Contents
Preface: To the Instructor v
How to Use The Bedford Guide for
College Writers xxiii
Rhetorical Contents xxxvii
, Introduction 7
1. Writing Processes 8
Critical Thinking, Reading, and Writing 8
A Process of Writing 9Generating Ideas, 10Planning, Drafting, and Developing, 10Revising and Editing. 11Activity: Describing Your Writing Process, 12
Audience and Purpose 12Writing for Readers, 12Activity: Considering Audience, 13
Writing for a Reason, 13Activity: Considering Purpose, 14
What Matters Most 14
2. Reading Processes 15A Process of Reading 16Activity: Describing Your Own Reading Process, 16
Getting Started 16Preparing to Read, 17Responding to Reading, 17Activity:Annotating a Passage,18
Reading on a Literal Level 19Knowing, Comprehending, and Applying, 19
Reading on an Analytical Level 20Analyzing, Synthesizing, and Evaluating. 20Activity: Reading Analytically, 21
3. Critical Thinking ProcessesA Processof Critical Thinking 22
Using Critical Thinking 23Activity:Thinking Critically to SolveaProblem, 24
Supporting Critical Thinking withEvidence 25Types of Evidence, 25
Activity: Looking for Evidence, 27
Testing Evidence 27
Using Evidence to Support an AppealLogical Appeal, 29Emotional Appeal, 29Ethical Appeal, 30Activity: Identifying Types of Appeals, 30
22
29
Introduction 33
4. Recalling an Experience 35
Learningfrom Other Writers 36. Russell Baker,The Art of Eating Spaghetti 36. Robert G. Schreiner, What Is a Hunter?
(StudentEssay) 39
Learning byWriting 43The Assignment: Recallinga PersonalExperience, 43Generating Ideas, 44Planning, Drafting, and Developing, 45Revising and Editing. 46Other Assignments, 48
Applying What You Learn: Some Uses ofRecalling Experience 49
xxix
xxx Contents
5. Observing a Scene 51Learning from Other Writers 52. E.B.White, Here Is NewYork 52
. SandyMessina,Footprints:TheMark of OurPassing(StudentEssay) 54
LearningbyWriting 57The Assignment: Observing a Scene, 57Generating Ideas, 58
Planning, Drafting, and Developing, 60Revising and Editing, 60Other Assignments, 62
Applying What You Learn: Some Uses ofObserving a Scene 63
6. Interviewing a Subject 65
LearningfromOtherWriters 66. Monica Yant Kinney,Mining for Humor 66
. Dawn Kortz,Listen (Student Essay) 68
LearningbyWriting 72The Assignment: Interviewing, 72Generating Ideas, 72Planning, Drafting, and Developing, 76Revising and Editing, 78Other Assignments, 79
Applying What You Learn: Some Uses ofWriting from an Interview 80
7. Comparing and Contrasting 81LearningfromOtherWriters 82. Tom Standage,TheVictorianInternet 82. Tim Chabot, TokeMe Out to the BollGame,
but Which One?(Student Essay) 86
Learning by Writing 90The Assignment: Comparing and Contrasting, 90Generating Ideas, 90Planning, Drafting, and Developing, 93Revising and Editing, 96Other Assignments, 97
Applying What You Learn: Some Uses ofComparing and Contrasting 98
8.Explaining Causes andEffects 100Learning from Other Writers 101. William SeveriniKowinski,/(jdsin the Moll: Growing
Up Controlled I0 1
. YunYungChoi, InvisibleWomen(Student Essay) 105
Learning by Writing 108The Assignment: Explaining Causes andEffects, 108
Generating Ideas, 109Planning, Drafting, and Developing, 111
Revising and Editing, 112Other Assignments, 115
ApplyingWhatYou Learn: Some Uses ofExplaining Causes and Effects 115
9. Taldng a Stand 117Learningfrom Other Writers 118. Suzan Shown Harjo, Lost Rites for Indian
Dead 118
. ThaddeusWatulak,AffirmativeAction EncouragesRacism(Student Essay) 121
LearningbyWriting 124The Assignment: Taking a Stand, 124Generating Ideas, 125Planning, Drafting, and Developing, 130Revising and Editing, 132Recognizing Logical Fallacies, 134Other Assignments, 136
