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Jcqf`m ch Hmamunl H}jafjo C{{cuq}jfqv
CxmuxfmwHmamunl Nomj`v Jnbm9 @cu{cunqfcj hcu Jnqfcjnl nja @cbb}jfqv Pmuxf`mH}jafjo C{{cuq}jfqv Qfqlm9 Nbmuf@cu{p Pqnqm nja Jnqfcjnl Ounjqp HV 5;>;
Njjc}j`mbmjq Qv{m9 Fjfqfnl njjc}j`mbmjq
@HAN J}bemu9 61*;;8
5;>; Jnqfcjnl [muhcubnj`m Bmnp}ump9 En`douc}ja Fjhcubnqfcj
Umhmumj`mp nja N}qgcufqfmp, Amhfjfqfcjp, P}oompqfcjp umonuafjo Anqn @cllm`qfcj, nja
Naafqfcjnl Jcqmp ']{anqma I}jm 1, 5;>;&
Qgm I}jm 1, 5;>; }{anqmp {ucxfam `lnufqv cj {muhcubnj`m bmnp}um pmlm`qfcj `ufqmufn, amhfjfqfcjp,
nja `nl`}lnqfcj bmqgcap* Ounjqmmp pgc}la um{ln`m qgm ac`}bmjq {ucxfama fj qgm Am`mbemu 5;;6
JCHC nbmjabmjq wfqg qgfp ac`}bmjq* Ounjqmmp num mj`c}unoma qc umumna qgm pm`qfcjp umlnqma qc
qgm bmnp}ump qgmv gnxm pmlm`qma* @J@P n{{um`fnqmp nja `cjqfj}mp qc n``m{q hmmaen`d cj qgm
Jnqfcjnl [muhcubnj`m Bmnp}ump [flcq* Naafqfcjnl `lnufhf`nqfcj nja bmnp}ump bnv em fpp}ma hcu
qgm 5;>> JCHC*
MA]@NQFCJ [UFCUFQV NUMN
]jbmq ma}`nqfcjnl jmmap wfqgfj cbb}jfqfmp mp{m`fnllv qgcpm qgnq gml{ `gflaumj nja vc}qgn`gfmxm p}``mpp fj p`gccl nja {umxmjq qgmb hucb auc{{fjo c}q emhcum gfog p`gccl ouna}nqfcj*
Q}qcufjo {ucounbp b}pq pmlm`q Bmnp}ump MA>, MA5, nja MA=* Qgmv bnv pmlm`qnaafqfcjnl bmnp}ump hucb MA8"MA>>*
Bmjqcufjo {ucounbp b}pq pmlm`q Bmnp}ump MA0, MA1, nja qgmj nq lmnpq cjm bmnp}umhucb MA="MA>>*
Qmn`gmu @cu{p b}pq pmlm`q Bmnp}ump MA> nja MA5 nja Bmnp}ump MA>5"MA>?*Bmnp}ump MA >7 nja MA >6 num c{qfcjnl Qmn`gmu @cu{p bmnp}ump*
Cqgmu Ma}`nqfcj {ucounbp b}pq `gccpm bmnp}ump MA>, MA5, nja qgmj nq lmnpq cjmbmnp}um hucb MA="MA>>*
Bmnp}um MA>9
J}bemu ch pq}amjqp wgc pqnuq fj nj Nbmuf@cu{p ma}`nqfcj {ucounb*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'f& Q}qcufjo, cu {ucxfafjo cqgmu n`nambf` p}{{cuq qc mlmbmjqnuv p`gccl
nja pm`cjanuv p`gccl pq}amjqp*
Amhfjfqfcj ch
Dmv Qmubp
Ma}`nqfcj {ucounb9 Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup gml{ pq}amjqp bnfjqnfj mjucllbmjq fj nja
p}``mma fj p`gccl 'bmjqcufjo {ucounbp }pm MA0 nja MA1&* Qgm gml{qgnq Nbmuf@cu{p
bmbemup {ucxfam acmp jcq jmma qc em fj afum`q pmuxf m qc qgm pq}amjqp* Gcwmxmu, qgm
Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup b}pq {ucxfam afum`q p}{{cuq qgnq bndmp qgm {ucounb {cppfelm*
Mlmbmjqnuv nja pm`cjanuv p`gccl pq}amjqp9 pq}amjqp mjucllma fj ounamp D">5*
Pqnuq fj9 pq}amjqp mjucllma fj qgm ma}`nqfcj {ucounb nq qgm emofjjfjo ch qgm {ucounb
vmnu* @c}jqp bnv em }{anqma fh qgm j}bemu ch {nuqf f{njqp fj`umnpmp*
Gcw qc
@nl`}lnqmBmnp}um#
@cllm`q Anqn9
@c}jq ch pq}amjqp wgc mjucll fj qgm {ucounb* Pq}amjqp bnv cu bnv jcq `cb{lmqm qgm
{ucounb* Mn`g pq}amjq pgc}la em `c}jqma cjlv cj`m a}ufjo qgm {ucounb vmnu*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpMa}`nqfcjSC}q{}qpSMA>SMA5*ac`
Bmnp}um MA
59
J}bemu ch pq}amjqp wgc `cb{lmqm {nuqf`f{nqfcj fj nj Nbmuf@cu{p ma}`nqfcj
{ucounb*
Umhmumj`mp# PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'f& Q}qcufjo, cu {ucxfafjo cqgmu n`nambf` p}{{cuq qc mlmbmjqnuv p`gccl
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5
N}qgcufqv9 nja pm`cjanuv p`gccl pq}amjqp*
Amhfjfqfcj ch
Dmv Qmubp
Ma}`nqfcj {ucounb9 Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup gml{ pq}amjqp bnfjqnfj mjucllbmjq fj nja
p}``mma fj p`gccl 'm`m{q bmjqcufjo cu Qmn`gmu @cu{p {ucounbp&* Qgm gml{qgnq
Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup {ucxfam acmp jcq jmma qc em fj afum`q pmuxf`m qc qgm pq}amjqp*
Gcwmxmu, qgm Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup b}pq {ucxfam afum`q p}{{cuq qgnq bndmp qgm {ucounb
{cppfelm*
Mlmbmjqnuv nja pm`cjanuv p`gccl pq}amjqp9 Pq}amjqp mjucllma fj ounamp D">5*@cb{lmqm {nuqf`f{nqfcj9 Nq qgm c}qpmq ch qgm n`qfxfqv, qgm {ucounb pgc}la fjaf`nqm gcw
bnjv anvp cu gc}up num um~}fuma fj cuamu qc `cb{lmqm qgm n`qfxfqv* Qgmj qgmv wfll cjlv
`c}jq qgm j}bemu ch pq}amjqp wgc bmmq qgnq qgumpgcla ev qgm mja ch qgm vmnu* Qgfp
j}bemu wfll em }pma np qgm amjcbfjnqcu hcu pmlm`qma bmnp}ump nja qgmumhcum qgm nbc}jq
ch nqqmjanj`m pgc}la em mjc}og qc fjhl}mj`m qgm ump}lqp*
Gcw qc
@nl`}lnqm
Bmnp}um#
@cllm`q Anqn9
@c}jq ch pq}amjqp hucb Bmnp}um > wgc `cb{lmqm {nuqf`f{nqfcj fj qgm n`qfxfqv np
fjaf`nqma ev necxm amhfjfqfcj*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpMa}`nqfcjSC}q{}qpSMA>SMA5*ac`
Jcqmp9 Qgfp fp qgm {ufbnuv bmnp}um @J@P wfll }pm qc mpqnelfpg gcw bnjv pq}amjqp num{nuqf`f{nqfjo fj ma}`nqfcj {ucounbp cqgmu qgnj bmjqcufjo cu Qmn`gmu @cu{p* Bmnp}um >
nja Bmnp}um 5 qcomqgmu wfll fjaf`nqm gcw bnjv pq}amjqp auc{ c}qnum umqnfjma ev qgmpm
{ucounbp*
N{{lf`njqp {ucxfafjo n Bmjqcufjo [ucounb b}pq }pm Bmnp}ump MA0 nja MA1 nja qgmj nq
lmnpq cjm bmnp}um hucb MA="MA>>*
Bmnp}um MA
09
J}bemu ch afpnaxnjqnoma vc}qg#bmjqcu bnq`gmp qgnq num `cbbmj`ma ev qgm
Nbmuf@cu{p {ucounb*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'fff& Bmjqcufjo pq}amjqp, fj`l}afjo na}lq cu {mmu bmjqcufjo*
Amhfjfqfcj chDmv Qmubp
Bmjqcup num na}lqp wgc {ucxfam p}{{cuq qc `gflaumj cu vc}qg qguc}og mfqgmu `cbb}jfqvenpma {ucounbp cu p`gccl enpma {ucounbp9
Fj p`gccl enpma {ucounbp, bmjqcup {ucxfam p}{{cuq qc `gflaumj hcu
nq lmnpq cjm gc}ucj`m n wmmd cxmu jfjm bcjqgp*
Fj `cbb}jfqv enpma {ucounbp, bmjqcup {ucxfam p}{{cuq qc `gflaumj hcu nj nxmunom ch
hc}u gc}up n bcjqg cxmu n qwmlxm bcjqg {mufca*Bmjqcufjo umlnqfcjpgf{p num famnllv cjm bmjqcu {mu `gfla, e}q `c}la em pbnll ouc}{ wfqg
n unqfc ch jc bcum qgnj >90*
Afpnaxnjqnoma vc}qg9 fj`l}amp qgcpm vc}qg wgc num m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma nja >
cu bcum ch qgm hcllcwfjo9 'N& _gc num c}q"ch"p`gccl vc}qg, fj`l}afjo c}q"ch"p`gccl
vc}qg wgc num }jmb{lcvma* 'E& _gc num fj cu nofjo c}q ch hcpqmu `num* '@& _gc gnxm
lfbfqma Mjolfpg {uchf`fmj`v* 'A& _gc num gcbmlmpp cu wgc gnxm u}j nwnv hucb gcbm*
'M& _gc num nq"ufpd qc lmnxm pm`cjanuv p`gccl wfqgc}q n af{lcbn* 'H& _gc num hcubmui}xmjflm chhmjamup cu nq ufpd ch amlfj~}mj`v* 'O& _gc num fjafxfa}nlp wfqg afpneflfqfmp*
'Hucb PNN&
M`cjcbf` Afpnaxnjqnom9 mlfofelm hcu humm 'nq cu emlcw >0;- ch {cxmuqv& cu uma}`ma
'emqwmmj >0;- qc >7=- ch {cxmuqv& l}j`g4 bnv cu bnv jcq n`q}nllv em n``mppfjo
hummuma}`ma l}j`g* Pmm9 gqq{9www*mup*}pan*ocxEufmhfjo@gflaJ}qufqfcjl}j`g*gqb
Gcw qc
@nl`}lnqm
Bmnp}um#
[ucounbp wfll `c}jq qgm j}bemu ch ~}nlfhvfjo bmjqcu"bmjqmm bnq`gmp qgnq num fjfqfnqma
cxmu qgm `c}upm ch qgm {ucounb vmnu* Fh qgm {ucounb bcaml nllcwp hcu pbnll ouc}{
bmjqcufjo fjpqmna ch cjm"cj"cjm bnq`gmp, nll {nuqf`f{nqfjo bmjqmmp fj qgm ouc}{ pgc}la
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@cllm`q Anqn9 em `c}jqma*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpMa}`nqfcjSC}q{}qpSMA0S-5;MA1*ac
