concrete and be also sufficient tight to prevent loss of water and mortar form cement concrete Shuttering should be easy in handling erection at site and easy to remove when cement concrete is sufficient hard
11) DeshutteringDeshuttering in simple words is the removing of shuttering and formwork12) BrickworkBrick masonry is construction in which uniform units (bricks) small enough to be placed with one hand are laid in courses with mortar joints to form walls Bricks are kiln baked from various clay and other mixtures These characteristics and the kiln temperatures combine to produce brick in a variety of colors and harnesses In some regions individual pits yield clay or shale which when ground and moistened can be formed and baked into durable brick In other regions clay or shale from several pits must be mixed
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
BRICKWORK
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
13) Doors and windows frames along with lintels
After brickwork These frames are made to fit door and windows
14) Wiring for electrical purposes-
Wiring for switch boards and electrical purposes is now done during construction itself so as to to hide them after construction on walls
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
15) Plastering
Plasterwork refers to construction or ornamentation done with plaster such as a layer of plaster on an interior wall or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls The process of creating plasterwork called plastering has been used in building construction for centuries
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
PLUMBING
bullPlumbing is the system of pipes drains fittings valves valve assemblies and devices installed in a buildingbullDistribution of water for drinking heating and washing and the removal of waterborne wastes
SYSTEMS
bullTypes of system in plumbing are
Two pipe system
One pipe system
Single stack system
Single stack-partially ventilated
ONE PIPE SYSTEM
TWO PIPE SYSTEM
Materials Used
bull These pipes can be of various types
Cast iron
Reinforcement concrete
Prestressed concrete
Mild steel tubes
Copper brass rought iron
Asbestos cement
Lead polythene
pvc
Pipe sizes
bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units
bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet
SEWERAGE
bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage
bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer
bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment
IntroductionSewage
bullAlso known as waste water
bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community
bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables
bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included
Types of Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
b Industrial Sewage
c Combined Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
bull Also known as Domestics
Sewage
bull The foul discharges from
residential amp commercial area
bull It mainly includes discharges
from latrines urinals laundry
etc
b Industrial Sewage
bull The foul discharges
from industries
bull It includes discharges
produced during the
manufacturing of goods
c Combined Sewage
bull Combination of Sanitary
sewage amp Storm water
bull Storm water is rain amp snow
melt that runs off surfaces
such as rooftops paved
streets highways amp parking
lots
Sewerage SystemSewerage
bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities
bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly
bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible
bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition
bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water
carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as
Sewerage
bull Components of sewerage system are
a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer
DrainIs a plumbing fixture
that provides an exit-
point for waste water
or water that is to be
re-circulated
The opening or hole through
which a man can enter the
sewer line or other closed
structure for inspection and
cleaning
Includes pumps
ampequipments for pumping
fluids
Supplies water to remove
sewage from processing site
Man holePumping Station
Sewer
III Combined Sewer
bull Type of sewer system
bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system
bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer
overflows
bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather
bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities
Features Of Sewerage System
A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the
system of pipe lines or sewers
bull The system of sewers is called sewerage
or sewerage system
bull Where sewerage system is not provided
sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank
Main features of sewerage system are
A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal
C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of
removing contaminants from sewage
bull Objective is to produce an environmentally
safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for
disposal or reuse
bull Discharge to the environment must be
accomplished without transmitting diseases
or endangering aquatic organisms
Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field
1 The final treatment takes place in
drain field
2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes
through the gravel layer and passes
into the soil
3 The soil filters the wastewater as it
passes through the pore spaces
4 The soil microbes deactivates the
disease germs that remain in the
effluent
5 Eventually treated water enters the
groundwater
6 These processes work best where the
soil is dry permeable and contains
Sewage Treatment
II Waste Water Treatment
Plant
bull It includes physical chemical
and biological processes to
remove physical chemical and
biological contaminants
bull Sewage treatment is a
multistep process
bull Sewage treatment involves four
stages
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage
bull Consists of following
a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of
wood etc
b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken
glass etc
c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels
plastic bags syringes etc
A
B C
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
bull Shuttering or form work should be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete mix and the pressure for placing and compacting concrete inside or on the top of form workshuttering It should be rigid to prevent any deflection in surface after laying cement concrete and be also sufficient tight to prevent loss of water and mortar form cement concrete Shuttering should be easy in handling erection at site and easy to remove when cement concrete is sufficient hard
11) DeshutteringDeshuttering in simple words is the removing of shuttering and formwork12) BrickworkBrick masonry is construction in which uniform units (bricks) small enough to be placed with one hand are laid in courses with mortar joints to form walls Bricks are kiln baked from various clay and other mixtures These characteristics and the kiln temperatures combine to produce brick in a variety of colors and harnesses In some regions individual pits yield clay or shale which when ground and moistened can be formed and baked into durable brick In other regions clay or shale from several pits must be mixed
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
BRICKWORK
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
13) Doors and windows frames along with lintels
After brickwork These frames are made to fit door and windows
14) Wiring for electrical purposes-
Wiring for switch boards and electrical purposes is now done during construction itself so as to to hide them after construction on walls
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
15) Plastering
Plasterwork refers to construction or ornamentation done with plaster such as a layer of plaster on an interior wall or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls The process of creating plasterwork called plastering has been used in building construction for centuries
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
PLUMBING
bullPlumbing is the system of pipes drains fittings valves valve assemblies and devices installed in a buildingbullDistribution of water for drinking heating and washing and the removal of waterborne wastes
SYSTEMS
bullTypes of system in plumbing are
Two pipe system
One pipe system
Single stack system
Single stack-partially ventilated
ONE PIPE SYSTEM
TWO PIPE SYSTEM
Materials Used
bull These pipes can be of various types
Cast iron
Reinforcement concrete
Prestressed concrete
Mild steel tubes
Copper brass rought iron
Asbestos cement
Lead polythene
pvc
Pipe sizes
bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units
bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet
SEWERAGE
bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage
bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer
bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment
IntroductionSewage
bullAlso known as waste water
bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community
bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables
bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included
Types of Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
b Industrial Sewage
c Combined Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
bull Also known as Domestics
Sewage
bull The foul discharges from
residential amp commercial area
bull It mainly includes discharges
from latrines urinals laundry
etc
b Industrial Sewage
bull The foul discharges
from industries
bull It includes discharges
produced during the
manufacturing of goods
c Combined Sewage
bull Combination of Sanitary
sewage amp Storm water
bull Storm water is rain amp snow
melt that runs off surfaces
such as rooftops paved
streets highways amp parking
lots
Sewerage SystemSewerage
bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities
bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly
bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible
bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition
bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water
carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as
Sewerage
bull Components of sewerage system are
a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer
DrainIs a plumbing fixture
that provides an exit-
point for waste water
or water that is to be
re-circulated
The opening or hole through
which a man can enter the
sewer line or other closed
structure for inspection and
cleaning
Includes pumps
ampequipments for pumping
fluids
Supplies water to remove
sewage from processing site
Man holePumping Station
Sewer
III Combined Sewer
bull Type of sewer system
bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system
bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer
overflows
bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather
bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities
Features Of Sewerage System
A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the
system of pipe lines or sewers
bull The system of sewers is called sewerage
or sewerage system
bull Where sewerage system is not provided
sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank
Main features of sewerage system are
A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal
C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of
removing contaminants from sewage
bull Objective is to produce an environmentally
safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for
disposal or reuse
bull Discharge to the environment must be
accomplished without transmitting diseases
or endangering aquatic organisms
Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field
1 The final treatment takes place in
drain field
2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes
through the gravel layer and passes
into the soil
3 The soil filters the wastewater as it
passes through the pore spaces
4 The soil microbes deactivates the
disease germs that remain in the
effluent
5 Eventually treated water enters the
groundwater
6 These processes work best where the
soil is dry permeable and contains
Sewage Treatment
II Waste Water Treatment
Plant
bull It includes physical chemical
and biological processes to
remove physical chemical and
biological contaminants
bull Sewage treatment is a
multistep process
bull Sewage treatment involves four
stages
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage
bull Consists of following
a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of
wood etc
b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken
glass etc
c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels
plastic bags syringes etc
A
B C
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
11) DeshutteringDeshuttering in simple words is the removing of shuttering and formwork12) BrickworkBrick masonry is construction in which uniform units (bricks) small enough to be placed with one hand are laid in courses with mortar joints to form walls Bricks are kiln baked from various clay and other mixtures These characteristics and the kiln temperatures combine to produce brick in a variety of colors and harnesses In some regions individual pits yield clay or shale which when ground and moistened can be formed and baked into durable brick In other regions clay or shale from several pits must be mixed
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
BRICKWORK
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
13) Doors and windows frames along with lintels
After brickwork These frames are made to fit door and windows
14) Wiring for electrical purposes-
Wiring for switch boards and electrical purposes is now done during construction itself so as to to hide them after construction on walls
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
15) Plastering
Plasterwork refers to construction or ornamentation done with plaster such as a layer of plaster on an interior wall or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls The process of creating plasterwork called plastering has been used in building construction for centuries
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
PLUMBING
bullPlumbing is the system of pipes drains fittings valves valve assemblies and devices installed in a buildingbullDistribution of water for drinking heating and washing and the removal of waterborne wastes
SYSTEMS
bullTypes of system in plumbing are
Two pipe system
One pipe system
Single stack system
Single stack-partially ventilated
ONE PIPE SYSTEM
TWO PIPE SYSTEM
Materials Used
bull These pipes can be of various types
Cast iron
Reinforcement concrete
Prestressed concrete
Mild steel tubes
Copper brass rought iron
Asbestos cement
Lead polythene
pvc
Pipe sizes
bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units
bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet
SEWERAGE
bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage
bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer
bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment
IntroductionSewage
bullAlso known as waste water
bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community
bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables
bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included
Types of Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
b Industrial Sewage
c Combined Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
bull Also known as Domestics
Sewage
bull The foul discharges from
residential amp commercial area
bull It mainly includes discharges
from latrines urinals laundry
etc
b Industrial Sewage
bull The foul discharges
from industries
bull It includes discharges
produced during the
manufacturing of goods
c Combined Sewage
bull Combination of Sanitary
sewage amp Storm water
bull Storm water is rain amp snow
melt that runs off surfaces
such as rooftops paved
streets highways amp parking
lots
Sewerage SystemSewerage
bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities
bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly
bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible
bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition
bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water
carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as
Sewerage
bull Components of sewerage system are
a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer
DrainIs a plumbing fixture
that provides an exit-
point for waste water
or water that is to be
re-circulated
The opening or hole through
which a man can enter the
sewer line or other closed
structure for inspection and
cleaning
Includes pumps
ampequipments for pumping
fluids
Supplies water to remove
sewage from processing site
Man holePumping Station
Sewer
III Combined Sewer
bull Type of sewer system
bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system
bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer
overflows
bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather
bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities
Features Of Sewerage System
A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the
system of pipe lines or sewers
bull The system of sewers is called sewerage
or sewerage system
bull Where sewerage system is not provided
sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank
Main features of sewerage system are
A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal
C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of
removing contaminants from sewage
bull Objective is to produce an environmentally
safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for
disposal or reuse
bull Discharge to the environment must be
accomplished without transmitting diseases
or endangering aquatic organisms
Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field
1 The final treatment takes place in
drain field
2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes
through the gravel layer and passes
into the soil
3 The soil filters the wastewater as it
passes through the pore spaces
4 The soil microbes deactivates the
disease germs that remain in the
effluent
5 Eventually treated water enters the
groundwater
6 These processes work best where the
soil is dry permeable and contains
Sewage Treatment
II Waste Water Treatment
Plant
bull It includes physical chemical
and biological processes to
remove physical chemical and
biological contaminants
bull Sewage treatment is a
multistep process
bull Sewage treatment involves four
stages
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage
bull Consists of following
a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of
wood etc
b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken
glass etc
c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels
plastic bags syringes etc
A
B C
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
BRICKWORK
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
13) Doors and windows frames along with lintels
After brickwork These frames are made to fit door and windows
14) Wiring for electrical purposes-
Wiring for switch boards and electrical purposes is now done during construction itself so as to to hide them after construction on walls
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
15) Plastering
Plasterwork refers to construction or ornamentation done with plaster such as a layer of plaster on an interior wall or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls The process of creating plasterwork called plastering has been used in building construction for centuries
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
PLUMBING
bullPlumbing is the system of pipes drains fittings valves valve assemblies and devices installed in a buildingbullDistribution of water for drinking heating and washing and the removal of waterborne wastes
SYSTEMS
bullTypes of system in plumbing are
Two pipe system
One pipe system
Single stack system
Single stack-partially ventilated
ONE PIPE SYSTEM
TWO PIPE SYSTEM
Materials Used
bull These pipes can be of various types
Cast iron
Reinforcement concrete
Prestressed concrete
Mild steel tubes
Copper brass rought iron
Asbestos cement
Lead polythene
pvc
Pipe sizes
bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units
bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet
SEWERAGE
bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage
bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer
bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment
IntroductionSewage
bullAlso known as waste water
bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community
bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables
bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included
Types of Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
b Industrial Sewage
c Combined Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
bull Also known as Domestics
Sewage
bull The foul discharges from
residential amp commercial area
bull It mainly includes discharges
from latrines urinals laundry
etc
b Industrial Sewage
bull The foul discharges
from industries
bull It includes discharges
produced during the
manufacturing of goods
c Combined Sewage
bull Combination of Sanitary
sewage amp Storm water
bull Storm water is rain amp snow
melt that runs off surfaces
such as rooftops paved
streets highways amp parking
lots
Sewerage SystemSewerage
bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities
bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly
bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible
bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition
bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water
carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as
Sewerage
bull Components of sewerage system are
a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer
DrainIs a plumbing fixture
that provides an exit-
point for waste water
or water that is to be
re-circulated
The opening or hole through
which a man can enter the