Applying What You Learn: Some Uses ofTaking a Stand 136
10. Proposing a Solution 138Learning from Other Writers 139. Wilbert Rideau,Why PrisonsDon't Work 140. HeatherColbenson,MissedOpportunities
(StudentEssay) 142
Learning byWriting 145The Assignment:Proposing a Solution, 145Generating Ideas, 146Planning, Drafting, and Developing, 148Revisingand Editing, 150Other Assignments, 153
Applying What You Learn: Some Uses ofProposals I54
11. Evaluating 156Learningfrom Other Writers 157. BillMcKibben,TheFrogFoetor 157. Clay McCuistion,CoffeeOdyssey
(Student Essay) I60
learning byWriting 165The Assignment: Writing an Evaluation, 165Generating Ideas, 165Planning, Drafting, and Developing, 168Revising and Editing, 169Other Assignments, 170
ApplyingWhatYou learn: Some Uses ofEvaluating 171
12. Reading Critically 173learning from Other Writers 174. Ellen Goodman, Kids, Divorce, and the Myth 175
. Ryan Miday,Times Series Delved Successfully into
Race(StudentEssay) 177learning byWriting 180The Assignment: Reading Critically, 180Generating Ideas, 181Planning, Drafting, and Developing, 184
Revising and Editing, 186Other Assignments, 188
Applying What You learn: Some Uses ofWriting from Critical Reading 188
Introduction 193
13. Responding to Literature 194literary Analysis 194Learning from Other Writers, 194
. Shirley Jackson, The Lottery 195
. Jonathan Burns, The Hidden Truth:An Analysis of ShirleyJackson's "The Lottery"(Student Essay) 203
Analyzingthe Elements of Literature:A Glossaryof Terms, 206
Learningby Writing, 209
Strategies for Writing about literature:Synopsis and Paraphrase 216Learning from Other Writers: Synopsis, 216
. Jonathan Burns, A Synopsis of "The Lottery"(Student Example) 217
Learningby Writing: Synopsis, 219. KateChopin,TheStoryof an Hour 219Learningby Writing: Paraphrase, 221
Other Assignments for Writing aboutliterature 222
Contents xxxi
14. Writing in the WorkplaceGuidelines for Writing in theWorkplace 224Know Your Purpose, 225Keep Your Audience in Mind, 225Use an Appropriate Tone, 226Present Information Carefully, 226
Business letters 227Format for Business Letters, 229
Memoranda 23 IFormat for Memoranda, 232
224
Electronic Mail 233Format for E-mail, 234
Resumes and Application lettersResumes, 234Application Letters,236
234
15. Writing for Assessment 239EssayExaminations 239Preparing for the Exam, 239
Learning from Another Writer, 240Generating Ideas, 241Planning: Recognizing Typical ExamQuestions, 242Drafting: The Only Version, 245Revising: Rereading and Proofing, 247
Short-Answer Examinations 248
Timed Writings 248Types of Topics, 249
Writing for Portfolio Assessment 250Understanding Portfolio Assessment, 251Tips for Keeping a Portfolio, 252
Introduction 259
16. Strategies for Generating,Ideas 260
Finding Ideas 260Brainstorming, 260Freewriting, 263Keeping a Journal, 265Asking a Reporter's Questions, 267
:xxxii Contents
Getting Ready 268Setting Up Circumstances, 268Preparing Your Mind, 270
17. Strategies for PlanningStatingand Usinga Thesis 271Discovering Your Thesis, 272How to State a Thesis, 273How to Use a Thesis, 275
Organizing Your Ideas 275Grouping Your Ideas, 276Outlining, 279
271
18. Strategies for DraftingMakinga Start Enjoyable 285Restarting 287Paragraphing 287UsingTopicSentences 288Kinds of Topic Sentences, 289
Writing an Opening 291Kinds of Openings, 291
, Writing a Conclusion 293Kinds of Conclusions, 293
AchievingCoherence 296Devices That Create Coherence, 296
285
19. Strategies for DevelopingGivingExamples 30IProvidingDetails 303Defining 305Analyzing 307
Dividingand Classifying 310Analyzinga Process 312Comparing and Contrasting 314IdentifyingCauses and Effects 316
300