Bmnp}um MA
19
J}bemu ch afpnaxnjqnoma vc}qg#bmjqcu bnq`gmp qgnq wmum p}pqnfjma ev qgm
Nbmuf@cu{p {ucounb hcu nq lmnpq qgm um~}fuma qfbm {mufca*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'fff& Bmjqcufjo pq}amjqp, fj`l}afjo na}lq cu {mmu bmjqcufjo*
Amhfjfqfcj ch
Dmv Qmubp
Bmjqcup num na}lqp wgc {ucxfam p}{{cuq qc `gflaumj cu vc}qg qguc}og mfqgmu `cbb}jfqv
enpma {ucounbp cu p`gccl enpma {ucounbp9 Fj p`gccl enpma {ucounbp, bmjqcup {ucxfam
p}{{cuq qc `gflaumj hcu nq lmnpq cjm gc}ucj`m n wmmd cxmu jfjm bcjqgp*
Fj `cbb}jfqv enpma {ucounbp, bmjqcup {ucxfam p}{{cuq qc `gflaumj hcu nj nxmunom ch hc}u
gc}up n bcjqg cxmu n qwmlxm bcjqg {mufca*Bmjqcufjo umlnqfcjpgf{p num famnllv cjm bmjqcu {mu `gfla, e}q `c}la em pbnll ouc}{ wfqg
n unqfc ch jc bcum qgnj >90*
Afpnaxnjqnoma vc}qg9 fj`l}amp qgcpm vc}qg wgc num m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma nja >
cu bcum ch qgm hcllcwfjo9 'N& _gc num c}q"ch"p`gccl vc}qg, fj`l}afjo c}q"ch"p`gccl vc}qg
wgc num }jmb{lcvma* 'E& _gc num fj cu nofjo c}q ch hcpqmu `num* '@& _gc gnxm lfbfqma
Mjolfpg {uchf`fmj`v* 'A& _gc num gcbmlmpp cu wgc gnxm u}j nwnv hucb gcbm* 'M& _gc
num nq"ufpd qc lmnxm pm`cjanuv p`gccl wfqgc}q n af{lcbn* 'H& _gc num hcubmu i}xmjflm
chhmjamup cu nq ufpd ch amlfj~}mj`v* 'O& _gc num fjafxfa}nlp wfqg afpneflfqfmp* PNN
M`cjcbf` Afpnaxnjqnom9 mlfofelm hcu humm 'nq cu emlcw >0;- ch {cxmuqv& cu uma}`ma
'emqwmmj >0;- qc >7=- ch {cxmuqv& l}j`g4 bnv cu bnv jcq n`q}nllv em n``mppfjo
hummuma}`ma l}j`g* Pmm9 gqq{9www*mup*}pan*ocxEufmhfjo@gflaJ}qufqfcjl}j`g*gqb
Gcw qc
@nl`}lnqm
Bmnp}um#
@cllm`q Anqn9
[ucounbp wfll `c}jq qgm j}bemu ch ~}nlfhvfjo bmjqcu"bmjqmm bnq`gmp qgnq num p}pqnfjma
cxmu qgm `c}upm ch qgm {ucounb vmnu* Fh qgm {ucounb bcaml nllcwp hcu pbnll ouc}{
bmjqcufjo fjpqmna ch cjm"cj"cjm bnq`gmp, nll {nuqf`f{nqfjo bmjqmmp fj qgm ouc}{ pgc}la em
`c}jqma*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpMa}`nqfcjSC}q{}qpSMA0S-5;MA1*ac
Jcqmp9 Qgfp fp qgm {ufbnuv bmnp}um @J@P wfll }pm qc mpqnelfpg gcw bnjv pq}amjqp num{nuqf`f{nqfjo fj bmjqcufjo {ucounbp* Bmnp}ump MA0 nja MA1 num fjqmjama qc em }pma
qcomqgmu qc fjaf`nqm qgm umqmjqfcjauc{ c}q unqm*
N{{lf`njqp {ucxfafjo nj Ma}`nqfcj [ucounb 'fj`l}afjo Bmjqcufjo& b}pq `gccpm nq lmnpq cjm
bmnp}um hucb Bmnp}ump MA="MA>>* @gccpm n bmnp}um qgnq nlfojp wfqg vc}u {ucounb
ampfoj* Q}qcufjo {ucounbp num um~}fuma qc `gccpm Bmnp}um MA= np cjm ch qgmfu bmnp}ump*
'Qmn`gmu @cu{p {ucounbp pdf{ qc Qmn`gmu @cu{p pm`qfcj*&
Bmnp}um MA =9 J}bemu ch pq}amjqp wfqg fb{ucxma n`nambf` {muhcubnj`m*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'ff& Pq}amjq n`nambf` n`gfmxmbmjq*
Amhfjfqfcj ch
Dmv Qmubp
Pq}amjqp9 Qgcpm um{cuqma fj mfqgmu Bmnp}um MA5 cu Bmnp}um MA1*
Fb{ucxma n`nambf` {muhcubnj`m9 np bmnp}uma ev nj fb{ucxma ambcjpqunqfcj ch
pdflldjcwlmaom nq {cpq"qmpq np `cb{numa qc {um"qmpq 'onfj p`cum& }pfjo n pqnjanuafyma
fjpqu}bmjq* Bnjv pqnjanuafyma qmpq fjpqu}bmjqp {ucxfam m{m`qma lmxmlp ch fb{ucxmbmjq
hcu {nuqf`}lnu pqnuqfjo {cfjqp* Qgcpm wc}la em qgm bcpq n{{uc{ufnqm fb{ucxmbmjq lmxmlp
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hcu {ucounbp qc pmlm`q* [ucounbp bnv um~}mpq n {cpq"qmpq cjlv nppmppbmjq c{qfcj qgnq
wc}la `c}jq np fb{ucxma cjlv qgcpm pq}amjqp wgc {muhcub nq ounam lmxml cj qgm {cpq"
qmpq* Cjlv qgcpm {ucounbp qgnq ambcjpqunqm qgmv num pmuxfjo emlcw ounam lmxml pq}amjqp
nja qgnq ambcjpqunqm n p}hhf`fmjq umnpcj hcu jcq `cja}`qfjo n {um"qmpq{cpq"qmpq bnv
um~}mpq qgfp c{qfcj*
Pqnjanuafyma qmpqfjpqu}bmjq9 gnp emmj xnlfanqma mqmujnllv cj n unjacblv"pmlm`qma{c{}lnqfcj ch pq}amjqp* Pqnqm pqnjanuafyma qmpqp omjmunllv pgc}la JCQ em }pma hcu jcj"
Qmn`gmu @cu{p [ucounbp np fq fp m{m`qma qgnq qgm `gflap `lnppuccb qmn`gmu wc}la gnxm
qgm {ufbnuv mhhm`q cj qgmpm p`cump* [ucounbp bnv um~}mpq qc }pm qgm pqnqm, pqnjanuafyma
qmpq e}q jmma qc ambcjpqunqm qgnq fq fp n{{uc{ufnqm hcu qgmfu `fu`}bpqnj`mp*
Qgm Jnqfcjnl @mjqmu cj Ump{cjpm qc Fjqmuxmjqfcj wme"pfqm ch qgm ]*P* Am{nuqbmjq ch
Ma}`nqfcj {ucxfamp pcbm fjhcubnqfcj nec}q nppmppbmjq qcclp 'qgmv nll qgmb {ucoumpp
bcjfqcufjo qcclp& nq qgm hcllcwfjo pfqm9
gqq{9www*uqf1p}``mpp*cuo`gnuq{ucoumppBcjfqcufjo{ucoumppbcjfqcufjoqcclp`gnuq*gqb
Jcqm qgnq qgmpm num jcq p{m`fhf`nllv um`cbbmjama, jcu num qgmpm qgm cjlv fjpqu}bmjqp qgnq
{ucounbp `c}la }pm e}q qgm pfqm {ucxfamp occa fjhcubnqfcj nec}q gcw qc `cjpfamu wgf`g
qccl vc}u {ucounb bfogq gccpm*
Gcw qc
@nl`}lnqm
Bmnp}um#
@cllm`q Anqn9
[ucounbp wfll um{cuq qgm j}bemu ch pq}amjqp hucb Bmnp}um MA5 cu Bmnp}um MA1
wgc9
'>& n`gfmxm qgm onfj cu nbc}jq ch {ucoumpp qgnq wnp n{{ucxma nq ounjq nwnua, njacu
'5& {muhcub cj ounam lmxml fh qgm {cpq"qmpq cjlv bmqgca fp emfjo }pma*
Nbc}jq ch {ucoumpp um~}fuma9
Qgm nbc}jq ch {ucoumpp um~}fuma qc `c}jq np fb{ucxma n`nambf` {muhcubnj`m b}pq em
p{m`fhfma fj qgm n{{ucxma ounjq n{{lf`nqfcj* Fh qgm [ucounb fp }pfjo afhhmumjq qmpqp hcu
afhhmumjq ouc}{p ch `gflaumj, qgmj afhhmumjq nbc}jqp ch {ucoumpp bnv em p{m`fhfma ev qmpq*
Pcbm qmpqp bnv p{m`fhv afhhmumjq nbc}jqp ch {ucoumpp enpma cj qgm {um"qmpq ump}lqp*
[ucounbp pgc}la pmlm`q n pqnjanuafyma qmpq qgnq9
'>& bmnp}ump qgm qv{mp ch pq}amjq pdfllpdjcwlmaom qgm {ucounb fp quvfjo qc fb{ucxm
qguc}og fqp mhhcuqp,
'5& fp n{{uc{ufnqm hcu qgm ounam lmxml,
'0& gnp ambcjpqunqma xnlfafqv cu umlfneflfqv hcu qgm {c{}lnqfcj qgmv num pmuxfjo,
nja '1& fp `cb{nqfelm wfqg nja n``m{qnelm qc qgm p`gccl wgmum qgm {ucounb fp {ucxfafjo
pmuxf`mp 'afhhmumjq qmpqp bnv em }pma nq afhhmumjq p`gcclp&*
Umonuafjo qgm }pm ch pqnqm pqnjanuafyma qmpqp nabfjfpqmuma ev qgm p`gccl9'JCQM9
Qgmpm qmpqp num jcq lfdmlv qc em n{{uc{ufnqm hcu q}qcufjo {ucounbp nja bnv jcq em }pma
}jlmpp nj m`m{qfcj gnp emmj ounjqma*& Qgmpm qmpqp gnxm qgm naxnjqnom ch nlumnav emfjo
fj {ln`m nja gnxfjo nj fjhunpqu}`q}um qc p}{{cuq qgmfu }pm, nja ch `c}upm pq}amjqp wc}lagnxm qndmj qgmpm qmpqp njvwnv* Pqnqm pqnjanuafyma qmpqp `nj cjlv em }pma fh qgmv num
nabfjfpqmuma nq qgm mja ch qgm {ufcu vmnu nja qgmj nonfj nq qgm mja ch qgm `}uumjq vmnu
'qgfp wfll jcq em qgm `npm hcu nll ounam lmxmlp&*
Ceqnfjfjo qmpq p`cump hucb p`gccl pvpqmbp9
Hcu {ucounbp jcq qgmbpmlxmp nabfjfpqmufjo qgm qmpq, qgm [ucounb wfll jmma qc gnxm pcbm
hcub ch noummbmjq, p}`g np nj BC] 'bmbcunja}b ch }jamupqnjafjo& wfqg qgm p`gccl qc
mjp}um qgnq anqn hcu qgm jmmama `gflaumj `nj em pm`}uma* Anqn num jmmama cj qgm ouc}{ ch
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=
`gflaumj vc} num pmuxfjo, e}q jcq cj fjafxfa}nl `gflaumj* Um~}mpqfjo anqn fj qgfp wnv acmp
