CentrodeTransferencia deTecnología enTransportaciónDepartamento deIngeniería CivilyAgrimensura
UPR-Recinto Universitario deMayagüezCallBox9000*Mayagüez,PR00681
Tel.787-834-6385*Fax:787-265-5695*www.uprm.edu/prt2
Septiembre 2016
Instructor
Dr.Benjamín Colucci RíosDepartamento deIngeniería CivilyAgrimensura
UPR– Recinto Universitario deMayagüez
30 Años de Excelencia en el Adiestramiento de Oficiales de Transportación a Nivel Municipal, Estatal, y Federal en Puerto Rico e Islas Vírgenes
CHAPTERS
6A. General
6B. Fundamental Principles
6C. TTC Elements
6D. Pedestrian & Worker Safety
6E. Flagger Control
6F. TTC Zone Devices
6G. Type of TTC Zone Activities
6H. Typical Applications
6I. Control of Traffic through Traffic Incident ManagementAreas
PART 6. TEMPORARY
TRAFFIC CONTROL
2
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Remember from morning…3
Definitions – quick overview of definitions
especially:
Standard
Guidance
Option
Support
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Standard4
A. A statement of required, mandatory,
or specifically prohibitive practice
regarding a traffic control device.
All Standard statements are labeled,
and the text appears in bold type.
The verb “shall” is typically used…
http://www.sjroadworks.com/
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Guidance5
B. A statement of recommended,
but not mandatory, practice in
typical situations, with
deviations allowed if engineering
judgment or engineering study
indicates the deviation to be
appropriate. All Guidance
statements are labeled, and the
text appears in unbold type. The
verb “should” is typically used...
• Fulfill a need
• Command attention
• Convey a clear, simple meaning
• Command respect from road users
• Give adequate time for proper response
Guidance:
To be effective, a traffic control device should meet five basic requirements:
PUERTO RICO TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CENTER
Option6
C. A statement of practice that is
a permissive condition and
carries no requirement or
recommendation. Option
statements sometime contain
allowable modifications to a
Standard or Guidance statement.
All Option statements are
labeled, and the text appears in
unbold type. The verb “may” is
typically used.
http://grace.allpurposeguru.com/
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Support7
D. An informational
statement that does not
convey any degree of
mandate,
recommendation,
authorization,
prohibition, or
enforceable condition.
Support statements are
labeled, and the text
appears in unbold type.
The verbs “shall,”
“should,” and “may” are
not used in Support
statements.http://www.nestechenterprises.com/
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Changeable Message Sign8
28. A sign that is capable of displaying more than one message (one
of which might be a “blank” display), changeable manually, by remote
control, or by automatic control. Electronic-display changeable
message signs are referred to as Dynamic Message Signs in the
National Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Architecture and are
referred to as Variable Message Signs in the National Electrical
Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standards publication.
http://www.interwestsafety.com/ http://www.csppacific.co.nz/
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Channelizing Device9
May be used for general traffic control purposes such as adding emphasis to reversible lane delineation, channelizing lines, or islands. Channelizing devices may also be used along a center line to preclude turns or along lane lines to preclude lane changing, as determined by engineering judgment.
Cones
Tubular markers
Vertical panels
Drums
Lane separators
Raised islandshttp://www.quietzonetech.com/
http://www.pdbrooks.com/
http://www.peytonsbarricade.com/
CHAPTER 3H
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Clear Zone10
33. The total roadside
border area, starting at the
edge of the traveled way,
that is available for an
errant driver to stop or
regain control of a vehicle.
This area might consist of
a shoulder, a recoverable
slope, and/or a non-
recoverable, traversable
slope with a clear run-out
area at its toe.http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/
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Crashworthy11
43. A characteristic of a roadside appurtenance that has been
successfully crash tested in accordance with a national standard
such as the National Cooperative Highway Research Program
Report 350, “Recommended Procedures for the Safety
Performance Evaluation of Highway Features.”
http://www.cbt.com.my/
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Emergency-Vehicle Traffic Control Signal12
62. A special traffic control signal that assigns the right-of-way to an
authorized emergency vehicle.
http://www.elteccorp.com/
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Engineering judgment13
64. The evaluation of available pertinent
information, and the application of
appropriate principles, provisions, and
practices as contained in this Manual and
other sources, for
the purpose of deciding upon the
applicability, design, operation, or
installation of a traffic control device.