20. Strategies for Revising andEditing 319Re-viewingand Revising 319Revising for Purpose, 320Revising for Audience, 320Revising for Structure, 321
Working with a Peer Editor, 323
Stressing What Counts 324Stating First or Last,325
Cutting and Whittling 326
Editing and Proofreading 331
21. Strategies for Designing YourDocument 335
Understanding Four BasicPrinciplesofDocument Design 338Principle 1: Know Your Readers, 338Principle 2: SatisfY Your Reader's Expectations, 339
Principle 3: Consider Your Reader'sConstraints, 342
Principle 4: Remember Your Purpose, 342
Creating an Effective Design for YourDocument 342Choosing Fonts, 343
Preparing Lists, 346Using White Space Strategically, 347Using Headings and Alignment, 349Using Repetition Purposefully, 351
Using Visuals to Reinforce YourContent 354Adding Visuals, 354Crediting Sources, 355Arranging Visuals and Text in YourDocument, 355
22. Strategies for UnderstandingVisual Representations 358Using Strategiesfor VisualAnalysis 359
Seeingthe Big Picture 359Prominent Element, 360Focal Point, 360
Observing the Characteristics ofan Image 361Cast of Characters, 361
Story of the Image, 363Design and Arrangement, 363Artistic Choices, 364
Interpreting the Meaning of an Image 369General Feeling or Mood, 369Sociological, Political, Economic, or CulturalAttitudes, 370
Language, 370Signs and Symbols, 372Themes, 372
23. Families 378
. E.B.White, Once More to the Lake 379The author reflects on the impact of takinghis son to visit a favorite scene from his ownchildhood.
. Amy Tan, Mother Tongue 385A Chinese American writer examines the effects of
her mother's imperfect English on her own experi-ence as a daughter and a writer.
. Gerald Early,Blacklike. ..ShirleyTemple? 391A summer of watching Shirley Temple moviesprompts this African American writer to considerhow his daughters handle growing up in America..Anna Quindlen, Evan'sTwoMoms 394A Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist examines thecontroversy surrounding same-sexmarriages.
. John McPhee,SilkParachute 397Reflectingon his relationship with his mother, thisessayistfocuses on the many gifts she gavehim,including a silk parachute.PAIRED ESSAYS
Noel Perrin, A Part-Time Marriage 400
This writer takes a wry look at a postdivorcearrangement and current ideas about marriage.
Stephanie Coontz, Remarriage andStepfamilies 404A sociologist proposes solutions to the problemsthat stepfamilies face as they redefine what a fam-ily should be.
24. Men and Women 411
. Judy Brady,I Want a Wife 412Considering the hard work of a wife leads the au-thor to an unusual conclusion.
. Scott RussellSanders,TheMenWe CarryinOur Minds 415The author explains why,as a working-classmale,he had difficulty understanding the deep griev-ances of women he knew in college.
. EmilyPrager, Our Barbies, Ourselves 420A journalist analyzes what the American infatua-tion with Barbie tells us about ourselves.
Contents xxxiii
. Joy Harjo, ThreeGenerationsof NativeAmericanWomen'sBirth Experience 423A Native American writer reflectson the childbear-ing experiences of her mother, her daughter, andherself.
. DaveBarry,FromNow On,LetWomenKillTheirOwn Spiders 428Byidentifyingwith the frustrations of both menand women, this humor columnist pokes fun at theinevitable miscommunication between the genders.PAIREDESSAYS
Deborah Tannen,Womenand MenTalkingon theJob 43 IA linguist claims that understanding the differentcommunication styles of women and men shedslight on gender conflict in the workplace.Nicholas Wade, How Men and WomenThink 437If research uncovers differencesbetween the brainsof men and women, according to this journalist,we may have to face some "impolitic truths."
