Cold War
Origins of the Cold War
SWBAT
• Explain the relationship & differences between the US & Soviet Union post-WWII
Do Now:
• Why do you think the Cold War was given its name?
Cold War
• Lasted from 1946-1991
• Began because of tensions & competition between the US & Soviet Union for power & influence in the world
• Consisted of political & economic conflict & military tensions around the world
www.punchcartoons.com/images/M/1945.02.07.119.jpg
Origins of the Cold War
• After WWII, relations between the US and Soviet Union worsened b/c of several factors:
Origins of the Cold War
- The Soviet Union refused to withdraw from Latvia, Lithuania, & Estonia
Origins of the Cold War
- The Soviet Union established Communist governments throughout Eastern Europe
- Where?
Origins of the Cold War United States Soviet Union
Type of Gov Representative Democracy
Dictatorship by Communist Party
Pol Parties 2 major parties- many smaller parties
Communist Party- only legal party
Economic Sys Capitalism- private ownership of business
Communism- industry, and economic activity controlled by gov
Individual Liberty
Freedom to speak, write, travel as they wish
Activities considered harmful to the nation are prohibited
Religion Separation between church & state; religious freedom
Atheism is encouraged Religion is discouraged
Origins of the Cold War • “Weapons” Used: 1. Propaganda- use of
media, demonstrations
Origins of the Cold War
2. Diplomatic Moves- international conferences & defense alliances
- NATO- “an attack on one is an attack on all” collective security
NATO Warsaw Pact
Members US & Western Europe
Soviet Union & Eastern Europe
Origins of the Cold War
3. Scientific Competition- arms race, nuclear weapons, space race
- 1949- Soviets explode an atomic bomb
- 1957- Soviets launch Sputnik (first man-made object to orbit Earth)
Origins of the Cold War 4. Economic Competition- US & Soviet
union gave $ to nations to support their governments
- Cuba received Soviet financial support
- why does this
threaten the US? *proximity to our border!
Origins of the Cold War
5.Espionage- Spy rings
• By the late 40s, the Soviet Union had hung the “Iron Curtain” around Eastern Europe
Origins of the Cold War
• “Iron Curtain”
• Who’s “Joe”?
• Who’s trying to peek under the curtain?
Wrap Up
• Was the Cold War inevitable? Explain.
• How did United States support for “self-determination” conflict with the Soviet Union’s desire for security in Eastern Europe at the end of the war?
Your Task
• Read “From One Korea to Two” & answer questions that follow on your own
Cold War: US Foreign Policy
SWBAT:
Explain policies US used to practice containment
Do Now
• What point is the cartoonist trying to make?
US Foreign Policy • Goal of US Foreign Policy:
- CONTAINMENT- keep the Soviet Union from gaining any territory or influence in the world; control communism
US Foreign Policy • Ways the US practiced
Containment in Europe: 1. Truman Doctrine, 1948- US
gave $ to Greece & Turkey to strengthen their forces so they could defend themselves against Communist influences
**Review “Truman Doctrine” & complete questions with a partner
US Foreign Policy
2. Marshall Plan, 1947- The US provided $, supplies, & machinery to help European nations rebuild their economies & stop communism from spreading
• Marshall Plan = 13 Billion over 4 years
US Foreign Policy
3. Berlin Airlift, 1949- Soviet Union enforces a blockade around Berlin to pressure allies to stop them from setting up W. Germany as a democracy
• GB, France, & US join in dropping supplies into Berlin
US Foreign Policy 4. Point Four Program, 1950- US policy of
economic aid to underdeveloped nations (in Latin America, Africa, & Asia) in areas such as public health, agriculture, & education
- Explain why the US would aid in these parts of the world, and in the specific fields $ was allocated to
US Foreign Policy 5. NSC-68, 1950- National Security Council, after hearing the Soviets detonated an a-bomb, recommended the following in a report:
- Quadruple US gov. defense spending - Form alliances with non-communist
countries - Convince the public that arms buildup
is vital for nation’s defense
Evaluating Policy • After this report surfaced & reviewing
Truman’s actions post-WWII, what might a critic of this foreign policy say?