jcq xfclnqm HMU[N 'qgm Hnbflv Ma}`nqfcjnl Ufogqp nja [ufxn`v N`q&*
Vc} num jcq lfdmlv qc em nelm qc `c}jq `gflaumj wgc wmum fj n afhhmumjq p`gccl afpquf`q fj
qgm vmnu {ufcu qc pmuxf`m cu qunjphmu nwnv hucb qgm p`gccl a}ufjo qgm p`gccl vmnu* Pmm qgm
Umpc}u`m [n`dmq hcu n p}oompqma bmqgca ch um~}mpqfjo qgm anqn vc}u {ucounb jmmap*
Umonuafjo qgm }pm ch cqgmu pqnjanuafyma qmpqp9 Qgm qmpq pgc}la em nabfjfpqmuma qc qgm
pq}amjqp {nuqf`f{nqfjo fj qgm {ucounb emhcum qgmv emofj pmuxf`m nja nonfj jmnu qgm mja ch
qgm pmuxf`m amlfxmuv {mufca* Pcbm qmpqp p}oompq bmnp}ufjo fb{ucxmbmjq nq bcum {cfjqp
a}ufjo qgm vmnu* [ucounbp pgc}la hcllcw qgm fjpqu}`qfcjp {ucxfama ev qgm qmpq qgmv gnxm
pmlm`qma*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj nja p`gccl umlnqfcjpgf{ qf{p `nj em hc}ja nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpMa}`nqfcjSC}q`cbmSMA=*ac
Cqgmu Jcqmp9 [ucounbp pgc}la umbmbemu qgnq 5;>; bnudp qgm emofjjfjo ch qgm Jnqfcjnl[muhcubnj`m Bmnp}ump [flcq* [ucounbp c{qfjo"fj num {nuq ch nj m`fqfjo c{{cuq}jfqv
hcu }p nll qc wcud qcomqgmu nja fj `cji}j`qfcj wfqg qgm ]*P* Am{nuqbmjq ch Ma}`nqfcj
qc amqmubfjm gcw qc empq bmnp}um qgm fb{cuqnjq mhhcuqp qc fb{ucxm n`nambf`n`gfmxmbmjq* _m nll jmma qc umbmbemu qgnq qgm [flcq ofxmp }p qgm c{{cuq}jfqv qc
lmnuj wgnq fp wcudfjo, wgnq fpjq wcudfjo, nja qc quv c}q afhhmumjq n{{ucn`gmp emhcum
n hfjnl xmupfcj ch Jnqfcjnl [muhcubnj`m Bmnp}ump fp {ucb}lonqma*
Nq qgfp qfbm wm num {flcqfjo n bmnp}um ch n`nambf` n`gfmxmbmjq hcu lfqmun`v njabnqg cjlv*
Bmnp}um MA 89 J}bemu ch vc}qg wgc gnxm fb{ucxma qgmfu p`gccl nqqmjanj`m cxmu qgm `c}upm ch qgm
Nbmuf@cu{p {ucounbp fjxclxmbmjq wfqg qgm pq}amjq*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'f& Pq}amjq mjonombmjq, fj`l}afjo pq}amjq nqqmjanj`m nja pq}amjqemgnxfcu*
Amhfjfqfcj chDmv Qmubp
Vc}qg9 Qgcpm um{cuqma fj mfqgmu Bmnp}um MA5 cu Bmnp}um MA1*Nbmuf@cu{p [ucounb Fjxclxmbmjq9 Pqnuqp cj qgm anqm Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup emofj
wcudfjo wfqg pq}amjqp nja mjap wfqg qgm anqm qgmfu fjxclxmbmjq wfqg qgm pq}amjqp mjap cu
qgm mja ch qgm `cjqun`q vmnu, wgf`gmxmu `cbmp hfupq* _cudfjo wfqg qgm pq}amjqp acmp
jcq jmma qc em fj afum`q wcud wfqg qgm pq}amjqp* Gcwmxmu, qgm Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup
b}pq {ucxfam afum`q p}{{cuq qgnq bndmp qgm {ucounb {cppfelm*
Nqqmjama9 J@LE n{{ucxma amhfjfqfcj*
Enpma cj qgm n`nambf` lfqmunq}um, qgm ampfuma qnuomq fp nqqmjama 6;- ch p`gccl anvp*
Gcwmxmu, @J@P um`cojfymp qgnq pcbm pq}amjqp bfogq bndm g}om fb{ucxmbmjqp wfqgc}q
gfqqfjo qgm 6;- qnuomq nja wm wnjq qc `n{q}um qgnq `gnjom cxmu qfbm*
Gcw qc@nl`}lnqm
Bmnp}um#
@cllm`q Anqn9
_fll jmma qc amqmubfjm qcqnl {cppfelm p`gccl anvp emqwmmj pqnuq nja mja anqm* Qgmj }pfjonqqmjanj`m um`cuap amqmubfjm qgm n`q}nl j}bemu ch anvp nqqmjama*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpMa}`nqfcjSC}q`cbmpSMA8SMA?*ac`
P`gccl `lnppuccb nqqmjanj`m lcop* Qc omq nq fb{ucxmbmjq cxmu qfbm {ucounbp wfll
jmma qc ceqnfj anqn cj nqqmjanj`m {ufcu qc Nbmuf@cu{p {ucounbp fjxclxmbmjq wfqg
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pq}amjq*
Naafqfcjnl
Jcqmp9
Qgfp bmnp}um fp n{{uc{ufnqm cjlv hcu {ucounbp pmuxfjo pq}amjqp wfqg {umxfc}plv
ambcjpqunqma nqqmjanj`m {ucelmbp* [ucounb pgc}la ambcjpqunqm qgnq pq}amjqp
{umxfc}plv gna {ccu nqqmjanj`m nja qgnq nhqmu nqqmjafjo qgm {ucounb, qgm pq}amjqp
nqqmjanj`m fb{ucxma*
Bmnp}um MA ?9 J}bemu ch pq}amjqp wgc gnxm jcq emmj p}p{mjama cxmu qgm `c}upm ch qgm
Nbmuf@cu{p {ucounbp fjxclxmbmjq*
Umhmumj`mp#N}q
gcufqv9
PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'f& Pq}amjq mjonombmjq, fj`l}afjo pq}amjq nqqmjanj`m nja pq}amjq
emgnxfcu*
Amhfjfqfcj ch
Dmv Qmubp
Pq}amjqp9 Qgcpm um{cuqma fj mfqgmu Bmnp}um MA5 cu Bmnp}um MA1*
Nbmuf@cu{p [ucounb Fjxclxmbmjq9 Pqnuqp cj qgm anqm Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup emofj
wcudfjo wfqg pq}amjqp nja mjap wfqg qgm anqm qgmfu fjxclxmbmjq mjap cu qgm mja ch qgm
`cjqun`q vmnu "" wgf`gmxmu `cbmp hfupq* _cudfjo wfqg qgm pq}amjqp acmp jcq jmma qc em
fj afum`q wcud wfqg qgm pq}amjqp Gcwmxmu, qgm Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup b}pq {ucxfam afum`q
p}{{cuq qgnq bndmp qgm {ucounb {cppfelm*
P}p{mjpfcj9 Nll afp`f{lfjnuv n`qfcjp qgnq ump}lq fj qgm pq}amjq emfjo m`l}ama hucb `lnpp*
Gcw qc
@nl`}lnqm
Bmnp}um#
@cllm`q Anqn9
@c}jq pq}amjqp wgc gnxm JCQ emmj p}p{mjama emqwmmj qgm pqnuq nja mja anqm ch qgm
Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup fjxclxmbmjq*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpMa}`nqfcjSC}q`cbmpSMA8SMA?*ac`
P`gccl `lnppuccb afp`f{lfjnuv um`cuap*
Naafqfcjnl
Jcqmp9
Qgfp bmnp}um fp n{{uc{ufnqm cjlv hcu {ucounbp pmuxfjo pq}amjqp wfqg {umxfc}plv
ambcjpqunqma p}p{mjpfcj {ucelmbp* Qgm [ucounb pgc}la ambcjpqunqm qgnq pq}amjqp
{umxfc}plv gna p}p{mjpfcj {ucelmbp nja qgnq nhqmu nqqmjafjo qgm {ucounb, qgmv gna jc
p}p{mjpfcj fpp}mp*
Bmnp}um MA 79 J}bemu ch vc}qg wfqg am`umnpma p}epqnj`m ne}pm, nuumpq, cu onjo fjxclxmbmjq*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'f& Pq}amjq mjonombmjq, fj`l}afjo pq}amjq nqqmjanj`m nja pq}amjq
emgnxfcu*
Amhfjfqfcjp9 Vc}qg9 Qgcpm um{cuqma fj mfqgmu Bmnp}um MA5 cu Bmnp}um MA1*
Onjo fjxclxmbmjq9 Bnv bmnj nppc`fnqfjo wfqg onjo bmbemup cu {nuqf`f{nqfjo fj onjo
n`qfxfqfmp*P}epqnj`m ne}pm9 Bnv bmnj }pm ch nl`cgcl, qcen``c, cu cqgmu au}op, fj`l}afjo ne}pm ch
{ump`uf{qfcj au}op*Nuumpq9 Bmnjp nj n`qfcj ev n {clf`m chhf`mu qgnq fp `nllma nuumpq ev qgnq lnw
mjhcu`mbmjq nomj`v umonualmpp ch wgmqgmu qgm nuumpq ump}lqp fj n `cjxf`qfcj*
Gcw qc
@nl`}lnqmBmnp}um#
@cllm`q Anqn9
Bmnp}um omqp nq qgm fjpqnj`mp ch p}epqnj`m ne}pm, nuumpq, cu onjo fjxclxmbmjq emhcum nja
nhqmu qgm Nbmuf@cu{p {ucounb*
Mfqgmu chhf`fnl {clf`m um`cuap cu {um"{ucounb nja {cpq"{ucounb p}uxmvp4 [um"{ucounb
p}uxmv pgc}la umhmu qc nq lmnpq {ufcu vmnu* Fh p}uxmvp num }pma, qgmv jmma qc em xnlfanqma
fjpqu}bmjqp* Np qgfp fjhcubnqfcj fp gfoglv pmjpfqfxm, qgm p}uxmv {uc`mpp fp nlpc xmuv
fb{cuqnjq* Pmm anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p nja pcbm p}uxmv mnb{lmp nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpMa}`nqfcjSC}q`cbmSB7*ac
Naafqfcjnl
Jcqmp9
Qgfp bmnp}um fp n{{uc{ufnqm cjlv hcu {ucounbp pmuxfjo pq}amjqp wfqg {umxfc}plvambcjpqunqma p}epqnj`m ne}pm, nuumpq, cu onjo fjxclxmbmjq {ucelmbp* Qgm [ucounb
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pgc}la ambcjpqunqm qgnq pq}amjqp gnxm gna nq lmnpq cjm ch qgmpm {ucelmbp fj qgm {npq nja
qgnq nhqmu nqqmjafjo qgm {ucounb, qgmv m{mufmj`ma n am`lfjm fj qgnq {ucelmb*