25. Popular Culture 442. Stephen King,WhyWe CraveHorror
Movies 443
A popular horror fiction writer examines whypeople enjoy being frightened.. Veronica Chambers, The Myth ofCinderella 446
A journalist considers a new interpretation of Cin-derella's story and its impact on women, espe-ciallyAfrican American women.
. Phyllis Rose, Shoppingand OtherSpiritualAdventuresinAmericaToday 450MostAmericans shop for reasons other than ne-cessity,according to the author.
. Jay Chiat, Illusions Are Forever 453This Internet company chairman discusses the ef-fects of advertising on consumers and claims thatads shape a person's perception ofreality.
PAIRED ESSAYS
Ellen Goodman, How to Zap Violenceon TV 456A popular newspaper columnist examines thetreatment of violence on television.
Mike Males,PublicEnemyNumber One? 459Responding to critics such as Ellen Goodman, theauthor defends the media against charges of con-tributing to youth violence.
xxxiv Contents
26. The Workplace 466. Joe Robinson, Four Weeks Vacation 467
The editor of a travel-adventure magazine exam-ines the implications of the rising American obses-sion with work, comparing America's work ethicwith that of other countries.
. Steve Olson. Yearof the Blue-CollarGuy 473A construction worker offers a tribute to blue-collar workers in America.
. Jane Smiley,The Case against Chores 476Taking an untraditional stance on childhoodchores, this criticallyacclaimed author highlightshow chores may teach children the wrong lessonabout work.
. Katherine S.Newman, From No Shame in MyGame 479An anthropologist known for her research on citylife and the working poor examines the often over-looked skills required of the "unskilled" worker.
. Ian Bruce,Commercial Fisherman 485This boat captain shares his experiences as anAlaska salmon fisherman, explaining why, despiteall its dangers, he loves his work.
PAIREDESSAYS
Anne Finnigan, NicePerks-If YouCanGet 'Em 489
A journalist identifies the three main obstaclesworkers encounter in trying to use the family-friendly benefits offered by their employers.
Elinor Burkett, Unequal Work for UnequalPay 495This reporter questions the fairness and usefulnessof family-friendly benefits offered by some corpo-rations, arguing that not enough employees bene-fit from such programs.
27. Body Image 501.JuliaAlvarez, I Want to BeMissAmerica 502An English professor reflects on how growing upon the outskirts of white American culture hasaffected her life.
. Garry Trudeau,My Inner Shrimp 507This cartoonist and writer recalls the difficulty ofbeing short as a teenager, an experience thathaunts him even as a six-foot-tall adult.
. MarisaKula,Victoria'sNot-So-SecretStrategy 5 I0In a critical examination of the Victoria's Secretcatalog, this writer considers how women's bodyimages are shaped by the fantasies of men.
. Alicia Potter, Mirror Image 514Treating what is no longer exclusively a women'sissue, this freelance writer looks at men's increas-ing obsession with body image due to standardsset by the media.
PAIREDESSAYS
LisaJervis,My JewishNose 5 19An author shares her personal experience of resist-ing the pressures to alter one's ethnic appearancein order to conf.ormto societal ideals of beauty.
Janice Turner, Cutting Edge 524This journalist posits that more men are opting forplastic surgery to keep a competitive edge in a cor-porate world that judges by appearances.