US Foreign Policy • Containment in Asia:
- China becomes Communist in 1949 US breaks diplomatic ties
- US forms separate peace treaty with Japan, 1951
- Korea is divided at the 38th parallel (during WWII Korea was occupied by Japan)
• North Korea = Communist
• South Korea = Republic of Korea
• N. Korea invades S. Korea in 1950
• GOAL: unify the country
US Foreign Policy • Truman sends in troops Korean War (1950-1953) • No one won; Cost = 15 billion • 34,000 Americans were killed • RESULT: No boundary change & nations
are still separated today • Truman forced to fire MacArthur who
wanted to invade China
Wrap Up • How did the United States respond to
the expansion of communism in Europe? in Asia?
• How might the situation in Europe be different today if the United States had not applied the Truman Doctrine? extended Marshall Plan aid? conducted the Berlin airlift? Formed NATO?
Cold War: 1950s Life in America
SWBAT
• Explain characteristics of society in America during the 1950’s
Do Now:
• How did McCarthy contribute to the suppression of free speech and open honest debate?
Domestic Economy
• Post WWII foreign policy was concerned with containment & fighting communism, while domestic policy was concerned with improving the economy
Domestic Economy • 1953- Dwight D. Eisenhower becomes
President - cuts back on government spending
(foreign aid & defense) but keeps popular programs like Social Security
Domestic Economy • 1950’s- Americans were prosperous earned $ during WWII but had been unable to spend it (lack of luxuries to buy) now they could spend what they had saved
1950s Life in America
• 1950s Video
• While watching the short clip, write down 5 things that were going on in America in the 1950s…
1950s Life in America • Examine the advertisement then
answer the questions: 1. What product is the ad for? 2. Who is the ad targeting? What clues led
you to this conclusion? 3. What does this ad suggest about the US
economy? 4. How is the ad similar and different to
those you see today?
1950s Life in America
• What did Americans spend $ on?
1. New Homes- many were in the suburbs
- suburbanization- new trend; by 1960, 1/3 of pop. lived in suburbs
1950s Life in America
• Levittown, Long Island
1950s Life in America
- Growth in family size as there was a delay in marriage during WWII
baby boom
1950s Life in America
2. Cars- made growth of suburbs possible
- increase in demand for cars benefitted the auto industry
need for highways
- Eisenhower passes the Highway Act of 1956- provides $ for 44,000 miles of interstate highways
1950s Life in America
• 1954 Chevrolet Bel Air sold for $1,100
1950s Life in America 3. Television- dramatically grew
popular
- Between what two years did # of homes with televisions increase the most?
1950s Life in America
4. Moving- Americans moved to new places in the country
- people leave the Northeast and Midwest Florida, Texas, Arizona, California (Sun Belt)
1950s Life in America
• Don’t forget the panic still going on…___________
• What’s the meaning of this cartoon?
Duck and Cover (10 min)
Wrap Up • Which development following World War
II caused the urban-suburban growth in the 1950s?
• How did the United States respond to the communist threat at home?
• What has “McCarthyism” come to mean as a more present day term?
- unfair accusation or investigation of people
Cold War DBQ
Your Task • Do Now: What significant
demographic changes became evident in the 1950s?
• Examine Cold War DBQ Documents
- Answer DBQs individually
- Complete the DBQ outline with a partner
- Hand in when you are finished
Cold War DBQ Outline 3 Ways the Threat of
Communism Affected the US
During the Cold War:
What Documents will Support Your
3 Ways:
Key Ideas/Summary of the Documents
You Chose:
Relevant Outside Information:
1.
2.
3.
Kennedy: The New Frontier
SWBAT
• Explain the significance of the Bay of Pigs invasion & the Cuban Missile Crisis
Do Now • . . . My fellow citizens of the world: ask
not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man. . . .”