Bmnp}um MA 69 J}bemu ch pq}amjqp ouna}nqfjo hucb gfog p`gccl*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'fff& Pm`cjanuv p`gccl ouna}nqfcj unqmp*
Amhfjfqfcj ch
Dmv Qmubp
Pq}amjqp9 Qgcpm um{cuqma fj mfqgmu Bmnp}um MA5 cu Bmnp}um MA1*
Gcw qc
@nl`}lnqm
Bmnp}um#
@cllm`q Anqn9
P`gcclafpquf`q {ucbcqfcj nja ouna}nqfcj um`cuap ch fjafxfa}nl pq}amjqp wgc {nuqf`f{nqma
fj Nbmuf@cu{p {ucounb*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpMa}`nqfcjSC}q`cbmpSMA6SMA>;*ac`
Jcqmp9 Qgfp {muhcubnj`m fjaf`nqcu fp empq p}fqma hcu Nbmuf@cu{p {ucounbp qgnq {ufbnuflv pmuxm>>qg nja >5qg ounamup nja wgcpm ceim`qfxm fp {ucbcqfjo gfog p`gccl ouna}nqfcj*
@nj vc} amxmlc{ n umnpcjnelm enpmlfjm cu `cb{nufpcj ouc}{ `cjpfpqfjo ch qgm{c{}lnqfcj vc} {lnj qc pmuxm3 Hcu mnb{lm, wgnq fp qgm qv{f`nl gfog p`gccl
ouna}nqfcj unqm ch qgm {c{}lnqfcj vc} fjqmja qc pmuxm3 Qgfp wfll em`cbm vc}u`cb{nufpcj ouc}{ cu pmuxm np vc}u enpmlfjm* Qgm vc}qg pmuxma fj vc}u {ucounb
pgc}la gnxm n gfogmu unqm ch gfog p`gccl ouna}nqfcj qgnj qgfp ouc}{*
_fll vc} em nelm qc pmq n umn`g qnuomq, qgm bfjfb}b njqf`f{nqma {mu`mjq ch pq}amjqp{nuqf`f{nqfjo fj vc}u ma}`nqfcj cu bmjqcufjo {ucounb wgc vc} gc{m wfll ouna}nqm
hucb gfog p`gccl4 wfll qgm {mu`mjqnom vc} pmq `gnllmjom vc}u {ucounb qc umn`g qgnq
qnuomq3
Bmnp}um MA >;9 J}bemu ch pq}amjqp mjqmufjo {cpq"pm`cjanuv fjpqfq}qfcjp*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'fx& Unqm ch `cllmom mjucllbmjq nja `cjqfj}ma `cllmom mjucllbmjq hcu
um`f{fmjqp ch n gfog p`gccl af{lcbn*
Amhfjfqfcj ch
Dmv Qmubp
Pq}amjqp9 qgcpm um{cuqma fj mfqgmu Bmnp}um MA5 cu Bmnp}um MA1*
[cpq"pm`cjanuv fjpqfq}qfcjp bnv fj`l}am qwc"vmnu nja hc}u"vmnu `cllmompMjqmufjo9 bmnjp bnquf`}lnqfjo np n h}ll"qfbm cu {nuq"qfbm pq}amjq*
Gcw qc
@nl`}lnqm
Bmnp}um#
@cllm`q Anqn9
Mfqgmu Bmnp}um MA5 cu Bmnp}um MA1 fp qgm amjcbfjnqcu*
Umofpqunqfcj um`cuap qgnq `cjhfub pq}amjq mjucllbmjqp cu pmlh um{cuq cj hcllcw }{ p}uxmvp*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpMa}`nqfcjSC}q`cbmpSMA6SMA>;*ac`
Jcqmp9 Qgfp {muhcubnj`m fjaf`nqcu fp empq p}fqma hcu Nbmuf@cu{p {ucounbp qgnq hc`}p cj
{um{nufjo gfog p`gccl pq}amjqp hcu `cllmom*
@nj vc} amxmlc{ n umnpcjnelm enpmlfjm cu `cb{nufpcj ouc}{ `cjpfpqfjo ch qgm{c{}lnqfcj vc} {lnj qc pmuxm wgc mjqmu {cpq"pm`cjanuv fjpqfq}qfcjp3 Cu, wgnq fp qgm
qv{f`nl {cpq"pm`cjanuv p`gccl mjucllbmjq unqm ch qgm {c{}lnqfcj vc} fjqmja qc pmuxm3Qgfp wfll em`cbm vc}u `cb{nufpcj ouc}{ cu pmuxm np vc}u enpmlfjm* Qgm vc}qg pmuxma
fj vc}u {ucounb pgc}la gnxm n gfogmu unqm ch {cpq"pm`cjanuv p`gccl mjucllbmjq qgnj
qgfp ouc}{*
_fll vc} em nelm qc pmq n umn`g qnuomq, qgm bfjfb}b njqf`f{nqma {mu`mjq ch pq}amjqp{nuqf`f{nqfjo fj vc}u ma}`nqfcj cu bmjqcufjo {ucounb wgc vc} gc{m wfll mjqmu n
{cpq"pm`cjanuv fjpqfq}qfcj4 wfll qgm {mu`mjqnom vc} pmq `gnllmjom vc}u {ucounb qc
umn`g qgnq qnuomq3
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Bmnp}um MA >>9 J}bemu ch pq}amjqp mnujfjo n {cpq"pm`cjanuv amoumm*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'fx& Unqm ch `cllmom mjucllbmjq nja `cjqfj}ma `cllmom mjucllbmjq hcu
um`f{fmjqp ch n gfog p`gccl af{lcbn*
Amhfjfqfcj ch
Dmv Qmubp
Pq}amjqp9 qgcpm um{cuqma fj mfqgmu Bmnp}um MA5 cu Bmnp}um MA1*Amoumm9 bnv fj`l}am nj nppc`fnqm amoumm hucb nj n``umafqma n`nambf` {ucounb cu nj
c``}{nqfcjnl cu xc`nqfcjnl {ucounb4 n en`gmlcup amoumm 'm*, EN, NE, EP&4 n bnpqmup
amoumm 'm*9 BN, BP, BMjo, BMa, BP_&4 n {uchmppfcjnl p`gccl amoumm 'm*9 BA,AAP, AXB&4 cu n ac`qcunqm amoumm 'm*9 [gA, MaA&*
Gcw qc
@nl`}lnqm
Bmnp}um#
@cllm`q Anqn9
Mfqgmu Bmnp}um MA5 cu Bmnp}um MA1 fp qgm amjcbfjnqcu*
Umofpqunqfcj um`cuap qgnq `cjhfub amoumm wnp mnujma cu pmlh um{cuq cj hcllcw }{ p}uxmvp*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpMa}`nqfcjSC}q`cbmSMA>>*ac
Jcqmp9 Qgfp {muhcubnj`m fjaf`nqcu fp empq p}fqma hcu Nbmuf@cu{p {ucounbp qgnq hc`}p cj
{um{nufjo gfog p`gccl pq}amjqp hcu `cllmom cu {ucounbp qgnq wcud wfqg pq}amjqp fj `cllmomqc gml{ qgmb p}``mma*
@nj vc} amxmlc{ n umnpcjnelm enpmlfjm cu `cb{nufpcj ouc}{3 Hcu mnb{lm, ch qgmpq}amjqp vc} {lnj qc pmuxm, wgnq {uc{cuqfcj ch qgcpm wgc ouna}nqm hucb gfog p`gccl
qv{f`nllv `cb{lmqm n {cpq"pm`cjanuv amoumm3 Qgfp wc}la em vc}u `cb{nufpcj ouc}{
cu qgm ouc}{ wgc ac jcq um`mfxm vc}u pmuxf`m*
_fll vc} em nelm qc pmq n umn`g qnuomq, qgm bfjfb}b njqf`f{nqma {mu`mjq ch pq}amjqp{nuqf`f{nqfjo fj vc}u ma}`nqfcj cu bmjqcufjo {ucounb wgc vc} gc{m wfll mnuj n {cpq"
pm`cjanuv amoumm4 wfll qgm {mu`mjqnom vc} pmq `gnllmjom vc}u {ucounb qc umn`g qgnq
qnuomq3 Umbmbemu qgnq qgm qnuomq vc} pmq wc}la jmma qc em gfogmu qgnj wgnq c``}up
nlumnav fj qgm `cb{nufpcj ouc}{ pc qgnq vc} `nj pgcw qgm afhhmumj`m qgnq vc}u
{ucounb fp bndfjo*
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Qmn`gmu @cu{p Bmnp}ump
Qgmpm bmnp}ump num fjqmjama qc em }pma ev Nbmuf@cu{p {ucounbp wgmum qgm Nbmuf@cu{p
bmbemup pmuxm np qgm {ufbnuv qmn`gmu fj n `lnppuccb pmqqfjo a}ufjo qgmfu {ln`mbmjqp* Qgm
Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup bnv pmuxm fj {}elf`, `gnuqmu, cu {ufxnqm p`gcclp qc naaumpp n `ufqf`nl
pgcuqnom ch qmn`gfjo {uchmppfcjnlp fj n gfog jmmap numn cu p`gccl*
N{{lf`njqp {ucxfafjo n Qmn`gmu @cu{p [ucounb b}pq }pm Bmnp}ump MA> nja MA5 njaBmnp}ump MA>5"MA>?* Bmnp}ump MA>7 nja MA>6 num c{qfcjnl*
Bmnp}um MA >59 J}bemu ch Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup wgc emofj pmuxfjo np qmn`gmup qguc}og n Qmn`gmu
@cu{p {ucounb*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'xf& Njv naafqfcjnl lc`nl fjaf`nqcu 'n{{lf`nelm qc n {nuqf`}lnu um`f{fmjq
nja cj wgf`g nj fb{ucxmbmjq fj {muhcubnj`m fp jmmama& umlnqfjo qc fb{ucxfjo ma}`nqfcj
hcu pq}amjqp, qgnq fp n{{ucxma ev qgm @cu{cunqfcj cu n Pqnqm @cbbfppfcj
Amhfjfqfcj ch
Dmv Qmubp
Qmn`gmu9 Fp ump{cjpfelm hcu lmnafjo cjm cu bcum `lnppmp ch pq}amjqp fj ounamp D">5*
Gcw qc
@nl`}lnqm
Bmnp}um#@cllm`q Anqn9
Qmn`gmu @cu{p {ucounbp wfll famjqfhv qgm j}bemu ch Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup wgc num
wcudfjo np qmn`gmup*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpQmn`gmuS@cu{pSMA>5SMA>0SMA>1SMA>
8SMA>?SMA>7SMA>6Shfjnl*ac
Bmnp}um MA >09 J}bemu ch Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup wgc cb{lmqma pmuxfjo np qmn`gmup qguc}og n
Qmn`gmu @cu{p {ucounb*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'xf& Njv naafqfcjnl lc`nl fjaf`nqcu 'n{{lf`nelm qc n {nuqf`}lnu um`f{fmjq
nja cj wgf`g nj fb{ucxmbmjq fj {muhcubnj`m fp jmmama& umlnqfjo qc fb{ucxfjo ma}`nqfcj
hcu pq}amjqp, qgnq fp n{{ucxma ev qgm @cu{cunqfcj cu n Pqnqm @cbbfppfcj*
Amhfjfqfcj ch
Dmv Qmubp