sewer line or other closed
structure for inspection and
cleaning
Includes pumps
ampequipments for pumping
fluids
Supplies water to remove
sewage from processing site
Man holePumping Station
Sewer
III Combined Sewer
bull Type of sewer system
bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system
bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer
overflows
bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather
bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities
Features Of Sewerage System
A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the
system of pipe lines or sewers
bull The system of sewers is called sewerage
or sewerage system
bull Where sewerage system is not provided
sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank
Main features of sewerage system are
A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal
C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of
removing contaminants from sewage
bull Objective is to produce an environmentally
safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for
disposal or reuse
bull Discharge to the environment must be
accomplished without transmitting diseases
or endangering aquatic organisms
Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field
1 The final treatment takes place in
drain field
2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes
through the gravel layer and passes
into the soil
3 The soil filters the wastewater as it
passes through the pore spaces
4 The soil microbes deactivates the
disease germs that remain in the
effluent
5 Eventually treated water enters the
groundwater
6 These processes work best where the
soil is dry permeable and contains
Sewage Treatment
II Waste Water Treatment
Plant
bull It includes physical chemical
and biological processes to
remove physical chemical and
biological contaminants
bull Sewage treatment is a
multistep process
bull Sewage treatment involves four
stages
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage
bull Consists of following
a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of
wood etc
b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken
glass etc
c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels
plastic bags syringes etc
A
B C
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
13) Doors and windows frames along with lintels
After brickwork These frames are made to fit door and windows
14) Wiring for electrical purposes-
Wiring for switch boards and electrical purposes is now done during construction itself so as to to hide them after construction on walls
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
15) Plastering
Plasterwork refers to construction or ornamentation done with plaster such as a layer of plaster on an interior wall or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls The process of creating plasterwork called plastering has been used in building construction for centuries
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
PLUMBING
bullPlumbing is the system of pipes drains fittings valves valve assemblies and devices installed in a buildingbullDistribution of water for drinking heating and washing and the removal of waterborne wastes
SYSTEMS
bullTypes of system in plumbing are
Two pipe system
One pipe system
Single stack system
Single stack-partially ventilated
ONE PIPE SYSTEM
TWO PIPE SYSTEM
Materials Used
bull These pipes can be of various types
Cast iron
Reinforcement concrete
Prestressed concrete
Mild steel tubes
Copper brass rought iron
Asbestos cement
Lead polythene
pvc
Pipe sizes
bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units
bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet
SEWERAGE
bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage
bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer
bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment
IntroductionSewage
bullAlso known as waste water
bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community
bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables
bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included
Types of Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
b Industrial Sewage
c Combined Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
bull Also known as Domestics
Sewage
bull The foul discharges from
residential amp commercial area
bull It mainly includes discharges
from latrines urinals laundry
etc
b Industrial Sewage
bull The foul discharges
from industries
bull It includes discharges
produced during the
manufacturing of goods
c Combined Sewage
bull Combination of Sanitary
sewage amp Storm water
bull Storm water is rain amp snow
melt that runs off surfaces
such as rooftops paved
streets highways amp parking
lots
Sewerage SystemSewerage
bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities
bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly
bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible
bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition
bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water
carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as
Sewerage
bull Components of sewerage system are
a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer
DrainIs a plumbing fixture
that provides an exit-
point for waste water
or water that is to be
re-circulated
The opening or hole through
which a man can enter the
sewer line or other closed
structure for inspection and
cleaning
Includes pumps
ampequipments for pumping
fluids
Supplies water to remove
sewage from processing site
Man holePumping Station
Sewer
III Combined Sewer
bull Type of sewer system
bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system
bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer
overflows
bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather
bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities
Features Of Sewerage System
A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the
system of pipe lines or sewers
bull The system of sewers is called sewerage
or sewerage system
bull Where sewerage system is not provided
sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank
Main features of sewerage system are
A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal
C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of
removing contaminants from sewage
bull Objective is to produce an environmentally
safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for
disposal or reuse
bull Discharge to the environment must be
accomplished without transmitting diseases
or endangering aquatic organisms
Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field
1 The final treatment takes place in
drain field
2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes
through the gravel layer and passes
into the soil
3 The soil filters the wastewater as it
passes through the pore spaces
4 The soil microbes deactivates the
disease germs that remain in the
effluent
5 Eventually treated water enters the
groundwater
6 These processes work best where the
soil is dry permeable and contains
Sewage Treatment
II Waste Water Treatment
Plant
bull It includes physical chemical
and biological processes to
remove physical chemical and
biological contaminants
bull Sewage treatment is a
multistep process
bull Sewage treatment involves four
stages
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage
bull Consists of following
a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of
wood etc
b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken
glass etc
c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels
plastic bags syringes etc
A
B C
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
15) Plastering
Plasterwork refers to construction or ornamentation done with plaster such as a layer of plaster on an interior wall or plaster decorative moldings on ceilings or walls The process of creating plasterwork called plastering has been used in building construction for centuries
SEQUENCE OF CONSTRUCTION FROM CIVIL WORKS
PLUMBING
bullPlumbing is the system of pipes drains fittings valves valve assemblies and devices installed in a buildingbullDistribution of water for drinking heating and washing and the removal of waterborne wastes
SYSTEMS
bullTypes of system in plumbing are
Two pipe system
One pipe system
Single stack system
Single stack-partially ventilated
ONE PIPE SYSTEM
TWO PIPE SYSTEM
Materials Used
bull These pipes can be of various types
Cast iron
Reinforcement concrete
Prestressed concrete
Mild steel tubes
Copper brass rought iron
Asbestos cement
Lead polythene
pvc
Pipe sizes
bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units
bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet
SEWERAGE
bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage
bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer
bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment
IntroductionSewage
bullAlso known as waste water
bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community
bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables
bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included
Types of Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
b Industrial Sewage
c Combined Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
bull Also known as Domestics
Sewage
bull The foul discharges from
residential amp commercial area
bull It mainly includes discharges
from latrines urinals laundry
etc
b Industrial Sewage
bull The foul discharges
from industries
bull It includes discharges
produced during the
manufacturing of goods
c Combined Sewage
bull Combination of Sanitary
sewage amp Storm water
bull Storm water is rain amp snow
melt that runs off surfaces
such as rooftops paved
streets highways amp parking
lots
Sewerage SystemSewerage
bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities
bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly
bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible
bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition
bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water
carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as
Sewerage
bull Components of sewerage system are
a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer
DrainIs a plumbing fixture
that provides an exit-
point for waste water
or water that is to be
re-circulated
The opening or hole through
which a man can enter the
sewer line or other closed
structure for inspection and
cleaning
Includes pumps
ampequipments for pumping
fluids
Supplies water to remove
sewage from processing site
Man holePumping Station
Sewer
III Combined Sewer
bull Type of sewer system
bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system
bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer
overflows
bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather
bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities
Features Of Sewerage System
A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the
system of pipe lines or sewers
bull The system of sewers is called sewerage
or sewerage system
bull Where sewerage system is not provided
sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank
Main features of sewerage system are
A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal
C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of
removing contaminants from sewage
bull Objective is to produce an environmentally
safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for
disposal or reuse
bull Discharge to the environment must be
accomplished without transmitting diseases
or endangering aquatic organisms
Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field
1 The final treatment takes place in
drain field
2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes
through the gravel layer and passes
into the soil
3 The soil filters the wastewater as it
passes through the pore spaces
4 The soil microbes deactivates the
disease germs that remain in the
effluent
5 Eventually treated water enters the
groundwater
6 These processes work best where the
soil is dry permeable and contains
Sewage Treatment
II Waste Water Treatment
Plant
bull It includes physical chemical
and biological processes to
remove physical chemical and
biological contaminants
bull Sewage treatment is a
multistep process
bull Sewage treatment involves four
stages
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage
bull Consists of following
a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of
wood etc
b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken
glass etc
c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels
plastic bags syringes etc
A
B C
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
PLUMBING
bullPlumbing is the system of pipes drains fittings valves valve assemblies and devices installed in a buildingbullDistribution of water for drinking heating and washing and the removal of waterborne wastes
SYSTEMS
bullTypes of system in plumbing are
Two pipe system
One pipe system
Single stack system
Single stack-partially ventilated
ONE PIPE SYSTEM
TWO PIPE SYSTEM
Materials Used
bull These pipes can be of various types
Cast iron
Reinforcement concrete
Prestressed concrete
Mild steel tubes
Copper brass rought iron
Asbestos cement
Lead polythene
pvc
Pipe sizes
bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units
bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet
SEWERAGE
bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage
bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer
bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment
IntroductionSewage
bullAlso known as waste water
bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community
bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables
bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included
Types of Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
b Industrial Sewage
c Combined Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
bull Also known as Domestics
Sewage
bull The foul discharges from
residential amp commercial area
bull It mainly includes discharges
from latrines urinals laundry
etc
b Industrial Sewage
bull The foul discharges
from industries
bull It includes discharges
produced during the
manufacturing of goods
c Combined Sewage
bull Combination of Sanitary
sewage amp Storm water
bull Storm water is rain amp snow
melt that runs off surfaces
such as rooftops paved
streets highways amp parking
lots
Sewerage SystemSewerage
bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities
bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly
bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible
bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition
bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water
carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as
Sewerage
bull Components of sewerage system are
a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer
DrainIs a plumbing fixture
that provides an exit-
point for waste water
or water that is to be
re-circulated
The opening or hole through
which a man can enter the
sewer line or other closed
structure for inspection and
cleaning
Includes pumps
ampequipments for pumping
fluids
Supplies water to remove
sewage from processing site
Man holePumping Station
Sewer
III Combined Sewer
bull Type of sewer system
bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system
bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer
overflows
bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather
bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities
Features Of Sewerage System
A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the
system of pipe lines or sewers
bull The system of sewers is called sewerage
or sewerage system
bull Where sewerage system is not provided
sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank
Main features of sewerage system are
A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal
C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of
removing contaminants from sewage
bull Objective is to produce an environmentally
safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for
disposal or reuse
bull Discharge to the environment must be
accomplished without transmitting diseases
or endangering aquatic organisms
Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field
1 The final treatment takes place in
drain field
2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes
through the gravel layer and passes
into the soil
3 The soil filters the wastewater as it
passes through the pore spaces
4 The soil microbes deactivates the
disease germs that remain in the
effluent
5 Eventually treated water enters the
groundwater
6 These processes work best where the
soil is dry permeable and contains
Sewage Treatment
II Waste Water Treatment
Plant
bull It includes physical chemical
and biological processes to
remove physical chemical and
biological contaminants
bull Sewage treatment is a
multistep process
bull Sewage treatment involves four
stages
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage
bull Consists of following
a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of
wood etc
b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken
glass etc
c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels
plastic bags syringes etc
A
B C
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
SYSTEMS
bullTypes of system in plumbing are
Two pipe system
One pipe system
Single stack system
Single stack-partially ventilated
ONE PIPE SYSTEM
TWO PIPE SYSTEM
Materials Used
bull These pipes can be of various types
Cast iron
Reinforcement concrete
Prestressed concrete
Mild steel tubes
Copper brass rought iron
Asbestos cement
Lead polythene
pvc
Pipe sizes
bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units
bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet
SEWERAGE
bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage
bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer
bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment
IntroductionSewage
bullAlso known as waste water
bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community
bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables
bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included
Types of Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
b Industrial Sewage
c Combined Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
bull Also known as Domestics
Sewage
bull The foul discharges from
residential amp commercial area
bull It mainly includes discharges
from latrines urinals laundry
etc
b Industrial Sewage
bull The foul discharges
from industries
bull It includes discharges
produced during the
manufacturing of goods
c Combined Sewage
bull Combination of Sanitary
sewage amp Storm water
bull Storm water is rain amp snow
melt that runs off surfaces
such as rooftops paved
streets highways amp parking
lots
Sewerage SystemSewerage
bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities
bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly
bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible
bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition
bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water
carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as
Sewerage
bull Components of sewerage system are
a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer
DrainIs a plumbing fixture
that provides an exit-
point for waste water
or water that is to be
re-circulated
The opening or hole through
which a man can enter the
sewer line or other closed
structure for inspection and
cleaning
Includes pumps
ampequipments for pumping
fluids
Supplies water to remove
sewage from processing site
Man holePumping Station
Sewer
III Combined Sewer
bull Type of sewer system
bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system
bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer
overflows
bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather
bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities
Features Of Sewerage System
A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the
system of pipe lines or sewers
bull The system of sewers is called sewerage
or sewerage system
bull Where sewerage system is not provided
sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank
Main features of sewerage system are
A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal
C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of
removing contaminants from sewage
bull Objective is to produce an environmentally
safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for
disposal or reuse
bull Discharge to the environment must be
accomplished without transmitting diseases
or endangering aquatic organisms
Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field
1 The final treatment takes place in
drain field
2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes
through the gravel layer and passes
into the soil
3 The soil filters the wastewater as it
passes through the pore spaces
4 The soil microbes deactivates the
disease germs that remain in the
effluent
5 Eventually treated water enters the
groundwater
6 These processes work best where the
soil is dry permeable and contains
Sewage Treatment
II Waste Water Treatment
Plant
bull It includes physical chemical
and biological processes to
remove physical chemical and
biological contaminants
bull Sewage treatment is a
multistep process
bull Sewage treatment involves four
stages
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage
bull Consists of following
a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of
wood etc
b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken
glass etc
c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels
plastic bags syringes etc
A
B C
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
ONE PIPE SYSTEM
TWO PIPE SYSTEM
Materials Used
bull These pipes can be of various types
Cast iron
Reinforcement concrete
Prestressed concrete
Mild steel tubes
Copper brass rought iron
Asbestos cement
Lead polythene
pvc
Pipe sizes
bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units
bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet
SEWERAGE
bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage
bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer
bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment
IntroductionSewage
bullAlso known as waste water
bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community
bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables
bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included
Types of Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
b Industrial Sewage
c Combined Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
bull Also known as Domestics
Sewage
bull The foul discharges from
residential amp commercial area
bull It mainly includes discharges
from latrines urinals laundry
etc
b Industrial Sewage
bull The foul discharges
from industries
bull It includes discharges
produced during the
manufacturing of goods
c Combined Sewage
bull Combination of Sanitary
sewage amp Storm water
bull Storm water is rain amp snow
melt that runs off surfaces
such as rooftops paved
streets highways amp parking
lots
Sewerage SystemSewerage
bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities
bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly
bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible
bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition
bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water
carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as
Sewerage
bull Components of sewerage system are
a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer
DrainIs a plumbing fixture
that provides an exit-
point for waste water
or water that is to be
re-circulated
The opening or hole through
which a man can enter the
sewer line or other closed
structure for inspection and
cleaning
Includes pumps
ampequipments for pumping
fluids
Supplies water to remove
sewage from processing site
Man holePumping Station
Sewer
III Combined Sewer
bull Type of sewer system
bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system
bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer
overflows
bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather
bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities
Features Of Sewerage System
A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the
system of pipe lines or sewers
bull The system of sewers is called sewerage
or sewerage system
bull Where sewerage system is not provided
sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank
Main features of sewerage system are
A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal
C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of
removing contaminants from sewage
bull Objective is to produce an environmentally
safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for
disposal or reuse
bull Discharge to the environment must be
accomplished without transmitting diseases
or endangering aquatic organisms
Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field
1 The final treatment takes place in
drain field
2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes
through the gravel layer and passes
into the soil
3 The soil filters the wastewater as it
passes through the pore spaces
4 The soil microbes deactivates the
disease germs that remain in the
effluent
5 Eventually treated water enters the
groundwater
6 These processes work best where the
soil is dry permeable and contains
Sewage Treatment
II Waste Water Treatment
Plant
bull It includes physical chemical
and biological processes to
remove physical chemical and
biological contaminants
bull Sewage treatment is a
multistep process
bull Sewage treatment involves four
stages
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage
bull Consists of following
a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of
wood etc
b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken
glass etc
c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels
plastic bags syringes etc
A
B C
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
TWO PIPE SYSTEM
Materials Used
bull These pipes can be of various types
Cast iron
Reinforcement concrete
Prestressed concrete
Mild steel tubes
Copper brass rought iron
Asbestos cement
Lead polythene
pvc
Pipe sizes
bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units
bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet
SEWERAGE
bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage
bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer
bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment
IntroductionSewage
bullAlso known as waste water
bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community
bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables
bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included
Types of Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
b Industrial Sewage
c Combined Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
bull Also known as Domestics
Sewage
bull The foul discharges from
residential amp commercial area
bull It mainly includes discharges
from latrines urinals laundry
etc
b Industrial Sewage
bull The foul discharges
from industries
bull It includes discharges
produced during the
manufacturing of goods
c Combined Sewage
bull Combination of Sanitary
sewage amp Storm water
bull Storm water is rain amp snow
melt that runs off surfaces
such as rooftops paved
streets highways amp parking
lots
Sewerage SystemSewerage
bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities
bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly
bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible
bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition
bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water
carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as
Sewerage
bull Components of sewerage system are
a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer
DrainIs a plumbing fixture
that provides an exit-
point for waste water
or water that is to be
re-circulated
The opening or hole through
which a man can enter the
sewer line or other closed
structure for inspection and
cleaning
Includes pumps
ampequipments for pumping
fluids
Supplies water to remove
sewage from processing site
Man holePumping Station
Sewer
III Combined Sewer
bull Type of sewer system
bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system
bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer
overflows
bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather
bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities
Features Of Sewerage System
A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the
system of pipe lines or sewers
bull The system of sewers is called sewerage
or sewerage system
bull Where sewerage system is not provided
sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank
Main features of sewerage system are
A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal
C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of
removing contaminants from sewage
bull Objective is to produce an environmentally
safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for
disposal or reuse
bull Discharge to the environment must be
accomplished without transmitting diseases
or endangering aquatic organisms
Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field
1 The final treatment takes place in
drain field
2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes
through the gravel layer and passes
into the soil
3 The soil filters the wastewater as it
passes through the pore spaces
4 The soil microbes deactivates the
disease germs that remain in the
effluent
5 Eventually treated water enters the
groundwater
6 These processes work best where the
soil is dry permeable and contains
Sewage Treatment
II Waste Water Treatment
Plant
bull It includes physical chemical
and biological processes to
remove physical chemical and
biological contaminants
bull Sewage treatment is a
multistep process
bull Sewage treatment involves four
stages
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage
bull Consists of following
a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of
wood etc
b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken
glass etc
c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels
plastic bags syringes etc
A
B C
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Materials Used
bull These pipes can be of various types
Cast iron
Reinforcement concrete
Prestressed concrete
Mild steel tubes
Copper brass rought iron
Asbestos cement
Lead polythene
pvc
Pipe sizes
bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units
bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet
SEWERAGE
bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage
bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer
bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment
IntroductionSewage
bullAlso known as waste water
bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community
bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables
bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included
Types of Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
b Industrial Sewage
c Combined Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
bull Also known as Domestics
Sewage
bull The foul discharges from
residential amp commercial area
bull It mainly includes discharges
from latrines urinals laundry
etc
b Industrial Sewage
bull The foul discharges
from industries
bull It includes discharges
produced during the
manufacturing of goods
c Combined Sewage
bull Combination of Sanitary
sewage amp Storm water
bull Storm water is rain amp snow
melt that runs off surfaces
such as rooftops paved
streets highways amp parking
lots
Sewerage SystemSewerage
bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities
bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly
bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible
bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition
bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water
carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as
Sewerage
bull Components of sewerage system are
a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer
DrainIs a plumbing fixture
that provides an exit-
point for waste water
or water that is to be
re-circulated
The opening or hole through
which a man can enter the
sewer line or other closed
structure for inspection and
cleaning
Includes pumps
ampequipments for pumping
fluids
Supplies water to remove
sewage from processing site
Man holePumping Station
Sewer
III Combined Sewer
bull Type of sewer system
bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system
bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer
overflows
bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather
bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities
Features Of Sewerage System
A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the
system of pipe lines or sewers
bull The system of sewers is called sewerage
or sewerage system
bull Where sewerage system is not provided
sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank
Main features of sewerage system are
A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal
C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of
removing contaminants from sewage
bull Objective is to produce an environmentally
safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for
disposal or reuse
bull Discharge to the environment must be
accomplished without transmitting diseases
or endangering aquatic organisms
Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field
1 The final treatment takes place in
drain field
2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes
through the gravel layer and passes
into the soil
3 The soil filters the wastewater as it
passes through the pore spaces
4 The soil microbes deactivates the
disease germs that remain in the
effluent
5 Eventually treated water enters the
groundwater
6 These processes work best where the
soil is dry permeable and contains
Sewage Treatment
II Waste Water Treatment
Plant
bull It includes physical chemical
and biological processes to
remove physical chemical and
biological contaminants
bull Sewage treatment is a
multistep process
bull Sewage treatment involves four
stages
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage
bull Consists of following
a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of
wood etc
b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken
glass etc
c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels
plastic bags syringes etc
A
B C
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Pipe sizes
bull It is expressed either in terms of areas served or in terms of fixture units
bull A fixture unit is an average discharge during use of arbitrarily selected fixture such as lavatory or a toilet
SEWERAGE
bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage
bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer
bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment
IntroductionSewage
bullAlso known as waste water
bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community
bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables
bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included
Types of Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
b Industrial Sewage
c Combined Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
bull Also known as Domestics
Sewage
bull The foul discharges from
residential amp commercial area
bull It mainly includes discharges
from latrines urinals laundry
etc
b Industrial Sewage
bull The foul discharges
from industries
bull It includes discharges
produced during the
manufacturing of goods
c Combined Sewage
bull Combination of Sanitary
sewage amp Storm water
bull Storm water is rain amp snow
melt that runs off surfaces
such as rooftops paved
streets highways amp parking
lots
Sewerage SystemSewerage
bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities
bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly
bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible
bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition
bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water
carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as
Sewerage
bull Components of sewerage system are
a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer
DrainIs a plumbing fixture
that provides an exit-
point for waste water
or water that is to be
re-circulated
The opening or hole through
which a man can enter the
sewer line or other closed
structure for inspection and
cleaning
Includes pumps
ampequipments for pumping
fluids
Supplies water to remove
sewage from processing site
Man holePumping Station
Sewer
III Combined Sewer
bull Type of sewer system
bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system
bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer
overflows
bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather
bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities
Features Of Sewerage System
A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the
system of pipe lines or sewers
bull The system of sewers is called sewerage
or sewerage system
bull Where sewerage system is not provided
sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank
Main features of sewerage system are
A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal
C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of
removing contaminants from sewage
bull Objective is to produce an environmentally
safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for
disposal or reuse
bull Discharge to the environment must be
accomplished without transmitting diseases
or endangering aquatic organisms
Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field
1 The final treatment takes place in
drain field
2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes
through the gravel layer and passes
into the soil
3 The soil filters the wastewater as it
passes through the pore spaces
4 The soil microbes deactivates the
disease germs that remain in the
effluent
5 Eventually treated water enters the
groundwater
6 These processes work best where the
soil is dry permeable and contains
Sewage Treatment
II Waste Water Treatment
Plant
bull It includes physical chemical
and biological processes to
remove physical chemical and
biological contaminants
bull Sewage treatment is a
multistep process
bull Sewage treatment involves four
stages
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage
bull Consists of following
a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of
wood etc
b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken
glass etc
c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels
plastic bags syringes etc
A
B C
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
SEWERAGE
bullSewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage
bull It encompasses components such as receiving drains manholespumping stations storm overflows and screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer
bull Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment
IntroductionSewage
bullAlso known as waste water
bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community
bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables
bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included
Types of Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
b Industrial Sewage
c Combined Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
bull Also known as Domestics
Sewage
bull The foul discharges from
residential amp commercial area
bull It mainly includes discharges
from latrines urinals laundry
etc
b Industrial Sewage
bull The foul discharges
from industries
bull It includes discharges
produced during the
manufacturing of goods
c Combined Sewage
bull Combination of Sanitary
sewage amp Storm water
bull Storm water is rain amp snow
melt that runs off surfaces
such as rooftops paved
streets highways amp parking
lots
Sewerage SystemSewerage
bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities
bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly
bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible
bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition
bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water
carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as
Sewerage
bull Components of sewerage system are
a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer
DrainIs a plumbing fixture
that provides an exit-
point for waste water
or water that is to be
re-circulated
The opening or hole through
which a man can enter the
sewer line or other closed
structure for inspection and
cleaning
Includes pumps
ampequipments for pumping
fluids
Supplies water to remove
sewage from processing site
Man holePumping Station
Sewer
III Combined Sewer
bull Type of sewer system
bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system
bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer
overflows
bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather
bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities
Features Of Sewerage System
A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the
system of pipe lines or sewers
bull The system of sewers is called sewerage
or sewerage system
bull Where sewerage system is not provided
sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank
Main features of sewerage system are
A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal
C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of
removing contaminants from sewage
bull Objective is to produce an environmentally
safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for
disposal or reuse
bull Discharge to the environment must be
accomplished without transmitting diseases
or endangering aquatic organisms
Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field
1 The final treatment takes place in
drain field
2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes
through the gravel layer and passes
into the soil
3 The soil filters the wastewater as it
passes through the pore spaces
4 The soil microbes deactivates the
disease germs that remain in the
effluent
5 Eventually treated water enters the
groundwater
6 These processes work best where the
soil is dry permeable and contains
Sewage Treatment
II Waste Water Treatment
Plant
bull It includes physical chemical
and biological processes to
remove physical chemical and
biological contaminants
bull Sewage treatment is a
multistep process
bull Sewage treatment involves four
stages
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage
bull Consists of following
a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of
wood etc
b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken
glass etc
c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels
plastic bags syringes etc
A
B C
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
IntroductionSewage
bullAlso known as waste water
bullThe liquid waste obtained from a community
bullIncludes discharges from latrines urinals amp stables
bullDischarges from industry amp rainfall are also included
Types of Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
b Industrial Sewage
c Combined Sewage
a Sanitary Sewage
bull Also known as Domestics
Sewage
bull The foul discharges from
residential amp commercial area
bull It mainly includes discharges
from latrines urinals laundry
etc
b Industrial Sewage
bull The foul discharges
from industries
bull It includes discharges
produced during the
manufacturing of goods
c Combined Sewage
bull Combination of Sanitary
sewage amp Storm water
bull Storm water is rain amp snow
melt that runs off surfaces
such as rooftops paved
streets highways amp parking
lots
Sewerage SystemSewerage
bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities
bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly
bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible
bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition
bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water
carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as