-John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address, 1961 • What is the meaning of this statement?
Domestic Policy
• John F. Kennedy, 1960-1963
- Democrat- MA
- Problems passing legislation in Congress
Domestic Policy • Aid & attention to education, health
care, urban renewal, & civil rights
• Peace Corps:
- college grads volunteer in developing nations to train people in technical, educational, & health programs
Domestic Policy
• The Space Program:
- race to the moon
- Soviet cosmonaut in space 1st
Kennedy vowed to have a man on the moon by the end of the 60s
1969- Neil Armstrong walks on the moon
Foreign Policy November
1960 •Kennedy Elected President
April 1961
•Bay of Pigs Invasion
August 1961
•Berlin Wall is Built
October 1962
•Cuban Missile Crisis
November 1963
•Kennedy Assassinated
Foreign Policy • Domino Theory- if one nation falls to
communism in Asia, others will follow
- 1963- 17,000 “advisors” in Vietnam
• President Diem- dictator of S. Vietnam
- US urged him to adopt reforms, he refused overthrown with US help
Foreign Policy • Bay of Pigs: (CIA plan in place pre-JFK)
- Background:
- Batista- Dictator of Cuba
(1934-1959), unpopular with people, but supported by US & protected US interests in Cuba
- Castro leads revolt against Batista in the Cuban Revolution, 1959
Foreign Policy
- Castro limited civil liberties, imprisoned political opponents, & turned to Soviet Union for aid Soviet’s gain influence on Cuba
- US imposed a trade embargo on Cuba still in effect today
Foreign Policy - Kennedy approved plan to overthrow
Cuba’s leader, Castro - trained Cuban exiles were to set off an
uprising against Castro with US help Castro’s troops crushed the invasion
- Kennedy & US gov. embarrassed - Soviets give more aid to Cuba
Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy • US appeared weak after
Bay of Pigs • Soviet’s supported East
German gov. to build a wall between East & West Berlin Berlin Wall
- meant to stop East Germans from escaping to freedom in West Germany
Foreign Policy
• Cuban Missile Crisis:
- July 1962- Soviet’s began to build 42 missile sites in Cuba
- October 1962- US spy plane discovered the sites
Foreign Policy - Full scale nuclear war between the US
& SU seemed likely - Cuban Missile Crisis
Foreign Policy - Outcome: - Naval blockade of Soviet shipments - Demanded Khruschev (Soviet Premier)
remove missiles from Cuba - Victory for Kennedy avoided war &
got Soviets to back down tensions temporarily eased between
the 2 nations
Foreign Policy
• Nuclear Test Ban Treaty- signed in 1963 by US, Soviet Union, & UK
- agreed NOT to test nuclear weapons in the air, outer space, or undersea
Kennedy
• JFK assassinated November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas
Wrap Up
• Is the “New Frontier” label for the Kennedy administration justified in terms of both foreign and domestic policies? Explain.
Foreign Policy
• You are John F. Kennedy…
• Chose one of the 3 options you have been presented with
• Explain and justify your decision
Lyndon B. Johnson SWBAT:
Explain LBJ’s domestic & foreign policy programs
Your Task • With a partner, outline LBJ’s 10 Goals
Domestic Policy • Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963-1968 - Democrat - Very experienced in
getting legislation passed through Congress
• LBJ Campaign Commercial • Do Now: How is LBJ’s campaign
commercial different from the campaign commercials for the presidency today?