J}bemu ch Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup famjqfhfma fj Bmnp}um MA>5 wgc `cb{lmqma qgmfu qmub
ch pmuxf`m*
Gcw qc
@nl`}lnqm
Bmnp}um#
@cllm`q Anqn9
Qmn`gmu @cu{p {ucounbp wfll famjqfhv qgm j}bemu ch Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup wgc
`cb{lmqm qgm Qmn`gmu @cu{p {ucounb* Qgm @cu{cunqfcj wfll xmufhv wfqg Qu}pq Anqn*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpQmn`gmuS@cu{pSMA>5SMA>0SMA>1SMA>
8SMA>?SMA>7SMA>6Shfjnl*ac
Bmnp}um MA >19 J}bemu ch fjafxfa}nlp qmn`gfjo fj gfog jmma {}elf` p`gcclp
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'xf& Njv naafqfcjnl lc`nl fjaf`nqcu 'n{{lf`nelm qc n {nuqf`}lnu um`f{fmjq
nja cj wgf`g nj fb{ucxmbmjq fj {muhcubnj`m fp jmmama& umlnqfjo qc fb{ucxfjo ma}`nqfcj
hcu pq}amjqp, qgnq fp n{{ucxma ev qgm @cu{cunqfcj cu n Pqnqm @cbbfppfcj*
Amhfjfqfcj chDmv Qmubp
Fjafxfa}nlp9 Qmn`gmup `c}jqma fj Bmnp}um MA>0*Gfog jmma9 Njv p`gccl qgnq bmmqp qgm amhfjfqfcjp c}qlfjma fj qgm Un`m qc qgm Qc{ Jcqf`m
ch H}jafjo C{{cuq}jfqv '@HAN #971*06=N& hcu Gfog [cxmuqv P`gccl cu [mupfpqmjqlv Lcw
N`gfmxfjo P`gccl* gqq{9mac`dmq*n``mpp*o{c*ocx5;;6{ahM6"5?15?*{ah
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpQmn`gmuS@cu{pSMA>5SMA>0SMA>1SMA>
8SMA>?SMA>7SMA>6Shfjnl*ac
8/7/2019 CNCS 2010 National Performance Measures: Background Information References and Authorities, Definitions, Sugg
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>;
Bmnp}um MA >=9 J}bemu ch pq}amjqp fj Nbmuf@cu{p qmn`gmu lnppuccbp wfqg fb{ucxma n`nambf`
{muhcubnj`m*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'ff& Pq}amjq n`nambf` n`gfmxmbmjq*
Amhfjfqfcj ch
Dmv Qmubp
Pq}amjqp9 Qgm pq}amjqp `cb{lmqfjo qgm p`gccl vmnu wgc num mjucllma fj qgm `lnppmp qn}ogq
ev qmn`gmup `c}jqma fj Bmnp}um MA>0 nja wgc num `c}jqma fj Bmnp}um MA5*
Fb{ucxma n`nambf` {muhcubnj`m9 np bmnp}uma ev nj fb{ucxma ambcjpqunqfcj ch
pdflldjcwlmaom nq {cpq"qmpq np `cb{numa qc {um"qmpq 'onfj p`cum& }pfjo n pqnjanuafyma
fjpqu}bmjq* Bnjv pqnjanuafyma qmpq fjpqu}bmjqp {ucxfam m{m`qma lmxmlp ch fb{ucxmbmjq
hcu {nuqf`}lnu pqnuqfjo {cfjqp* Qgcpm wc}la em qgm bcpq n{{uc{ufnqm fb{ucxmbmjq lmxmlp
hcu {ucounbp qc pmlm`q* [ucounbp bnv um~}mpq n {cpq"qmpq cjlv nppmppbmjq c{qfcj qgnq
wc}la `c}jq np fb{ucxma cjlv qgcpm pq}amjqp wgc {muhcub nq ounam lmxml cj qgm {cpq"
qmpq* Cjlv qgcpm {ucounbp qgnq ambcjpqunqm qgmv num pmuxfjo emlcw ounam lmxml pq}amjqp
nja qgnq ambcjpqunqm n p}hhf`fmjq umnpcj hcu jcq `cja}`qfjo n {um"qmpq{cpq"qmpq bnv
um~}mpq qgfp c{qfcj*
Pqnjanuafyma qmpq#fjpqu}bmjq9 gnp emmj xnlfanqma mqmujnllv cj n unjacblv"pmlm`qma
{c{}lnqfcj ch pq}amjqp4 bnv em n pqnqm, pqnjanuafyma qmpq cu cqgmu pqnjanuafyma qmpq*Gcw qc
@nl`}lnqm
Bmnp}um#
@cllm`q Anqn9
[ucounbp wfll um{cuq qgm j}bemu ch pq}amjqp hucb Bmnp}um MA5 wgc9
'>& n`gfmxm qgm onfj cu nbc}jq ch {ucoumpp qgnq wnp n{{ucxma nq ounjq nwnua, njacu
'5& {muhcub cj ounam lmxml fh qgm {cpq"qmpq cjlv bmqgca fp emfjo }pma*
Nbc}jq ch {ucoumpp um~}fuma9
Qgm nbc}jq ch {ucoumpp um~}fuma qc `c}jq np fb{ucxma n`nambf` {muhcubnj`m b}pq emp{m`fhfma fj qgm n{{ucxma ounjq n{{lf`nqfcj* Fh qgm [ucounb fp }pfjo afhhmumjq qmpqp hcu
afhhmumjq ouc}{p ch `gflaumj, qgmj afhhmumjq nbc}jqp ch {ucoumpp bnv em p{m`fhfma ev qmpq*
Pcbm qmpqp bnv p{m`fhv afhhmumjq nbc}jqp ch {ucoumpp enpma cj qgm {um"qmpq ump}lqp*
[ucounbp pgc}la pmlm`q n pqnjanuafyma qmpq qgnq9
'>& bmnp}ump qgm qv{mp ch pq}amjq pdfllpdjcwlmaom qgm {ucounb fp quvfjo qc fb{ucxmqguc}og fqp mhhcuqp,
'5& fp n{{uc{ufnqm hcu qgm ounam lmxml,
'0& gnp ambcjpqunqma xnlfafqv cu umlfneflfqv hcu qgm {c{}lnqfcj qgmv num pmuxfjo,
nja '1& fp `cb{nqfelm wfqg nja n``m{qnelm qc qgm p`gccl wgmum qgm {ucounb fp {ucxfafjo
pmuxf`mp 'afhhmumjq qmpqp bnv em }pma nq afhhmumjq p`gcclp&*
Umonuafjo qgm }pm ch pqnqm pqnjanuafyma qmpqp nabfjfpqmuma ev qgm p`gccl9 Qgmpm qmpqp
gnxm qgm naxnjqnom ch nlumnav emfjo fj {ln`m nja gnxfjo nj fjhunpqu}`q}um qc p}{{cuq qgmfu
}pm, nja ch `c}upm pq}amjqp wc}la gnxm qndmj qgmpm qmpqp njvwnv* Pqnqm pqnjanuafyma
qmpqp `nj cjlv em }pma fh qgmv num nabfjfpqmuma jmnu qgm mja ch qgm {ufcu vmnu nja qgmj
nonfj jmnu qgm mja ch qgm `}uumjq vmnu 'qgfp wfll jcq em qgm `npm hcu nll ounam lmxmlp&*
[ucounbp bnv um~}mpq n {cpq"qmpq cjlv nppmppbmjq c{qfcj qgnq wc}la `c}jq npfb{ucxma cjlv qgcpm pq}amjqp wgc {muhcub nq ounam lmxml cj qgm {cpq"qmpq* Cjlv qgcpm
{ucounbp qgnq ambcjpqunqm qgmv num pmuxfjo emlcw ounam lmxml pq}amjqp nja qgnq
ambcjpqunqm n p}hhf`fmjq umnpcj hcu jcq `cja}`qfjo n {um"qmpq{cpq"qmpq bnv um~}mpq qgfp
c{qfcj*
Ceqnfjfjo qmpq p`cump hucb p`gccl pvpqmbp9
Hcu {ucounbp jcq qgmbpmlxmp nabfjfpqmufjo qgm qmpq, qgm [ucounb wfll jmma qc gnxm pcbm
8/7/2019 CNCS 2010 National Performance Measures: Background Information References and Authorities, Definitions, Sugg
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>>
hcub ch noummbmjq, p}`g np nj BC] 'bmbcunja}b ch }jamupqnjafjo& wfqg qgm p`gccl qc
mjp}um qgnq anqn hcu qgm jmmama `gflaumj `nj em pm`}uma* Anqn num jmmama cj qgm ouc}{ ch
`gflaumj vc} num pmuxfjo, e}q jcq cj fjafxfa}nl `gflaumj* Um~}mpqfjo anqn fj qgfp wnv acmp
jcq xfclnqm HMU[N 'qgm Hnbflv Ma}`nqfcjnl Ufogqp nja [ufxn`v N`q&*
Qgmpm anqn gnxm qgm afpnaxnjqnom qgnq vc} wfll jcq em nelm qc `c}jq `gflaumj wgc wmum fj
n afhhmumjq p`gccl afpquf`q fj qgm vmnu {ufcu qc pmuxf`m cu qunjphmu nwnv hucb qgm p`gccla}ufjo qgm p`gccl vmnu }jlmpp qgm qwc p`gccl pvpqmbp num wfqgfj qgm pnbm pqnqm nja
mhhcuqp num bnam qc bnq`g {um"pmuxf`m p`cump fj cjm afpquf`q wfqg {cpq"pmuxf`m p`cump fj
njcqgmu* Pmm qgm Umpc}u`m [n`dmq hcu n p}oompqma bmqgca ch um~}mpqfjo qgm anqn vc}
jmma*
Umonuafjo qgm }pm ch cqgmu pqnjanuafyma qmpqp9 Qgm qmpq pgc}la em nabfjfpqmuma qc qgm
pq}amjqp {nuqf`f{nqfjo fj qgm {ucounb emhcum qgmv emofj pmuxf`m nja nonfj jmnu qgm mja ch
qgm pmuxf`m amlfxmuv {mufca* Pcbm qmpqp p}oompq bmnp}ufjo fb{ucxmbmjq nq bcum {cfjqp
a}ufjo qgm vmnu* [ucounbp pgc}la hcllcw qgm fjpqu}`qfcjp {ucxfama ev qgm qmpq qgmv gnxm
pmlm`qma*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj nja p`gccl umlnqfcjpgf{ qf{p `nj em hc}ja nq9gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpQmn`gmuS@cu{pSC}q`cbmSMA>=*ac
Cqgmu Jcqmp9 [ucounbp pgc}la umbmbemu qgnq 5;>; bnudp qgm emofjjfjo ch qgm Jnqfcjnl[muhcubnj`m Bmnp}ump [flcq* [ucounbp c{qfjo"fj num {nuq ch nj m`fqfjo c{{cuq}jfqv
hcu }p nll qc wcud qcomqgmu nja fj `cji}j`qfcj wfqg qgm ]*P* Am{nuqbmjq ch Ma}`nqfcj
qc amqmubfjm gcw qc empq bmnp}um qgm fb{cuqnjq mhhcuqp qc fb{ucxm n`nambf`
n`gfmxmbmjq* _m nll jmma qc umbmbemu qgnq qgm [flcq ofxmp }p qgm c{{cuq}jfqv qclmnuj wgnq fp wcudfjo, wgnq fpjq wcudfjo, nja qc quv c}q afhhmumjq n{{ucn`gmp emhcum