28. Planning and Managing YourResearch Project 533
PlanningYour Project 534The Assignment: Writing from Sources, 534
Generating Ideasand Forming a ResearchQuestion 535Choosing Your Territory, 535Taking an Overview, 536Stating Your Question, 537Making a Preliminary Search, 539Using Keywordsand Links, 539
Managing Your Project 541Creating a Schedule, 541Starting a Working Bibliography, 542Starting a Research Archive, 544Keeping Track of Your Electronic Searches, 545
29. Finding Sources in the Library,on the Internet, and in theField 546
Searching the Library 546Using the Online Catalog, 547Consulting Databases: Periodical Indexes andBibliographies, 552
Using Other Library Resources 555Consulting Reference Materials, 556Locating Special Materials, 558
Using the Web for Research 559Conducting Advanced Electronic Searches, 559Finding Online Texts and Discussions, 563
Finding Sources in the Field 564Interviewing, 564Observing, 565Using Questionnaires, 565Corresponding, 568Attending Public and Online Events, 568
30. Evaluating Sources and TakingNotes 570
EvaluatingSources 570What Is the Purpose? 571Who Is the Intended Audience? 572Who Is the Author? 573
Is This a Primary or a Secondary Source? 574Who Is the Publisher? 575How Sound Is the Evidence? 575
Is the Source Up-to-Date? 576Is the Source Relevant to Your Research? 576Are Your Field Sources Useful and Reliable? 576
Taking Notes 577Recording Information, 577Taking Better Notes, 578Avoiding Plagiarism, 579Quoting, Paraphrasing, Nutshelling, 579
31. Writing Your Research Paper 584
Planning and Drafting 584Moving from Notes to Outline to Draft, 584Incorporating Source Material: Quoting, Para-phrasing, Nutshelling, 588Avoiding Plagiarism, 592Beginning and Ending, 595
Revising and Editing 596
Documenting Sources 598
Contents xxxv
Citing Sourcesin YourText,599Listing Sources at the End, 599Other Assignments, 599
Applying What You Learn: Some Uses ofResearch 600
A Sample Research Paper 60 I. Sarah E.Goers, Is InclusiontheAnswer? 602
32. Documenting Sources 615
Citing Sources: MLA Style 616Printed Sources: Nonfiction Books, 616Printed Sources: Literature, 618Printed Sources: Reference Books andPeriodicals, 619
Electronic and Other Nonprint Sources, 621
Listing Sources: MLA Style 621Books, 621
Parts of Books, 624Reference Books, 625Periodicals, 625Other Printed Sources, 627Internet and Electronic Sources, 627
Other Nonprint Sources, 630
Citing Sources: APA Style 631Printed Sources, 631Other Sources, 633
Listing Sources: APA Style 634Books, 634Periodicals, 636Other Printed Sources, 637Internet and Electronic Sources, 637
Other Nonprint Sources, 639
33. Grammatical Sentences H-5
I. Sentence Fragments H-52. Comma Splicesand Fused
Sentences H-IO3. Verbs H-14
4. Subject-VerbAgreement H-31
xxxvi Contents
5. Pronoun Case H-366. Pronoun Reference H-407. Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement H-448. Adjectivesand Adverbs H-469. Shifts H-52
25. Quotation Marks H-11626. The Dash H-12027. Parentheses, Brackets,and the
EllipsisMark H-122
34. Effective Sentences H-57
10. Misplacedand DanglingModifiers H-57
I I. Incomplete Sentences H-6012. MixedConstructions and Faulty
Predication H-6413. ParallelStructure H-6814. Coordination and
Subordination H-71
15. Sentence Variety H-78
37. Mechanics H-12728. Abbreviations H-12729. Capital Letters H-13030. Numbers H-13431. Italics H-136
32. The Hyphen H-13933. Spelling H-142
35. \tVord Choice H-Sl
16. Appropriateness H-8117. ExactWords H-8618. Bias-FreeLanguage H-9019. Wordiness H-94
Quick Editing Guide A-IA. Editingfor Common Grammar Problems A-3B. Editingto Ensure EffectiveSentences A-12C. Editingfor Common Punctuation
Problems A-14
D. Editingfor Common MechanicsProblems A-17
E. Editingfor Common Format Problems A-2336. Punctuation H-9620. End Punctuation H-9621. The Comma H-9822. The Semicolon H-10823. The Colon H-IIO24. The Apostrophe H-113
A Glossary of Troublemakers A-29
Answers for Lettered Exercises A-37
Index [-1