Engineering judgment shall be exercised
by an engineer, or by an individual working
under the supervision of an engineer,
through the application of procedures and
criteria established by the engineer.
Documentation of engineering judgment is
not required.
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Engineering study14
65. The comprehensive analysis and
evaluation of available pertinent
information, and the application of
appropriate principles, provisions, and
practices as contained in this Manual
and other sources, for the purpose of
deciding upon the applicability, design,
operation, or installation of a traffic
control device. An engineering study
shall be performed by an engineer, or
by an individual working under the
supervision of an engineer, through the
application of procedures and criteria
established by the engineer. An
engineering study shall be documented.
http://lx-group.com.au/
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Flashing Beacon15
Provides: traffic control when used
as an intersection control beacon
warning when used in other applications
Highway traffic signal with one or more signal sections that
operates in a flashing mode.
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/
CHAPTER 4L
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Hybrid Beacon16
88. A special type of beacon that is intentionally placed in a dark mode
(no indications displayed) between periods of operation and, when
operated, displays both steady and flashing traffic control signal
indications.
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Speed17
214. Speed is defined based on the following classifications:
(a) Average Speed
• the summation of the instantaneous or spot-measured speeds at a specific location of vehicles divided by the number of vehicles observed.
(b) Design Speed
• a selected speed used to determine the various geometric design features of a roadway.
(c) 85th-Percentile Speed
• the speed at or below which 85 percent of the motor vehicles travel.
(d) Operating Speed
• a speed at which a typical vehicle or the overall traffic operates.
(e) Pace
• the 10 mph speed range representing the speeds of the largest percentage of vehicles in the traffic stream.
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Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) Zone18
229. An area of a highway where road user conditions are
changed because of a work zone or incident by the use of
temporary traffic control devices, flaggers, uniformed law
enforcement officers, or other authorized personnel.
http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/
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Traffic Control Device (TCD)19
238. A sign, signal, marking, or other
device used to regulate, warn, or
guide traffic, placed on, over, or
adjacent to a street, highway, private
road open to public travel, pedestrian
facility, or shared-use path by
authority of a public agency or
official having jurisdiction, or, in the
case of a private road open to public
travel, by authority of the private
owner or private official having
jurisdiction.
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Worker20
256. A person on foot whose
duties place him or her within
the right-of-way of a street,
highway, or pathway, such as
street, highway, or pathway
construction and maintenance
forces, survey crews, utility
crews, responders to incidents
within the street, highway, or
pathway right-of-way, and law
enforcement personnel when
directing traffic, investigating
crashes, and handling lane
closures, obstructed roadways,
and disasters within the right-of-
way of a street, highway, or
pathway.
http://www.highwaysindustry.com/
Module 5.
Description of Typical Applications (TA)
of the MUTCD applicable to urban and
rural settings
21
CHAPTER 6G. TYPE OF TEMPORARY TRAFFIC
CONTROL ZONE ACTIVITIES
22
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Typical Applications:23
Support:
01. Each TTC zone is different. Many variables, such as location of work, highway type, geometrics, vertical and horizontal alignment, intersections, interchanges, road user volumes, road vehicle mix (buses, trucks, and cars), and road user speeds affect the needs of each zone. The goal of TTC in work zones is safety with minimum disruption to road users. The key factor in promoting TTC zone safety is proper judgment.
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Typical Applications:24
Support:
02. Typical applications (TAs) of TTC zones are organized according to duration, location, type of work, and highway type. Table 6H-1 is an index of these typical applications. These typical applications include the use of various TTC methods, but do not include a layout for every conceivable work situation
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Work Duration25
Standard:
The five categories of work duration and their time at a location shall be:
Long-term stationary
• work that occupies a location more than 3 days
Intermediate term
stationary
• work that occupies a location more than one daylight period up to 3 days, or nighttime work lasting more than 1 hour
Short-term stationary
• daytime work that occupies a location for more than 1 hour within a single daylight period
Short duration
• work that occupies a location up to 1 hour
Mobile• work that moves intermittently or
continuously
CHAPTER 6H. DESCRIPTION OF TYPICAL
APPLICATIONS OF ACTIVITIES ASSOCIATED
TO HIGHWAY WORK ZONES
26
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Chapter 6H: Typical Applications
(p 631)
Support
A total of 46 Typical Applications.
Can generally be adapted to a broad range of conditions.
An appropriate TTC plan is achieved by combining features from various typical applications.