n hfjnl xmupfcj ch Jnqfcjnl [muhcubnj`m Bmnp}ump fp {ucb}lonqma*
Nq qgfp qfbm wm num {flcqfjo n bmnp}um ch n`nambf` n`gfmxmbmjq hcu lfqmun`v njabnqg cjlv*
Bmnp}um MA >89 J}bemu ch fjafxfa}nlp qmn`gfjo fj {}elf` p`gcclp fj qgm vmnu nhqmu qmub ch pmuxf`m*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'xf& Njv naafqfcjnl lc`nl fjaf`nqcu 'n{{lf`nelm qc n {nuqf`}lnu um`f{fmjq
nja cj wgf`g nj fb{ucxmbmjq fj {muhcubnj`m fp jmmama& umlnqfjo qc fb{ucxfjo ma}`nqfcj
hcu pq}amjqp, qgnq fp n{{ucxma ev qgm @cu{cunqfcj cu n Pqnqm @cbbfppfcj*
Amhfjfqfcj ch
Dmv Qmubp
Fjafxfa}nlp9 Nbmuf@cu{p qmn`gmup `c}jqma fj Bmnp}um MA >0*
Qmn`gfjo9 Gnxfjo {ufbnuv ump{cjpfeflfqv hcu nq lmnpq cjm `lnppuccb ch `gflaumj fj ounamp
D">5*Nhqmu Qmub ch Pmuxf`m9 Umhmup qc qgm p`gccl vmnu nhqmu qgm qmub ch pmuxf`m mjap*
Gcw qc
@nl`}lnqm
Bmnp}um#
@cllm`q Anqn9
Hcllcw"}{ p}uxmv ch Qmn`gmu @cu{p bmbemup4 {ucounb nabfjfpqunqfxm um`cuap*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpQmn`gmuS@cu{pSMA>5SMA>0SMA>1SMA>
8SMA>?SMA>7SMA>6Shfjnl*ac
Bmnp}um MA >?9 J}bemu ch qmn`gmup umbnfjfjo fj qgm ma}`nqfcj hfmla, e}q jcq qmn`gfjo fj n {}elf`
p`gccl nhqmu qgmfu qmub ch pmuxf`m*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'xf& Njv naafqfcjnl lc`nl fjaf`nqcu 'n{{lf`nelm qc n {nuqf`}lnu um`f{fmjq
nja cj wgf`g nj fb{ucxmbmjq fj {muhcubnj`m fp jmmama& umlnqfjo qc fb{ucxfjo ma}`nqfcj
hcu pq}amjqp, qgnq fp n{{ucxma ev qgm @cu{cunqfcj cu n Pqnqm @cbbfppfcj*
8/7/2019 CNCS 2010 National Performance Measures: Background Information References and Authorities, Definitions, Sugg
12/39
>5
Amhfjfqfcj ch
Dmv Qmubp
Qmn`gmup9 Nbmuf@cu{p qmn`gmup `c}jqma fj Bmnp}um MA>0Jcq qmn`gfjo fj n {}elf` p`gccl9 qmn`gfjo fj n {ufxnqm p`gccl pmuxfjo n
{umacbfjnjqlv lcw"fj`cbm `cbb}jfqv, p`gccl p}{{cuq pqnhh, p`gccl nabfjfpqunqfcj,
afpquf`q nabfjfpqunqfcj {clf`v, ma}`nqfcj jcj"{uchfqp, mq`*Nhqmu Qmub ch Pmuxf`m9 umhmup qc qgm p`gccl vmnu nhqmu qgm qmub ch pmuxf`m mjap*
Gcw qc
@nl`}lnqmBmnp}um#
@cllm`q Anqn9
Hcllcw"}{ p}uxmv ch Qmn`gmu @cu{p bmbemup4 {ucounb nabfjfpqunqfxm um`cuap
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpQmn`gmuS@cu{pSMA>5SMA>0SMA>1SMA>
8SMA>?SMA>7SMA>6Shfjnl*ac
Bmnp}ump MA>7 nja MA>6 num c{qfcjnl*
Bmnp}um MA >79 J}bemu ch qmn`gmup wgc gnxm gna n {cpfqfxm fb{n`q cj pq}amjq lmnujfjo np amqmubfjma ev
cepmuxnqfcj"enpma nppmppbmjqp ch qmn`gmu {muhcubnj`m*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'ff& Pq}amjq n`nambf` n`gfmxmbmjq*
Amhfjfqfcj ch
Dmv Qmubp
Qmn`gmup9 Nbmuf@cu{p qmn`gmup `c}jqma fj Bmnp}um MA>0*
Gcw qc
@nl`}lnqm
Bmnp}um#
@cllm`q Anqn9
@cjpfpqmjq wfqg Un`m qc qgm Qc{, qgfp bmnp}um `nj em }pma np nj c{qfcjnl p}{{lmbmjq qc
n`nambf` n`gfmxmbmjq hcu nppmppfjo qmn`gmu mhhm`qfxmjmpp* Bmnp}um MA>= 'n`nambf`
{muhcubnj`m ch pq}amjqp& b}pq em }pma*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpQmn`gmuS@cu{pSMA>5SMA>0SMA>1SMA>
8SMA>?SMA>7SMA>6Shfjnl*ac
Cqgmu Jcqmp9 Un`m qc qgm Qc{ p}oompqp nj cepmuxnqfcj"enpma nppmppbmjq n{{ucn`g qc p}{{lmbmjq
pq}amjq {muhcubnj`m* gqq{9mac`dmq*n``mpp*o{c*ocx5;;6{ahM6"5?15?*{ah
Bmnp}um MA >69 J}bemu ch fjafxfa}nlp um`mfxfjo muqfhf`nqfcj qc qmn`g fj {}elf` p`gcclp nhqmu qgmfu
qmub ch pmuxf`m*Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'xf& Njv naafqfcjnl lc`nl fjaf`nqcu 'n{{lf`nelm qc n {nuqf`}lnu um`f{fmjq
nja cj wgf`g nj fb{ucxmbmjq fj {muhcubnj`m fp jmmama& umlnqfjo qc fb{ucxfjo ma}`nqfcj
hcu pq}amjqp, qgnq fp n{{ucxma ev qgm @cu{cunqfcj cu n Pqnqm @cbbfppfcj*
Amhfjfqfcj ch
Dmv Qmubp
Um`mfxfjo muqfhf`nqfcj9 n``cuafjo qc J@LE pqnjanua*
Gcw qc
@nl`}lnqm
Bmnp}um#
@cllm`q Anqn9
Hcllcw"}{ p}uxmv ch Qmn`gmu @cu{p bmbemup4 {ucounb nabfjfpqunqfxm um`cuap
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpQmn`gmuS@cu{pSMA>5SMA>0SMA>1SMA>
8SMA>?SMA>7SMA>6Shfjnl*ac
8/7/2019 CNCS 2010 National Performance Measures: Background Information References and Authorities, Definitions, Sugg
13/39
>0
GMNLQG [UFCUFQV NUMN
]jbmq gmnlqg jmmap wfqgfj cbb}jfqfmp fj`l}afjo n``mpp qc gmnlqg num, afpmnpm {umxmjqfcj nja
gmnlqg {ucbcqfcj fjfqfnqfxmp, nja gmnlqg lfqmun`v*
N{{lf`njqp b}pq pmlm`q nq lmnpq cjm ch qgm bmnp}ump 'G>"G?& qgnq bnq`gmp qgmfu {ucounb
bcaml* N{{lf`njqp b}pq amxmlc{ qgmfu cwj nlfojma c}q`cbm bmnp}ump*
Bmnp}um
G>9
J}bemu ch fjafxfa}nlp wgc num }jfjp}uma, m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma, bmaf`nllv
}jamupmuxma, cu lfxfjo fj u}unl numnp }qflfyfjo {umxmjqfxm nja {ufbnuv gmnlqg `num
pmuxf`mp nja {ucounbp*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN fjaf`nqcu9 'f& N``mpp qc gmnlqg pmuxf`mp nbcjo m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma
fjafxfa}nlp nja fjafxfa}nlp wgc num bmbemup ch bmaf`nllv }jamupmuxma {c{}lnqfcjp*
PNN n`qfxfqv9 'ff& Nppfpqfjo fjafxfa}nlp fj ceqnfjfjo n``mpp qc gmnlqg pmuxf`mp, fj`l}afjo
cunl gmnlqg pmuxf`mp, hcu qgmbpmlxmp cu qgmfu `gflaumj*
PNN n`qfxfqv9 'fff& Ma}`nqfjo m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp nja fjafxfa}nlp
wgc num bmbemup ch bmaf`nllv }jamupmuxma {c{}lnqfcjp nec}q, nja mjonofjo
fjafxfa}nlp amp`ufema fj qgfp ln}pm fj, fjfqfnqfxmp umonuafjo jnxfonqfjo qgm gmnlqgpmuxf`mp pvpqmb nja umonuafjo afpmnpm {umxmjqfcj nja gmnlqg {ucbcqfcj, wfqg n
{nuqf`}lnu hc`}p cj cbbcj gmnlqg `cjafqfcjp, gucjf` afpmnpmp, nja cjafqfcjp, hcu
wgf`g afpmnpm {umxmjqfcj nja gmnlqg {ucbcqfcj bmnp}ump mfpq nja hcu wgf`g
pc`fcm`cjcbf , omcoun{gf`, nja un`fnl nja mqgjf` gmnlqg afp{nufqfmp mfpq*
Amhfjfqfcj
ch Dmv
Qmubp
]jfjp}uma9 Nj fjafxfa}nl ln`dp fjp}unj`m `cxmunom* 'Qgfp amhfjfqfcj fp `cjpfpqmjq wfqg
qgm Jnqfcjnl Gmnlqg Fjhcubnqfcj P}uxmv 'JGFP&*M`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp9 Bmmq fj`cbm mlfofeflfqv `ufqmufn hcu
Bmaf`nfa cu P@GF[ fj qgm pqnqm wgmum qgm fjafxfa}nlhnbflv n``mppfjo pmuxf`mp umpfamp4
ac jcq gnxm qc bmmq cqgmu mlfofeflfqv `ufqmufn*
Bmaf`nllv }jamupmuxma9 Nj fjafxfa}nl wgc lfxmp fj n bmaf`nllv }jamupmuxma numn, np
amhfjma ev GGP, cu fp n bmbemu ch n bmaf`nllv }jamupmuxma {c{}lnqfcj* Qgm qmub
bmaf`nllv }jamupmuxma {c{}lnqfcj gnp qgm bmnjfjo ofxmj qgnq qmub fj pm`qfcj00;'e&'0& ch qgm [}elf` Gmnlqg Pmuxf`m N`q '15 ]*P*@* 5=1e'e&'0&&* [ucounbp bnv nlpc
{ucxfam i}pqfhf`nqfcj hcu cqgmu bmaf`nllv }jamupmuxma {c{}lnqfcjp*
Gmnlqg`num pmuxf`mp9 N``mppfelm, cb{umgmjpfxm, cjqfj}c}p, nja ccuafjnqma num qc
{umpmuxm gmnlqg nja {umxmjq, qumnq cu bnjnom afpmnpm cu fjhfubfqv, {ucxfama nja
`cjpfpqmjqlv nxnflnelm fj qgm cjqmq ch hnbflv nja cbb}jfqv*[umxmjqfxm gmnlqg `num pmuxf`mp9 [umxmjqfxm gmnlqg emgnxfcu fp %njv n`qfxfqv