Sewerage
bull Components of sewerage system are
a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer
DrainIs a plumbing fixture
that provides an exit-
point for waste water
or water that is to be
re-circulated
The opening or hole through
which a man can enter the
sewer line or other closed
structure for inspection and
cleaning
Includes pumps
ampequipments for pumping
fluids
Supplies water to remove
sewage from processing site
Man holePumping Station
Sewer
III Combined Sewer
bull Type of sewer system
bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system
bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer
overflows
bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather
bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities
Features Of Sewerage System
A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the
system of pipe lines or sewers
bull The system of sewers is called sewerage
or sewerage system
bull Where sewerage system is not provided
sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank
Main features of sewerage system are
A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal
C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of
removing contaminants from sewage
bull Objective is to produce an environmentally
safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for
disposal or reuse
bull Discharge to the environment must be
accomplished without transmitting diseases
or endangering aquatic organisms
Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field
1 The final treatment takes place in
drain field
2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes
through the gravel layer and passes
into the soil
3 The soil filters the wastewater as it
passes through the pore spaces
4 The soil microbes deactivates the
disease germs that remain in the
effluent
5 Eventually treated water enters the
groundwater
6 These processes work best where the
soil is dry permeable and contains
Sewage Treatment
II Waste Water Treatment
Plant
bull It includes physical chemical
and biological processes to
remove physical chemical and
biological contaminants
bull Sewage treatment is a
multistep process
bull Sewage treatment involves four
stages
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage
bull Consists of following
a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of
wood etc
b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken
glass etc
c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels
plastic bags syringes etc
A
B C
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Sewerage SystemSewerage
bull Sewage is produced everyday in towns amp cities
bull Accumulation of sewage increases if not conveyed regularly
bull Sewage has to be removed as early as possible
bull If not removed it will cause insanitary condition
bull The network of collecting amp conveying sewage by water
carriage system through under ground pipes sewers is known as
Sewerage
bull Components of sewerage system are
a) Drain b) Manhole c) Pumping station d) Sewer
DrainIs a plumbing fixture
that provides an exit-
point for waste water
or water that is to be
re-circulated
The opening or hole through
which a man can enter the
sewer line or other closed
structure for inspection and
cleaning
Includes pumps
ampequipments for pumping
fluids
Supplies water to remove
sewage from processing site
Man holePumping Station
Sewer
III Combined Sewer
bull Type of sewer system
bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system
bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer
overflows
bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather
bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities
Features Of Sewerage System
A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the
system of pipe lines or sewers
bull The system of sewers is called sewerage
or sewerage system
bull Where sewerage system is not provided
sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank
Main features of sewerage system are
A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal
C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of
removing contaminants from sewage
bull Objective is to produce an environmentally
safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for
disposal or reuse
bull Discharge to the environment must be
accomplished without transmitting diseases
or endangering aquatic organisms
Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field
1 The final treatment takes place in
drain field
2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes
through the gravel layer and passes
into the soil
3 The soil filters the wastewater as it
passes through the pore spaces
4 The soil microbes deactivates the
disease germs that remain in the
effluent
5 Eventually treated water enters the
groundwater
6 These processes work best where the
soil is dry permeable and contains
Sewage Treatment
II Waste Water Treatment
Plant
bull It includes physical chemical
and biological processes to
remove physical chemical and
biological contaminants
bull Sewage treatment is a
multistep process
bull Sewage treatment involves four
stages
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage
bull Consists of following
a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of
wood etc
b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken
glass etc
c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels
plastic bags syringes etc
A
B C
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Sewer
III Combined Sewer
bull Type of sewer system
bull Collects sanitary sewage amp storm water run off in a single pipe system
bull Can cause serious water pollution problems due to combined sewer
overflows
bull Caused by large variations in flow between dry and wet weather
bull This type of sewer design is no longer used in building new communities
Features Of Sewerage System
A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the
system of pipe lines or sewers
bull The system of sewers is called sewerage
or sewerage system
bull Where sewerage system is not provided
sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank
Main features of sewerage system are
A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal
C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of
removing contaminants from sewage
bull Objective is to produce an environmentally
safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for
disposal or reuse
bull Discharge to the environment must be
accomplished without transmitting diseases
or endangering aquatic organisms
Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field
1 The final treatment takes place in
drain field
2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes
through the gravel layer and passes
into the soil
3 The soil filters the wastewater as it
passes through the pore spaces
4 The soil microbes deactivates the
disease germs that remain in the
effluent
5 Eventually treated water enters the
groundwater
6 These processes work best where the
soil is dry permeable and contains
Sewage Treatment
II Waste Water Treatment
Plant
bull It includes physical chemical
and biological processes to
remove physical chemical and
biological contaminants
bull Sewage treatment is a
multistep process
bull Sewage treatment involves four
stages
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage
bull Consists of following
a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of
wood etc
b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken
glass etc
c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels
plastic bags syringes etc
A
B C
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Features Of Sewerage System
A Collection amp Conveyance bull Sewage is collected amp conveyed through the
system of pipe lines or sewers
bull The system of sewers is called sewerage
or sewerage system
bull Where sewerage system is not provided
sewage is collected in septic or imhoff tank
Main features of sewerage system are
A Collection B Conveyance C Treatment D Disposal
C Sewage Treatmentbull Is a process of
removing contaminants from sewage
bull Objective is to produce an environmentally
safe treated effluent and sludge suitable for
disposal or reuse
bull Discharge to the environment must be
accomplished without transmitting diseases
or endangering aquatic organisms
Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field
1 The final treatment takes place in
drain field
2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes
through the gravel layer and passes
into the soil
3 The soil filters the wastewater as it
passes through the pore spaces
4 The soil microbes deactivates the
disease germs that remain in the
effluent
5 Eventually treated water enters the
groundwater
6 These processes work best where the
soil is dry permeable and contains
Sewage Treatment
II Waste Water Treatment
Plant
bull It includes physical chemical
and biological processes to
remove physical chemical and
biological contaminants
bull Sewage treatment is a
multistep process
bull Sewage treatment involves four
stages
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage
bull Consists of following
a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of
wood etc
b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken
glass etc
c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels
plastic bags syringes etc
A
B C
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Sewage Treatment Working Of Drain field
1 The final treatment takes place in
drain field
2 Effluent trickles out of the pipes
through the gravel layer and passes
into the soil
3 The soil filters the wastewater as it
passes through the pore spaces
4 The soil microbes deactivates the
disease germs that remain in the
effluent
5 Eventually treated water enters the
groundwater
6 These processes work best where the
soil is dry permeable and contains
Sewage Treatment
II Waste Water Treatment
Plant
bull It includes physical chemical
and biological processes to
remove physical chemical and
biological contaminants
bull Sewage treatment is a
multistep process
bull Sewage treatment involves four
stages
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage
bull Consists of following
a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of
wood etc
b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken
glass etc
c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels
plastic bags syringes etc
A
B C
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Sewage Treatment
II Waste Water Treatment
Plant
bull It includes physical chemical
and biological processes to
remove physical chemical and
biological contaminants
bull Sewage treatment is a
multistep process
bull Sewage treatment involves four
stages
1) Preliminary treatment
2) Primary treatment
3) Secondary treatment
4) Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage
bull Consists of following
a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of
wood etc
b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken
glass etc
c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels
plastic bags syringes etc
A
B C
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Sewage Treatment Process1) Preliminary Treatmentbull Removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
bull Protects pumps and equipment from damage
bull Consists of following
a Bar Screen catches large objects that have gotten
into sewer system such as bricks bottles pieces of
wood etc
b Grit Chamber removes rocks gravel broken
glass etc
c Mesh Screen removes diapers combs towels
plastic bags syringes etc
A
B C
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Sewage Treatment Process2) Primary Treatmentbull It is a physical process
bull Also known as sedimentation stage
bull Sewage flow is slowed down
bull Suspended solids settles to the bottom by gravity
bull The material that settles is called sludge or bio solids
bull Sludge is pumped to the sludge digestion tank
bull Effluent is pumped to the trickling filter or aeration tank for secondary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Sewage Treatment Process3) Secondary Treatmentbull The primary effluent is put into an aerated basin which is mixed with air
bull Organic matter is eaten by aerobic bacteria
bull The mixture of uneaten particles and microbes is transferred to secondary clarifier
bull Microbes amp organic matter settles down due to gravity in secondary clarifier
bull Part of them are sent back to eat more sewage while the rest is sent to sludge digestion
tank
bull The solid free effluent from the clarifier is further sent for Tertiary treatment
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Sewage Treatment Process4) Tertiary Effluent Treatment
bull It is a chemical process
bull Nitrogen phosphorus fine suspended particles and microbes are removed
bull Disinfectants are added to destroy micro-organisms
bull Common disinfectants used are ozone chlorine amp ultra violent rays
bull Thus effluent is then discharged to the water body
4) Tertiary Sludge Treatment
bull Sludge obtained is transported to digestion tank
bull Organic matter is broken down by bacteria an-aerobically
bull Sludge effluent obtained after digestion is further kept for
drying
bull Some portion of the sludge effluent is disposed off
bull Rest is converted to methane gas to power the treatment
processes
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Sewage Treatment Process
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Features Of Sewerage System
D Sewage Disposal bull Is an action or a process of throwing
away or getting rid of sewage
bull Purpose of Sewage disposal
To conserve water resources
To prevent contamination of drinking
supplies
To help promote health amp comfortable
living
To prevent the contamination of surface
water use for bathing and other
resourceful uses
bull Various way of disposing sewage are
1) Dumping of treated effluent into
underground
2) Incineration Dumping of effluent into
seas
3) Agriculture Using treated sludge as
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
bull Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers Sometimes a combined system provides only one network of pipes mains and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff The preferred system however provides one network of sewers for domestic and industrial waste which is generally treated before discharge and a separate network for storm runoff which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a point of disposal in a stream or river
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
High voltage
bullThe term high voltage usually means electrical energy at voltages high enough to inflict harm or death upon living things
bull high voltage it needs to be 100kV and above
bullEquipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrant particular safety requirements and procedures
bullIn certain industries high voltage means voltage above a particular threshold
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
High voltage
bullHigh voltage is used in electrical power distribution
bull in cathode ray tubes
bull to generate X-rays and particle beams to demonstrate arcing
bull for ignition
bull in photomultiplier tubes
bulland in high power amplifier vacuum tubes and other industrial and scientific applications
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Low voltagebullLow voltage wiring is lightweight and can be laid on the
ground or buried just below the surface
bull low voltage lighting equipment is easier to install
bullThe International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defines supply system low voltage as voltage in the range 50ndash1000 V AC or 120ndash1500 V DC
bullOne disadvantage with low voltage wiring is that that the wires are not buried deeply and are more prone to being damaged
bullLow voltage lighting equipment is relatively inexpensive
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Low voltage
bullFor automatic controlsome low voltage lighting transformers have light sensor or motion sensor mechanism that turns the light on at dusk and on at off
bull one short coming of low voltage lighting generally means less lighting power
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
HVAC(HEAT VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING )
bullHVAC (heating ventilation and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort
bull Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality
bullHVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering based on the principles of thermodynamics fluid mechanics and heat transfer
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Andrew Chiasson
Geo-Heat Center
Oregon Institute of Technology
Absorption Chiller
(Yazaki Energy Systems)Water-air
heat exchanger
Water-water
plate heat exchanger
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Retrofit Possibilities
bullSpace heating
bullDomestic hot waterbullSuitability depends mainly on flow requirements and need
for storage
bullSpace coolingbullNewer absorption chillers rated at 192oF
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
HVAC SystemsTypes
bullSeveral types of configurations for space heating
bullHVAC systems are categorized by the method used to convey energybullAll-air systems
bullAir-and-water systems
bullAll-water systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullAll heating cooling and humidification is supplied to a space by the airbullSingle-duct systems
bull Constant volume
bull Multi-zone variable-air volume (VAV)
bull Multi-zone with re-heat
bullDual-duct systems
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Fossil-fuel furnace with direct-expansion (DX) cooling
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial roof-top units
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Commercial system with central heating and cooling coils
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
HVAC SystemsAll-Air Systems
bullSingle duct systems
Multi-zone commercial system with variable-air volume (VAV) fan
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
bullHot and chilled water are distributed to terminal units and equipmentbullFree-standing radiators
bullBaseboard radiators
bullWall floor ceiling panels
bullFan coil units
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fan coil unit Unit ventilator (4-pipe)
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Fin tube radiator Cast iron radiator
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
HVAC SystemsAll-Water Systems
Water loop heat pump (California loop)
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Old CSI Fire Protection System Division 10520 Fire Extinguishers amp Cabinets
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
bullFalse Ceilings
bullTight spaces
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
bullHigh Rise Buildings bull Determined by length of fire ladder
bull Around 75 feet
bull Buildings constructed as high rise 50 to over 100 floors and there designs are coordinated by the local fire departments and fire marshals
bull Consideration for interior materials is paramount
bull Codes and structural components need to meet National Fire Codes
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Types of Sprinkler Systems1048708Wet Sprinkler System
1048708Dry Sprinkler System
1048708Deluge Sprinkler System
1048708Pre-Action Sprinkler System
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Wet pipe systems
Wet pipe sprinkler systems Most installed Most reliable Simple Only operating components being the automatic sprinklers An automatic water supply provides water under pressure to
the system piping
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Dry pipe systems
Dry pipe systems installed where temperature will freeze water in a wet pipe system
Dry pipe systems are most often used in unheated buildings in parking garages in outside canopies attached to heated buildings
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Dry Sprinkler Systems
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Fusible Link Sprinklers vs Glass Bulb Sprinklers
All wet-pipe sprinklers are held closed by either a fusible link or a glass bulb that contains a heat-sensitive liquid
A fusible link sprinkler head has a two-part metal element that is fused by a heat-sensitive alloy
Water is only released by sprinkler heads where the ambient temperature reaches a specified level
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
bullGlass bulb sprinkler heads have a small glass reservoir that holds a heat-sensitive liquid
bullThis glass bulb holds the pip cap in place
bullWhen the ambient temperature of the liquid reaches a certain level the liquid expands causing the glass bulb to break which allows the pip cap to fall away releasing water
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Deluge1048708Deluge Valves are used in special areas
1048708Sprinkler heads are open at all times
1048708Used in High Hazard areas
1048708Deluge Valve opens during a smoke or heat detection
1048708Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Designer type of sprinkler heads
Painting
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
bullTypes of Sprinkler HeadsbullPendants
bullUprights
bullSidewalls
bullConcealed
bullSpecial Coverage
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Pendants
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Uprights
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Sidewalls
Sidewalls
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Concealed
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Special Coverage
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Foam Water Fire Sprinkler System
Special application system
Discharging a mixture of water and low expansion foam concentrate
Used with special hazards occupancies associated with high challenge fires
flammable liquids airport hangars
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Protection
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics
Fire Proofing
bullFurniture
bullClothing
bullElectronics