Concept Maps &Knowledge Encoding
Putcha V. Narasimham
Knowledge Enabler Systems
06 JAN 14Concept Maps & Knowledge Encoding 1
KEY SECTIONS & TOPICSSection 1
Graphic Representation
Concepts, Ovals
Relations or Links, Arrow lines
Section 2
Principles of Concept Modeling
Monads, Dyads, Triads
Examples: Mother, Child, Motherhood, Impact, Commerce, System, Reasoning
Section 3
Knowledge Encoding
Essential nature of concepts
Human & machine compatibility
Concept expression and communication
Knowledge encoding and processing, HyperPlex
Appendix: Formal Concept Analysis
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GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF CONCEPTSSECTION 1
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WHAT ARE CONCEPT MAPS
Graphical or Visual
Representations of concepts (in ovals)
And their relations (arrow lines with labels)
Concept 1
Concept 2 Concept 5
Concept 3
Concept 4
Relation 4
Relation 1
Relation 3
Relation 2
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CONCEPT MAPS WITH BLOCK ARROWS
Concepts in ovals
And their relations in Block Arrows
Concept 1
Concept 2Concept 5
Concept 3
Concept 4
Relation 4
Relatio
n 1
C
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WHAT CONCEPT MAPS ARE NOT
Topic Maps
Very close;
Associations are not labeled
Occurrences are added
ISO standard for knowledge Interchange
Mind Maps
Hierarchy of concepts
Ontology—very close
Biological or Artificial Neural Networks
Images of brain
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ORIGIN OF CONCEPT MAPS
Invented in 1972
By Novak & Cañas et al
To enable children to build concepts of science
At Cornell University
In collaboration with Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition
http://cmap.ihmc.us/publications/researchpapers/originsofconceptmappingtool.pdf
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ELEGANT FOR HUMANS & MACHINES
Graphic Concept Maps
Help clear
Visualizing, expression and communication
By humans
More importantly
The principles of Concept Maps also help
Precise representation of knowledge
For Machine Processing
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PRINCIPLES OF CONCEPT MODELINGSECTION 2
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WHAT IS CONCEPT?
An idea or a thought
A set of related thoughts
A concept is an idea, something that is conceived in the human mind--Wikipedia
These are colloquial definitions or meanings
See separate PPT for Fundamentals of Thinking, Brain, Mind & Consciousness for details
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CONCEPTS ARE FORMED IN MIND ABOUT
1. Entities, existing or imagined objects
2. Phenomena
3. Sensations,
4. Emotions
5. Actions
6. Relations among 1….5
What and where is MIND? NOT discussed here
We will discuss simple and complex concepts using 1…5 and 6
Linking Concepts
Stan
d-a
lon
e
1….5
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STAND-ALONE CONCEPT --- MONAD
It can be defined directly without reference to any other concept
Self-sufficient
Some nouns are monads
And some are NOT
Monads
Have their own properties
ManNeuron
Mountain
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12
TWO FUNDAMENTAL BUILDING BLOCKS
Defined in the previous slide
Can be a Subject or Object
In Subject-Predicate-Object structure of RDF standard
Has many sub-types
Is also a concept
Connects two concepts
Shows their relation
Also called predicate
Has many sub-types
Stand-alone
Concept Monad
Linking
Concept
And Mutually Exclusive
1306 JAN 14Concept Maps & Knowledge Encoding
LINKING CONCEPT: A LABELED ARROW
That is the form used in the original proposal
It is mistaken as a pointer
Block arrow shows that LINK is a solid, full-fledged object
Concept 1
Concept 3
Relation 1
Relation 2
Concept 2
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CONCEPT MAP OF CONCEP MAP
Concept Map is a graphical representation of
A compound concept
In terms of monads (or Nodes) & Links
This is the basis of
UML Class & Composition Diagrams
Semantic Web &
RDF Resource Description Framework
Concept
Stand-alone
ConceptMonad
Linking
Concept
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Is it a class or composition
diagram?
RECIPROCAL RELATION
Every BINARY relation has direction
Every relation R1 has a reciprocal R2
R1 & R2 may be the same (symmetrical)
A is friend of B &
B is friend of A
Different (asymmetrical)
P is father of Q
But Q cannot be father of P
Monad Concept 2
Monad Concept 1
Ha
s re
latio
n
R1
with
Ha
s re
latio
n
R2
with
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DYAD—INVOLVES TWO CONCEPTS
Neither can be defined by itself
Child is NOT just small man (boy) or woman (girl)
Mother is NOT just any woman
The two concepts arise together
Necessary for each otherChild
Mother
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Mutually dependent
DYADS—MOTHER & CHILD AND RELATION
Concept Type
Mother is a woman who Dyad
Gives birth to Relation
A child (male or female) DyadChild
Mother
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DYAD —IMPACT IS A PHENOMENON
What happens when
TWO bodies
At least one of which is moving
Come into contact with the other
Moving or stationary Body 2
Moving Body 1
IMPACT
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TRIAD—RELATES TWO OR MORE CONCEPTS
Motherhood
A total concept of a woman giving birth to a child and nurturing the child
Ch
ild
Mo
ther
Motherhood
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Is childhood a reciprocal concept?