Domestic Policy
• The Great Society- LBJ’s “War on Poverty”:
- VISTA Program- a domestic Peace Corps, aiding poor citizens in rural & impoverished America
Domestic Policy • Office of Economic Opportunity-
- 2 important programs:
- Head Start- pre-school for children of poor families
- Job Corps- vocational training for high school dropouts
Domestic Policy • Elementary & Secondary School
Education Act-
- 1 billion toward education; act requires schools must be integrated to receive any funds
Domestic Policy
• Medicare/Medicaid- provided health insurance for people 65yrs+, & health care for the poor
Domestic Policy • Department of Housing & Urban
Development (HUD)- oversees federal efforts to improve housing & help the economic development of cities
Foreign Policy • Escalation in Vietnam (1964-1968): - Gulf of Tonkin Resolution- because N. Vietnam attacked a US ship in the Gulf of Tonkin, Congress passed this resolution stating the President can take all measures necessary to resist an attack on the US increases our involvement
Foreign Policy
- Tet Offensive- N. Vietnam launches an offensive; 1st time Americans see we are really at war in Vietnam - Guerrilla Warfare- enemy not wearing military uniforms fighting on unclear battle lines - Vietnam
Foreign Policy • Johnson’s 3 reasons used to justify
war in Vietnam: 1. Prevent fall of Vietnam to
Communists 2. Stop rise of aggressor governments 3. Protect US as a superpower &
defender of democracy
Foreign Policy
• Read “Resistance to the War” & answer the questions on your notesheet
• Resistance-
- to fight against something you
do not believe in or agree with
Wrap Up • Who’s domestic policy program could you
compare LBJ’s to? Why?
• Based on what you know, how would you justify voting for LBJ for a second presidential term?
• What might critics of Johnson’s commitment to Vietnam claim?
Richard Nixon
SWBAT
• Explain Nixon’s domestic & foreign policy
Do Now: List prior knowledge you have about Nixon.
Domestic Policy • Richard Nixon, 1968-1974 - Republican - New Federalism- reduce
role of the federal gov give $ to state governments to spend
Domestic Policy • Programs Established:
- Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA)
- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
- Clean Air Act
- Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)
- Food stamps
Domestic Policy • Inflation:
- caused by Vietnam War
- prices , unemployment
90-day wage freeze
• 26th Amendment- lowered voting age from 21 18 (12 million new voters!)
*a direct result of US involvement in Vietnam
• Neil Armstrong walks on the moon
Watergate • Nixon & Watergate 1 • Nixon & Watergate 2
• Outcome: - public distrust
of government - law of US is
superior to Presidential actions Nixon resigns*
• What happened- illegal break-in to wiretap phones
• Where- Watergate Towers, DC
• When- June, 1972 • Who- Committee to
Reelect the President • Why?
Foreign Policy • Vietnam:
- Nixon promises to end war in Vietnam
- Vietnamization- S. Vietnamese take over ground fighting
Foreign Policy - While promoting
Vietnamization, Nixon bombed Cambodia (claimed it was a base for N. Vietnamese guerrillas)
Kent State protest
*4 students killed by National Guard
Kent State (1969)
Foreign Policy
- Peace with Honor- January 15, 1973, Nixon announced a cease-fire
Foreign Policy - War Powers Act, November 1973: 1. President must notify Congress within
48 hrs. of sending troops into a foreign country
2. Troops cannot stay more than 60 days overseas without approval of Congress
3. Congress has power to force President to bring troops home
executive power legislative power
Foreign Policy
- Fall of Saigon, 1975: - Saigon falls to N.
Vietnamese and nation becomes communist (Cambodia & Laos follow)
Foreign Policy EFFECTS: 1. American political system acts in
response to public pressure successful military efforts require supportive citizens
2. If opposition forces have determined nationalism, modern technology is not always powerful enough
3. US questions role of “world police officer”
Foreign Policy • New policy toward China: - 1972- Nixon accepted invitation to
visit China - no relations with China since
Communist revolution, 1949 cleared path for cultural & economic exchanges
Foreign Policy
• New policy toward Soviet Union: - Détente- ease tension between US
& SU; designed to prevent conflict - 1972- Nixon visited Soviet Union;
1st President since WWII to visit SALT- Strategic Arms Limitations
Talks
Wrap Up
• In what specific ways did Nixon depart from Johnson’s Great Society?
• Overall, was the Vietnam War a success or failure? Why?