Procedures for establishing TTC zones vary with conditions as
road configuration, location of the work, work activity, duration of work, road user volumes, road vehicle mix and road user speeds.
Example
Work at an intersection might present a near-side work zone for one street and a far-side work zone for the other street. These treatments are found in two different typical applications, while a third typical application shows how to handle pedestrian crosswalk closures.
27
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Chapter 6H: Typical Applications
(p 631) (Cont.)28
In general, TA’s represent minimum solutions for the
situations depicted.
Except for the notes, the information presented in the
typical applications can generally be regarded as
Guidance.
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Chapter 6H: Typical Applications
(p 631) (Cont.)29
Option
Other devices may be added to supplement the
devices.
Device spacing may be adjusted to provide additional
reaction time or delineation.
Fewer devices may be used based on field conditions.
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Index to Typical Applications (p 632)30
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Index to Typical Applications (p 632)31
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Index to Typical Applications (p 632)32
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Index to Typical Applications (p 632)33
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Index to Typical Applications (p 632)34
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Meaning of Symbols on Typical
Application Diagrams35
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Meaning of Letter Codes on Typical
Application Diagrams36
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Formulas for Determining Taper Length37
Module 6.
Workshop: Development of Traffic
Control Plan (TCP) for Temporary Traffic
Control for rural and urban settings
38
TTC ZONE EXERCISE:RURAL SETTING
39
39
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Exercise # 1: TTC 4 Lane Rural Divided
Highway
Given:
4 lane rural divided highway (2 lanes per direction)
Posted speed limit or 85th percentile off-peak speed, S = 55 mph
Lane width, W = 12 ft / lane (3.65 m/lane)
Outside shoulder width, w = 10 ft (3 m)
Work space = 0.5 mile (0.8 km)
Duration of work = 2 months
Traffic = 40,000 vpd
40
41
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Exercise # 1: TTC 4 Lane Rural Divided
Highway
Required:
1. Length of advance
warning area
2. Length of shoulder taper
3. Length of transition area
4. Length of activity area
5. Length of longitudinal
buffer
6. Length of termination
area
Calculate using MUTCD
Part 6 Standards and
Guidelines
42
43
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Aspects to Consider in TTC Zones44
Type of work activity
Location and duration (short–term, intermediate-term, long-term)
Daytime / Nighttime / Both periods
Roadway type / functional classification
Traffic volume
Speed differential
Hazard potential
Prevention
Standard of care
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Select MUTCD Typical Application (TA)
(Chapter 6H)45
46
Stationary Lane
Closure on Rural
Divided Highway
(TA-33)
46
47
Stationary
Lane Closure
on Rural
Divided
Highway
(TA-33)
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Transition Area :
Shoulder, Merging and Downstream Taper48
Maximum distance in meters (feet) between devices in a
taper should not exceed 0.2 times the speed limit in km/h
(1.0 times the speed limit in mph).
Merging taper = L
Shoulder taper = 0.33L
L = taper length (feet)
W = width of offset (feet)
S = posted speed limit (mph)
85th perc. speed
anticipated op. speed
Downstream taper
49
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Minimum Taper Lengths50
feetL
feetSWL
taperShoulder
feetSWL
taperMerging
5.18155033.033.0
5505510
_
6605512
_
660 feet
181.5 feet
100 feet
51
660 feet
181.5 feet
Activity
Area =
Work space
+
Buffer space
Long.
buffer
space
Traffic
space
Work
space
100 feet
52
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Length of Activity Area as a Function
of Speed*53
Work space = 2640 feet
Longitudinal buffer = 495 feet
Length of Activity Area
= 2640 + 495 = 3,135 feet
660 feet
181.5 feet
Activity
Area =
3,135 feetLong.
buffer
space
Traffic
space
Work
space
495 feet
100 feet
54
55
56
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V < 40 mph = Low Speed V > 45 mph = High Speed
Table 6C-1. Suggested Advance
Warning Sign Spacing
Distancias en metros (pies)
57
58
660 feet
181.5 feet
Activity
Area =
3,135 feetLong.