}jamuqndmj ev nj fjafxfa}nl wgc 'emlfmxma qc em& gmnlqgv hcu qgm {}u{cpm ch {umxmjqfjo
cu amqm`qfjo flljmpp fj nj npvb{qcbnqf` pqnqm% 'Dnpl nja @cee >688, {*518&*
[ufbnuv gmnlqg `num9Qgm `cj`m{q ch {ufbnuv gmnlqg `num wnp amhfjma ev qgm _cula
Gmnlqg Cuonjfynqfcj fj >6?7 np ecqg n lmxml ch gmnlqg pmuxf`m amlfxmuv nja nj n{{ucn`g
qc gmnlqg `num {un`qf`m* [ufbnuv `num, np qgm {ucxfpfcj ch mppmjqfnl gmnlqg `num, fp qgm
enpfp ch n gmnlqg `num pvpqmb* Qgfp fp fj `cjqunpq qc pm`cjanuv gmnlqg `num, wgf`g fp`cjp}lqnqfxm, pgcuq qmub, nja afpmnpm cufmjqma hcu qgm {}u{cpm ch nppfpqfjo qgm {ufbnuv
`num {un`qfqfcjmu*
Gcw qc
Bmnp}um#
@cllm`q
Anqn9
@c}jq }ja}{lf`nqma jmw fjafxfa}nlp wgc n`q}nllv }pm qgm {umxmjqfxm nja {ufbnuv gmnlqg
`num pmuxf`mp nja {ucounbp, np n ump}lq ch qgm ounjqmmp n`qfxfqfmp*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpGmnlqgvSH}q}umpSC}q{}qpSG>SG5SG0*ac
`
8/7/2019 CNCS 2010 National Performance Measures: Background Information References and Authorities, Definitions, Sugg
14/39
>1
Ounjqmm um`cuap qgnq num hcllcw"}{ anqn cj `lfmjqp umhmuuma qc gmnlqg `num pmuxf`mp nja
{ucounbp* Um~}fump ounjqmm qc hcllcw"}{ wfqg lfmjq*
Bmnp}um
G59
J}bemu ch `lfmjqp qc wgcb fjhcubnqfcj cj gmnlqg fjp}unj`m, gmnlqg `num n``mpp
nja gmnlqg emjmhfqp {ucounbp fp amlfxmuma*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN fjaf`nqcu9 'ff& N``mpp qc gmnlqg pmuxf`mp hcu }jfjp}uma fjafxfa}nlp, fj`l}afjo p}`g
fjafxfa}nlp wgc num m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma gflaumj*
PNN n`qfxfqv9 'ff& Nppfpqfjo fjafxfa}nlp fj ceqnfjfjo n``mpp qc gmnlqg pmuxf`mp, fj`l}afjo
cunl gmnlqg pmuxf`mp, hcu qgmbpmlxmp cu qgmfu `gflaumj*
PNN n`qfxfqv9 'f& Nppfpqfjo m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp fj jnxfonqfjo qgm
gmnlqg pmuxf`mp pvpqmb*
PNN n`qfxfqv9 'fff& Ma}`nqfjo m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp nja fjafxfa}nlp
wgc num bmbemup ch bmaf`nllv }jamupmuxma {c{}lnqfcjp nec}q, nja mjonofjo
fjafxfa}nlp amp`ufema fj qgfp ln}pm fj, fjfqfnqfxmp umonuafjo jnxfonqfjo qgm gmnlqg
pmuxf`mp pvpqmb nja umonuafjo afpmnpm {umxmjqfcj nja gmnlqg {ucbcqfcj, wfqg n
{nuqf`}lnu hc`}p cj cbbcj gmnlqg `cjafqfcjp, gucjf` afpmnpmp, nja cjafqfcjp, hcuwgf`g afpmnpm {umxmjqfcj nja gmnlqg {ucbcqfcj bmnp}ump mfpq nja hcu wgf`g
pc`fcm`cjcbf , omcoun{gf`, nja un`fnl nja mqgjf` gmnlqg afp{nufqfmp mfpq*
Amhfjfqfcj
ch Dmv
Qmubp
Qgm fjhcubnqfcj bnv em amlfxmuma }pfjo bmqgcap p}`g np fjafxfa}nl"lmxml fjqmun`qfcjp,
ouc}{"lmxml fjqmun`qfcjp, gcqlfjmp, lmnufjogc}pmp, mq`*
Gmnlqg fjp}unj`m9 Ufpd nuunjombmjq qgnq npp}ump hfjnj`fnl `cxmunom hcu n amhfjma
unjom ch gmnlqg `num pmuxf`mp, djcwj np emjmhfqp, cjlv fh qgmpm num um~}fuma* @cxmunom fp
chhmuma qc nj fjafxfa}nl cu ouc}{ fj m`gnjom hcu umo}lnu {nvbmjqp '{umbf}bp {nfa
umonualmpp ch }pm ch emjmhfqp& ev n lf`mjpma qgfua {nuqv 'jcq n gmnlqg `num {ucxfamu& cu
mjqfqv, }p}nllv nj fjp}unj`m `cb{njv cu ocxmujbmjq nomj`v qgnq {nvp hcu bmaf`nl
pmuxf`mp e}q acmp jcq um`mfxm cu {ucxfam gmnlqg `num pmuxf`mp*
[umxmjqfxm gmnlqg `num pmuxf`mp9 [umxmjqfxm gmnlqg emgnxfcu fp %njv n`qfxfqv
}jamuqndmj ev nj fjafxfa}nl wgc fp 'emlfmxma qc em& gmnlqgv hcu qgm {}u{cpm ch
{umxmjqfjo cu amqm`qfjo flljmpp fj nj npvb{qcbnqf` pqnqm% 'Dnpl nja @cee >688, {*518&*
Fj qgm `cjqmq ch gmnlqg`num pmuxf`mp qgfp bnv fj`l}am qgm {ucxfpfcj ch n unjom ch
n`qfxfqfmp p}`g np fbb}jfynqfcjp, hnbflv {lnjjfjo, nja gmnlqgwmlljmpp ma}`nqfcj* Bcum
eucnalv qgfp fj`l}amp fjafxfa}nlp mjonofjo fj lfhmpqvlm gnjomp 'm*o*, j}qufqfcj, mmu`fpm&
qc gml{ bfqfonqm ufpd ch afpmnpm*
Gcw qc
Bmnp}um#
@cllm`q
Anqn9
@c}jq }ja}{lf`nqma jmw fjafxfa}nlp wgc num {ucxfama wfqg fjhcubnqfcj, np n ump}lq ch
qgm ounjqmmp n`qfxfqfmp* Fh bcum qgnj cjm bmqgca ch amlfxmuv fp }pma 'm*o*, n ouc}{"lmxml
fjqmun`qfcj hcllcwma ev nj fjafxfa}nl"lmxml fjqmun`qfcj&, c}jq qgm `lfmjq cjlv cj`m*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpGmnlqgvSH}q}umpSC}q{}qpSG>SG5SG0*ac
`
Ounjqmm um{cuqp nja lcop ch fjqmun`qfcjp wfqg `lfmjqp*
Bmnp}um
G09
J}bemu ch `lfmjqp mjucllma fj gmnlqg fjp}unj`m, gmnlqg pmuxf`mp, nja gmnlqg emjmhfqp
{ucounbp*
Umhmumj`mp# PNN fjaf`nqcu9 'f& N``mpp qc gmnlqg pmuxf`mp nbcjo m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma
8/7/2019 CNCS 2010 National Performance Measures: Background Information References and Authorities, Definitions, Sugg
15/39
>=
N}qgcufqv9 fjafxfa}nlp nja fjafxfa}nlp wgc num bmbemup ch bmaf`nllv }jamupmuxma {c{}lnqfcjp*
PNN fjaf`nqcu9 'ff& N``mpp qc gmnlqg pmuxf`mp hcu }jfjp}uma fjafxfa}nlp, fj`l}afjo p}`g
fjafxfa}nlp wgc num m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma gflaumj4
PNN n`qfxfqv9 'f& Nppfpqfjo m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp fj jnxfonqfjo qgm
gmnlqg pmuxf`mp pvpqmb4
PNN n`qfxfqv9 'ff& Nppfpqfjo fjafxfa}nlp fj ceqnfjfjo n``mpp qc gmnlqg pmuxf`mp, fj`l}afjo
cunl gmnlqg pmuxf`mp, hcu qgmbpmlxmp cu qgmfu `gflaumj4
PNN n`qfxfqv9 'fff& Ma}`nqfjo m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp nja fjafxfa}nlp
wgc num bmbemup ch bmaf`nllv }jamupmuxma {c{}lnqfcjp nec}q, nja mjonofjo
fjafxfa}nlp amp`ufema fj qgfp ln}pm fj, fjfqfnqfxmp umonuafjo jnxfonqfjo qgm gmnlqg
pmuxf`mp pvpqmb nja umonuafjo afpmnpm {umxmjqfcj nja gmnlqg {ucbcqfcj, wfqg n
{nuqf`}lnu hc`}p cj cbbcj gmnlqg `cjafqfcjp, gucjf` afpmnpmp, nja cjafqfcjp, hcu
wgf`g afpmnpm {umxmjqfcj nja gmnlqg {ucbcqfcj bmnp}ump mfpq nja hcu wgf`g
pc`fcm`cjcbf , omcoun{gf`, nja un`fnl nja mqgjf` gmnlqg afp{nufqfmp mfpq*
Amhfjfqfcjch Dmv
Qmubp
Mjucllma wc}la bmnj jmwlv mjucllma, np n ump}lq ch ounjqmm n`qfxfqfmp* @lfmjqp bnv cubnv jcq gnxm mfpqfjo gmnlqg fjp}unj`m, cu {umxfc}p }pm ch gmnlqg pmuxf`mp nja gmnlqg
emjmhfqp {ucounbp*
Gmnlqg fjp}unj`m9 fp ufpd nuunjombmjq qgnq npp}ump hfjnj`fnl `cxmunom hcu n amhfjmaunjom ch gmnlqg `num pmuxf`mp, djcwj np emjmhfqp, cjlv fh qgmpm num um~}fuma* @cxmunom fp
chhmuma qc nj fjafxfa}nl cu ouc}{ fj m`gnjom hcu umo}lnu {nvbmjqp '{umbf}bp {nfa
umonualmpp ch }pm ch emjmhfqp& ev n lf`mjpma qgfua {nuqv 'jcq n gmnlqg `num {ucxfamu& cu
mjqfqv, }p}nllv nj fjp}unj`m `cb{njv cu ocxmujbmjq nomj`v qgnq {nvp hcu bmaf`nl
pmuxf`mp e}q acmp jcq um`mfxm cu {ucxfam gmnlqg `num pmuxf`mp*
Gcw qc
Bmnp}um#
@cllm`qAnqn9
Qgm jmw }ja}{lf`nqma `lfmjqp qgnq wmum }lqfbnqmlv mjucllma fj n gmnlqg fjp}unj`m, gmnlqg
pmuxf`mp, cu gmnlqg emjmhfqp {ucounb* @c}jq mn`g lfmjq cjlv cj`m* Hcu mnb{lm,
mjucllfjo n `lfmjq fj gmnlqg fjp}unj`m nja qgmj mjucllfjo qgnq pnbm `lfmjq fj n gmnlqgpmuxf`m wc}la `c}jq np cjm `lfmjq*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpGmnlqgvSH}q}umpSC}q{}qpSG>SG5SG0*ac
