CO2 and Clean Coal Future Needs for Energy Research Infrastructure
Tony Kaiser
June, 2005June, 2005
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Long Term Energy Market
Different needs world-wide- uneven access to modern energy
Growth of Renewable Energy but ….
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
2,200
GW
Gas Coal Hydro Other renewables Oil Nuclear Fuel cells
IEA projections of global power stations to be
built by 2030
Capacity
IEA World Energy Outlook 2003
Continuous reliance on fossil fuels
– especially likes of China and India
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Long Term Competitive Position
Huge growth in China inward investment in capability Chinese equipment suppliers likely to become world playerseg Steam Turbines companies (like Shanghai and
Harbin) have annual capacity of over 30 GW
AfricaE. AsiaChinaPacificEuropeNorth America
Middle East
Transition economies
South Asia
Latin America
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200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
$ b
illio
n (2
000
do
llars
)
IEA projections of global power station to be built
by 2030
Investment
Continuous need to develop the technology – focus on high added value components and systems
IEA WEO 2004
Europe will face harsh competition global markets not just from USA and Japan but also increasingly from Asia
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Technology Solutions: Increasing Efficiency of Thermal Power
Improve “business as usual”
• increase efficiency
70
60
50
40
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20
10
0
Eff
icie
ncy
(%
)
Combined cycleSteam turbine plantGas turbine
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Market Intelligence / Trends / TR190 JW1 / 980531
452 kg CO2/MWh
583 kg CO2/MWh
920 kg CO2/MWh
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Kohle
Öl
Gas
Quelle: IEA/OECD, France (2000)
Improve “business as usual”
• fuel switch to less carbon-intensive fuels
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Efficiencies of coal plants in EU
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Potential CO2 Reduction in EU
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Power Plant Efficiency Evolution
1. Plant efficiency has improved steadily over the years2. Efficiency increase from Subcritical to USC can, for
example, yield up to 30% CO2 emissions reduction
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CO2 Capture Options
Towards Zero Emissions Towards Zero Emissions at the right priceat the right price
CirculatingFluidized Bed Boiler
O2
EOR
CO2N2
Air
Fuel• Pet. Coke• Coal• Biomass
Recirculation
Steam
Steam
CO2 cycle gasout
Flue Gasfromgas
turbine
CO2 depletedflue gas toheat recovery unit
CO2 cycle gasin
CO2 ab-/desorbingcoating
Heatinsulatingmaterial
Rotorcorematerial Element structure
Front-End
Tail-End
Integrated
Pre-combustion Front End– IGCC based systems– Carbonate capture– Chemical looping
Oxygen Combustion– Internal (membrane) or external
(ASU) oxygen supply
Post Combustion “Tail-end” CO2 capture– Absorption/stripping process
using MEA, physical absorbents …..
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Post Combustion Capture with Exhaust Gas Recirculation
Exhaust
Air
Fuel (CH4)
Cooling air
Combustor
HRSG
CO2
removal
CO2
Steam
BFW
Gen.
H2O
Exhaust
Air
Fuel (CH4)
Cooling air
Combustor
HRSG
CO2
removal
CO2
Steam
BFW
Gen.Gen.
H2O
• Allows increase in CO2 concentration in exhaust gas
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Strategic Trajectories
CarbonReduction
Time
`Increased Efficiency`Trajectory
`Zero Emissions`Trajectory
Near-term Mid-term Long-term
High efficiency combined with `Capture ready` concept?
Value of CO2?Geography?
Flexible strategy to cover uncertain future
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Energy RTD and D is a critical issue for future in Europe and world-wide– Wide range of drivers : Competitiveness, Market Need, Security of Supply,
Environment, Global Climate Change, ……..– Needs to be a recognized identified theme in FP7– Needs to have a significant budget assigned in FP7
FP7 - Importance of Energy
Importance of a balanced approach to Energy RTD & D Importance of a balanced approach to Energy RTD & D
Portfolio approach needed in FP7 for Energy RTD and D– Non-nuclear energy programme needs to be comparable with that of
Euratom/Nuclear– Renewable Energy, Hydrogen/FCs, Networks/T&D, Energy Efficiency, Storage
……… and – Clean use of fossil fuels (= near zero emission power generation)
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All measures will be required– different solutions in different parts of the world
Not one single winning technology– complementary actions
Broad portfolio approach necessary– energy efficiency, REN, fossil, nuclear
Development of energy technology will be essential
Clean use of fossil fuels: a critical transition for decades yet, in getting to a sustainable energy future
‘Helicopter’ Viewpoint
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General issue – Demonstration and Upscaling of Technologies
Small scale test rigs are readily available in EU
EU-Funding of Upscaling of Technology and Large scale Demonstration of Technology
Need for energy infrastructure and demonstrator projects to– better deployment energy technologies,– reduce technical risks, – Show economical competitiveness
• See e.g. U.S. with “FutureGen”, H-Class GT….
however
not solved in EU
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Current energy research infrastructures – (not complete)
Cologne, DLR ALSTOM
– H2 combustion test rigs– test centre (GT26, GT8C) CH– Whetstone test centre
Siemens test facility in Berlin SINTEF IGCC plants
– Puertolano, Buggenum
RR UTCs CCP (BP, Shell, Statoil…)
Numerous universities – Cranfield, ETH Zürich, PSI, etc
IFP– Test rigs for “chemical looping”
Linde, BOC– Air separation membranes
NTNU Norway, University Paderborn– Modelling and optimization of
zero emissions power plants
…
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Energy technologies for which research infrastructures needed (I)
Air separation – Membranes, CAR (Ceramic autothermal recovery), etc.
Oxygen-fired boilers Chemical looping
– O2 transport into boiler– CO2 capture within boiler
CO2 capturing and stripping– CO2 capturing from diluted streams (low T, low p)– CO2 capturing within GT cycle (high T, high p)
Efficiency increase (and cost reduction)– CO2 capture cycles and– Benefits to standard cycle as well
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Energy technologies for which research infrastructures needed (II)
H2, syngas capable gas turbines– Combustion– Aerodynamics– Materials, e.g. high-strength rotors, thick TBCs– Hot gas clean-up
GT with flue gas recycle – CO2 capture by membranes– Flue gas treatment
Integration of technologies – Gasifier with gas turbine– CO2 separation in gas turbine cycle– Gas cleaning
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Examples for future energy research infrastructures needed
Oxygen fired circulating fluidized bed demo ( O2CFB ) Oxygen fired pulverized coal demo ( O2PC ) Oxygen separation unit demo Chemical looping demo GT, ST with enabling technologies for higher efficiency (GTCC>60%) Hydrogen, syngas combustion lab Flue gas recycle GT and CO2 capture demo CO2 membrane demo CO2 anti-sublimation (CO2 frosting, GT, Steam cycle) New CO2 scrubbing technology demos (other than standard MEA
scrubbing)
– (this is not a priority order yet)
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Proposal for working team
Work out details of proposed research infrastructure needed– Optimal Place– Partners (equipment suppliers, power generators, universities, SMEs)– Cost– Size of pilot/demonstration equipment– Technical specifications to reach R&D targets
Team members proposed (not complete yet)– ALSTOM– S/W– Vattenfall, RWE, EdF and European subsidiaries, Endesa, – SINTEF, IFP, NTNU, …more to be defined!
Due date for specific proposals?
www.alstom.com