buffer
space
Traffic
space
Work
space
495 feet
100 feet
2,640 feet
1,500 feet
1,000 feet
59
TTC ZONE EXERCISE:URBAN SETTING
60
60
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Exercise # 2: TTC Lane Closure on
Urban Minor Street
Given:
Utility work
2 lane urban minor street (1 lane each direction)
Posted speed limit or 85th percentile off-peak speed, S = 25 mph (low speed)
Lane width, W = 10 ft / lane (3.048 m/lane)
Work space = 150 ft (60.96 m)
Duration of work = 1 week
Traffic = 350 vpd (low volume)
61
62
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Exercise # 2: TTC 2 Lane on Urban
Minor Street
Required:
1. Length of advance
warning area
2. Length of transition area
3. Length of activity area
4. Length of longitudinal
buffer
5. Calculate using MUTCD
Part 6 Standards and
Guidelines
63
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Typical Application64
Look for Typical Application #18
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Typical Application #18
65
Advance Warning Area
66
Work
Space
Longitudinal
buffer
Work
Truck
Transition
Area
Activity
Area
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How long
should the
activity area
be?
67
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Length of Activity Area as a Function
of Speed*68
Work space = 150 feet
Longitudinal buffer = 155 feet
Length of Activity Area
= 150 + 155 = 305 feet
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Minimum Taper Length69
Where:L = taper length (feet)W = width of offset (feet)S = posted speed limit (mph)
85th percentile speedanticipated op. speed
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Calculate A70
A=100 feet
V < 40 mph = Low Speed V > 45 mph = High Speed
71
Work Space
= 150 ft
Longitudinal
Buffer = 155 ft
Work
Truck
Transition Area
(Taper Length, L) = 105 ft
Activity
Area = 305 ft*
Advanced Warning Area, A = 100 ft
* 305 feet
plus length
of work
truck
Module 7.
Example of adequate and inadequate
use of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC)
in highway and utility work zones
72
Module 8.
Brainstorming for increasing awareness and
affirmative actions in the effective implementation
of Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) in rural and
urban settings
73
Module 9.
The flaggers role, vest and the equipment
of Temporary Traffic Control applicable
to their functions (STOP/SLOW Paddle)
74
CHAPTER 6E. FLAGGER CONTROL
75
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Qualifications for Flaggers
Guidance76
Flaggers are responsible for public safety
Flaggers make the greatest number of contacts with the public of all highway workers
Flaggers should be trained in safe traffic control practices and public contact techniques http://accesslaborservice.com/
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Qualifications for Flaggers
Guidance77
Flaggers should be able to satisfactorily demonstrate the following abilities:
Receive and communicate specific instructions clearly, firmly, and courteously;A.
Move and maneuver quickly in order to avoid danger from errant vehicles;B.
Control signaling devices (such as paddles and flags) in order to provide clear and positive guidance to drivers approaching a TTC zone in frequently changing situations;
C.
Understand and apply safe traffic control practices, sometimes in stressful or emergency situations; andD.
Recognize dangerous traffic situations and warn workers in sufficient time to avoid injuryE.
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High-Visibility Safety Apparel
Standards
For daytime and nighttime activity, flaggers shallwear high-visibility safety apparel that meets the Performance Class 2 or 3 requirements of the ANSI/ISEA 107-2004 publication…
The apparel background material color shall be fluorescent orange-red, fluorescent yellow-green, or a combination of the two as defined in the ANSI standard.
The Retroreflective material shall be orange, yellow, white, silver, yellow-green, or a fluorescent version of these colors, and shall be visible at a minimum distance of 1,000 ft.
The retroreflective safety apparel shall be designed to clearly identify the wearer as a person.
Guidance – For nighttime activity, safety apparel for Class 3 risk exposure should be considered
78
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High-Visibility Safety Apparel
Guidance
For nighttime activity, high-visibility safety apparel
that meets the Performance Class 3 requirements of
the ANSI/ISEA 107-2004 publication… and
labeled as meeting the ANSI 107-2004 standard
performance for Class 3 risk exposure should be
considered for flagger wear.
79
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High-Visibility Safety Apparel
Standards
When uniformed law enforcement officers are used
to direct traffic within a TTC zone, they shall wear
high-visibility safety apparel as described in this
section.
80
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Hand-Signaling Devices
Guidance:
Primary and preferred device STOP/SLOW paddle
Standard:
Shall have an octagonal shape on a rigid handle
Shall be at least 18 in wide with letters at least 6 in high
The STOP face shall have white letters and border on a red background
The SLOW face shall have black letters and border on an orange background
When used at night, the STOP/SLOW paddle shall be retroreflectorized
81
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Hand-Signaling Devices
Standard:
If flashing lights are used on the STOP face of the paddle, their colors shall be all white or all red.
If flashing lights are used on the SLOW face of the paddle, their colors shall be all white or all yellow.