TRIAD—AVIATION
Aviation
A relation between
Mode of travel by air and
The passengers & cargo
Pla
nes
Pass
enge
rs
Aviation
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MORE THAN A TRIAD --- COMMERCE
Bu
yer
Selle
r
Money
Goods / Services
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MORE THAN A TRIAD --- SYSTEM
Envi
ron
men
t
Interrelated & interacting
Consists of
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Elem
entsConsists of
Is a part of Is a part of
HOW ABOUT “REASONING”
This came up in the discussions during
The IEEE Seminar on Semantic Networks at Muffakhram JahCollege of Engineering and Technology, Hydrabad
on 14 DEC 13
1. It falls under item 5 Actions
2. In humans, the action is mental
3. Expression of 2 is in some natural language
4. Reasoning involves application of rules of logic
5. To observations, statements, conclusions
6. It is more than a triad
7. Send your concept map to [email protected]
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KNOWLEDGE ENCODING USING CONCEPT MAPSSECTION 3
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THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF CONCEPTS
Essentially the Concept Maps seem to exist in
Human minds or
Text & speech or
Computers
To represent & process knowledge
The exact form
Of concept maps in
Humans & Machines varies
But recognition of the essential nature of knowledge is profound
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HUMAN EXPRESSION & COMMUNICATION
Expression is explicit statement for communication
Can be observed & interpreted
Expressions can be physiological changes, gestures, utterances, speech, linguistic, mathematical, graphic..
If standard conventions, grammar, lexicon are followed
The expressions clearly communicate the concepts
Some negotiation may be necessary to disambiguate
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HUMAN & MACHINE COMPATIBILITY
Concept Maps graphically represent knowledge
Using Nodes & Links
For use by humans
The explicit
Information & data
Relating to Nodes & Links
Is also well-suited for machine processing
06 JAN 14Concept Maps & Knowledge Encoding 28
See
Data & Information: Knuth’s Definitions
CONCEPT MAPS FOR MACHINE PROCESSING
The explicit Nodes & Links of Concept Maps
Help knowledge representation for
Humans & Machines
Information is in the micro-structures of templates of Nodes & Links
Data are in
The populated Nodes & Links +
The specific configurations of populated Nodes and Links
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See
HyperPlex
HIGH PRECISION QUERY-RESPONSE
By defining microstructures of Nodes and Links
We can encodemany more details of concepts precisely
All those details can be precisely EVALUATED to generate specific responses for action
Not like thousands of hits of search engines
See HyperPlex
06 JAN 14Concept Maps & Knowledge Encoding 30
See
HyperPlex
FORMAL CONCEPT ANALYSIS
So far we have used linguistic description of concepts
Traditional Logic is applied to concept analysis
Rudolf Wille’s proposal of Concept Lattices & Formal Concept Analysis in 1982 is generally accepted as very significant
See the Appendix on this
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LINKS TO REFERENCES CITED
http://www.slideshare.net/putchavn/knuths-definitions-of-data-and-information-04-mar13
http://www.slideshare.net/putchavn/hyper-plex-high-precision-queryresponse-knowledge-repository-pdf
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SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
Concept Maps are simple and profound for
Knowledge representation, communication and processing
Both in humans & machines
KIF, RDF & UNL are some standards for encoding knowledge in machines
HyperPlex is our proposal for high precision query-response
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FORMAL CONCEPT ANALYSIS & CONCEPT LATTICESAPPENDIX
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PRECISION OF CONCEPT (MATH)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision
This is informative but applies to quantitative measurement
See the notes below
This does not apply to concept
Formal Concept Analysis is a branch of mathematics
Deals with concepts and context in terms of Objects, their attributes and interrelations between them
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FORMAL CONCEPT ANALYSIS (INFORMATION SCIENCE)
a principled way of deriving a concept hierarchy or formal ontology from a collection of objects and their properties.
Each concept in the hierarchy represents the set of objects sharing the same values for a certain set of properties; and
each sub-concept in the hierarchy contains a subset of the objects in the concepts above it
Fits with INTRA Class Diagram of OOAD
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TENTATIVE VIEW OF PRECISION OF CONCEPT
Precision of a
concept is NOT
fineness of
concept but its
distinction from
similar concepts
of the class
It is best to apply Formal Concept Analysis and Concept Lattices
The class-subclass hierarchy of OOAD is sound and applicable
PRECISION of CONCEPT may be taken as 1/n TENTATIVELY, where nis the number of all sub-classes of the concept class
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A COMPREHENSIVE AND EXCELLENT SOURCE
INTRODUCTION TO FORMAL CONCEPT ANALYSIS (2008)
RADIM BˇELOHL´AVEK
Department of Computer Science PalackyUniversity, Olomouc
It is highly mathematical
Needs to be studied for modeling and software development
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ORDERED SETS
http://logcom.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/1/137.short
http://golem.ph.utexas.edu/category/2013/09/formal_concept_analysis.html
schroeder, ordered sets, first
chapter.pdf - Louisiana Tech
University
Schröder, Bernd S. W. 1966-
Ordered sets : an introduction
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