… the flash rate shall be at least 50, but not more than 60 flashes per minute.
82
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Hand-Signaling Devices
Guidance:
Emergency situations Red Flags
Standard:
Flags shall be red or fluorescent orange/red in color
Shall be a minimum of 24 in square
Shall be securely fastened to a staff that is ~36 in in
length.
When used at nighttime, flags shall be
retroreflectorized red.
83
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Automated Flagger Assistance Devices
Types of AFADs:
A. An AFAD that uses a
remotely controlled
STOP/SLOW sign on either
a trailer or a movable cart
system to alternately control
right-of-way.
B. An AFAD that uses a remotely
controlled red and yellow
lenses and a gate arm to
alternately control right-of-
way.
84
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Automated Flagger Assistance Devices
Standard:
AFADs shall only be used in situations where there is only one lane of approaching traffic in the direction to be controlled.
When used at night, the AFAD location shall be illuminated.
Guidance:
AFADs should not be used for long-term stationary work
85
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Automated Flagger Assistance Devices
Standard:
AFADs shall meet the crashworthy performance criteria.
An AFAD shall be operated only by a flagger who has been trained on the operation of the AFAD.
The flagger(s) operating the AFAD(s) shall not leave the AFAD(s) unattended at any time while the AFAD(s) is being used.
86
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STOP/SLOW
Automated Flagger Assistance Devices
Standard:
A STOP/SLOW AFAD shall include a STOP/SLOW sign that alternately displays the STOP face and the SLOW face of a STOP/SLOW paddle.
87
Guidance:
The STOP/SLOW AFAD should include a gate arm that descends to a down position across the approach lane of traffic when the STOP face is displayed and then ascends to an upright position when the SLOW face is displayed.
88
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STOP/SLOW
Automated Flagger Assistance Devices
Standard:
Gate arms shall be fully retroflectorized on both sides and shall have vertical alternating red and white stripes at 16 in intervals measured horizontally.
89
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Red/Yellow Lens
Automated Flagger Assistance Devices
Standard:
A Red/Yellow Lens AFAD shall alternately display a steadily
illuminated CIRCULAR RED lens and a flashing CIRCULAR
YELLOW lens to control traffic without the need for a flagger in
the immediate vicinity of the AFAD or on the roadway.
A Red/Yellow Lens AFAD shall include a gate arm that
descends to a down position across the approach lane of
traffic when the steady CIRCULAR RED lens is illuminated and
then ascends to an upright position when the flashing CIRCULAR
YELLOW lens is illuminated.
90
91
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Red/Yellow Lens
Automated Flagger Assistance Devices92
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Flagger Procedures
Standard:
Flaggers shall use a STOP/SLOW paddle, a flag, or
an AFAD to control road users approaching a TTC
zone.
The use of hand movements alone without a paddle,
flag, or AFAD to control road users shall be
prohibited except for law enforcement personnel or
emergency responders at incident scenes…
93
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Flagger Procedures94
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Flagger Procedures95
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Flagger Procedures96
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Flagger Stations
Standard:
Flagger stations shall be located such that approaching road users will have sufficient distance to stop at an intended stopping point.
Guidance:
Flagger stations should be located such that an errant vehicle has additional space to stop without entering the work space.
The flagger should identify an escape route that can be used to avoid being struck by an errant vehicle.
97
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Flagger Stations
Standard:
Except in emergency situations,
Flagger stations shall be preceded
by an advance warning sign or
signs.
Flagger stations shall be
illuminated at night
98
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Flagger Stations, MUTCD 2009 Edition99
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Flagger Safety Tips100
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Flagger Safety Tips101
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Flagger Safety Tips102
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Flagger Safety Tips103
CHAPTER 6I. CONTROL OF TRAFFIC
THROUGH TRAFFIC INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT AREAS
104
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Incident Management105
Support:
01 The National Incident
Management System
(NIMS) requires the use of
the Incident Command
System (ICS) at traffic
incident management
scenes.
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Incident Management106
Support:
02 A traffic incident is an emergency road user occurrence, a natural disaster, or other unplanned event that affects or impedes the normal flow of traffic.
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Incident General Classes of Duration107
Traffic incidents can be divided into three general classes of duration, each of which has unique traffic control characteristics and needs.
A. Major
• expected duration of more than 2 hours,
B. Intermediate
• expected duration of 30 minutes to 2 hours, and
C. Minor
• expected duration under 30 minutes.
QUESTIONS
108