`
Ounjqmm um`cuap cu anqn 'n{{lf`nqfcj nja hcllcw"}{& cj `lfmjq mjucllbmjq nja gmnlqg
fjp}unj`m pqnq}p*
Bmnp}um
G19
J}bemu ch `lfmjqp {nuqf`f{nqfjo fj gmnlqg ma}`nqfcj {ucounbp*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN fjaf`nqcu9 'fff& [nuqf`f{nqfcj, nbcjo m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp nja
fjafxfa}nlp wgc num bmbemup ch bmaf`nllv }jamupmuxma {c{}lnqfcjp, fj afpmnpm{umxmjqfcj nja gmnlqg {ucbcqfcj fjfqfnqfxmp, {nuqf`}lnulv qgcpm wfqg n hc`}p cj
naaumppfjo cbbcj gmnlqg cjafqfcjp, naaumppfjo gucjf` afpmnpmp, nja am`umnpfjo
gmnlqg afp{nufqfmp*
PNN fjaf`nqcu9 'fx& Lfqmun`v ch {nqfmjqp umonuafjo gmnlqg
PNN n`qfxfqv9 'ff& Nppfpqfjo fjafxfa}nlp fj ceqnfjfjo n``mpp qc gmnlqg pmuxf`mp, fj`l}afjo
8/7/2019 CNCS 2010 National Performance Measures: Background Information References and Authorities, Definitions, Sugg
16/39
>8
cunl gmnlqg pmuxf`mp, hcu qgmbpmlxmp cu qgmfu `gflaumj4
PNN n`qfxfqfmp9 'xff& Nppfpqfjo fj gmnlqg {ucbcqfcj fjqmuxmjqfcjp qgnq fb{ucxm gmnlqg
pqnq}p, nja gml{fjo {mc{lm nac{q nja bnfjqnfj gmnlqgv lfhmpqvlmp nja gnefqp qc fb{ucxm
gmnlqg pqnq}p4
PNN n`qfxfqv9 'fff& Ma}`nqfjo m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp nja fjafxfa}nlpwgc num bmbemup ch bmaf`nllv }jamupmuxma {c{}lnqfcjp nec}q, nja mjonofjo
fjafxfa}nlp amp`ufema fj qgfp ln}pm fj, fjfqfnqfxmp umonuafjo jnxfonqfjo qgm gmnlqg
pmuxf`mp pvpqmb nja umonuafjo afpmnpm {umxmjqfcj nja gmnlqg {ucbcqfcj, wfqg n
{nuqf`}lnu hc`}p cj cbbcj gmnlqg `cjafqfcjp, gucjf` afpmnpmp, nja cjafqfcjp, hcu
wgf`g afpmnpm {umxmjqfcj nja gmnlqg {ucbcqfcj bmnp}ump mfpq nja hcu wgf`g
pc`fcm`cjcbf , omcoun{gf`, nja un`fnl nja mqgjf` gmnlqg afp{nufqfmp mfpq*
Amhfjfqfcj
ch Dmv
Qmubp
Gmnlqg ma}`nqfcj {ucounb9 njv {lnjjma `cbefjnqfcj ch lmnujfjo m{mufmj`mp
ampfojma qc {umafp{cpm, mjnelm, nja umfjhcu`m xcl}jqnuv emgnxfcu `cja}`fxm qc gmnlqg fj
fjafxfa}nlp, ouc}{p cu `cbb}jfqfmp* 'Oummj, L_ nja Dum}qmu, B_*Gmnlqg
[ucbcqfcj [lnjjfjo9 Nj Ma}`nqfcjnl nja M`clcof`nl N{{ucn`g, 0ua ma* Bc}jqnfj
Xfmw, @N9 Bnvhfmla [}elfpgfjo @cb{njv4 >666*& Nj ma}`nqfcjnl {uc`mpp ev wgf`g
qgm {}elf` gmnlqg pvpqmb cjxmvp fjhcubnqfcj qc qgm cbb}jfqv umonuafjo cbb}jfqvgmnlqg pqnq}p, gmnlqg `num jmmap, {cpfqfxm gmnlqg emgnxfcup nja gmnlqg `num {clf`v fpp}mp*
'Jnqfcjnl [}elf` Gmnlqg [muhcubnj`m Pqnjanuap [ucim`q*&
Gcw qc
Bmnp}um#
@cllm`q
Anqn9
@c}jq }ja}{lf`nqma jmw `lfmjqp wgc {nuqf`f{nqm fj qgm ounjqmmp gmnlqg ma}`nqfcj
{ucounb* Fh qgm gmnlqg ma}`nqfcj {ucounb gnp b}lqf{lm pmppfcjp, qc{f`p, mq`*, `c}jq qgm
`lfmjq cj`m* Ac jcq `c}jq lfmjqp ev j}bemu ch pmppfcjp* Hcu mnb{lm, fh n gmnlqg
ma}`nqfcj {ucounb bmmqp cj`m n bcjqg hcu cjm vmnu, nja gnp >5 {nuqf`f{njqp wgc`cb{lmqm, qgmj cjlv um{cuq >5 'jcq >11&*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpGmnlqgvSH}q}umpSC}q{}qpSG1SG=SG8*a
c`
Ounjqmm `cllm`qp anqn cj `lfmjqp nqqmjafjo mn`g pmppfcj* Lcop, `npm bnjnombmjqpvpqmbp, mq`*
Bmnp}um
G=9
J}bemu ch `gflaumj nja vc}qg mjonoma fj fj"p`gccl cu nhqmup`gccl {gvpf`nl
ma}`nqfcj n`qfxfqfmp wfqg qgm {}u{cpm ch uma}`fjo `gflagcca cempfqv*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'xfff& Naaumppfjo gflagcca cempfqv qguc}og fj"p`gccl nja nhqmu"p`gccl
{gvpf`nl n`qfxfqfmp, nja {ucxfafjo j}qufqfcj ma}`nqfcj qc pq}amjqp, fj mlmbmjqnuv p`gcclp
nja pm`cjanuv p`gcclp*
Amhfjfqfcj
ch Dmv
Qmubp
@gflaumj nja vc}qg b}pq em mjucllma fj mlmbmjqnuv, bfaalm, cu gfog p`gccl {ucounbp
wfqgfj n {}elf`, `gnuqmu, {ufxnqm, cu gcbm"p`gccl nuunjombmjq*
[gvpf`nl ma}`nqfcj n`qfxfqfmp b}pq em fj naafqfcj qc umo}lnu n`qfxfqfmp qgnq wc}la gnxm
emmj {ucxfama ev qgm p`gccl cu nhqmup`gccl {ucounb '`njjcq p}{{lnjq mfpqfjo
n`qfxfqfmp&* Cjm ocnl ch qgm {gvpf`nl n`qfxfqv pgc}la em qc uma}`m cu {umxmjq `gflagccacempfqv*
Gcw qc
Bmnp}um#
@cllm`q
Anqn9
@c}jq ch qgm j}bemu ch `gflaumj n`qfxmlv {nuqf`f{nqfjo fj qgm n`qfxfqfmp* Jcq i}pq qgm
j}bemu mjucllma cu mxmj qgm j}bemu nqqmjafjo, e}q unqgmu qgm j}bemu wgc mjonom fj
qgm n`qfxfqfmp* @c}jq mn`g `gfla cjlv cj`m*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpGmnlqgvSH}q}umpSC}q{}qpSG1SG=SG8*a
8/7/2019 CNCS 2010 National Performance Measures: Background Information References and Authorities, Definitions, Sugg
17/39
>?
c`
Bmnp}um
G89
J}bemu ch `gflaumj nja vc}qg um`mfxfjo j}qufqfcj ma}`nqfcj wfqg qgm {}u{cpm ch
uma}`fjo `gflagcca cempfqv*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'xfff& Naaumppfjo gflagcca cempfqv qguc}og fj"p`gccl nja nhqmup`gccl
{gvpf`nl n`qfxfqfmp, nja {ucxfafjo j}qufqfcj ma}`nqfcj qc pq}amjqp, fj mlmbmjqnuv p`gcclpnja pm`cjanuv p`gcclp*
Amhfjfqfcj
ch Dmv
Qmubp
@gflaumj nja vc}qg b}pq em mjucllma fj mlmbmjqnuv, bfaalm, cu gfog p`gccl {ucounbp
wfqgfj n {}elf`, `gnuqmu, {ufxnqm, cu gcbm"p`gccl nuunjombmjq*
J}qufqfcj ma}`nqfcj b}pq em fj naafqfcj qc wgnq qgmv wc}la gnxm umo}lnulv um`mfxma np
{nuq ch {lnjjma p`gccl }uuf`}l}b cu nhqmup`gccl n`qfxfqv '`njjcq p}{{lnjq mfpqfjo
n`qfxfqfmp&* Qgm ma}`nqfcj pgc}la em n{{uc{ufnqm qc qgm ounam lmxml*
Gcw qc
Bmnp}um#
@cllm`q
Anqn9
@c}jq ch qgm j}bemu ch `gflaumj nqqmjafjo qgm j}qufqfcj ma}`nqfcj pmppfcjp* Fh
amlfxmuma qc n `lnppuccb, `c}jq qgm j}bemu ch `gflaumj fj nqqmjanj`m qgnq anv 'jcq qgm
mjucllbmjq ch `gflaumj fj qgm `lnppuccb&* Mxmuv mhhcuq pgc}la em bnam qc `c}jq mn`g
`gfla cjlv cj`m* Fh qgm j}qufqfcj ma}`nqfcj {ucounb fj`l}amp b}lqf{lm qc{f`p cu
pmppfcjp, `c}jq mn`g `gfla cj`m*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpGmnlqgvSH}q}umpSC}q{}qpSG1SG=SG8*a
c`
Bmnp}um
G?9
J}bemu ch `lfmjqp um`mfxfjo lnjo}nom qunjplnqfcj pmuxf`mp nq `lfjf`p nja fj
mbmuomj`v uccbp*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN n`qfxfqv9 'x& [ucxfafjo qunjplnqfcj pmuxf`mp nq `lfjf`p nja fj mbmuomj`v uccbp qc
fb{ucxm gmnlqg pmuxf`mp*
PNN n`qfxfqv9 'ff& Nppfpqfjo fjafxfa}nlp fj ceqnfjfjo n``mpp qc gmnlqg pmuxf`mp, fj`l}afjo
cunl gmnlqg pmuxf`mp, hcu qgmbpmlxmp cu qgmfu `gflaumj4
Amhfjfqfcj
ch Dmv
Qmubp
@lfjf`9 Njv bmaf`nl hn`flfqv cu mpqnelfpgbmjq wgmum bmaf`nl pmuxf`mp num {ucxfama, nja
wgmum bcum qgnj cjm bmaf`nl p{m`fnlqv fp {un`qf`ma* Qgfp bnv fj`l}am {}elf` gmnlqg
`lfjf`p, gcp{fqnlp, mq`*
Mbmuomj`v uccbp9 Lc`nqma fj gcp{fqnlp cu `num hn`flfqfmp nja gnjalm `npmp qgnq um~}fum
fbbmafnqm nqqmjqfcj*Qunjplnqfcj9 Fj`l}amp ecqg wufqqmj nja xmuenl, fjqmu{umqfxm pmuxf`mp qc gml{ {nqfmjqp jcq
hl}mjq fj Mjolfpg wufqfjo njacu p{mndfjo emqqmu `cbb}jf`nqm qgmfu bmaf`nl jmmap nja
}jamupqnja qgmfu bmaf`nl fjpqu}`qfcjp*
Gcw qc
Bmnp}um#
@cllm`q
Anqn9
@c}jq }ja}{lf nqma jmw `lfmjqp wgc um`mfxm qgm lnjo}nom qunjplnqfcj pmuxf`mp* Fh nj
mj`c}jqmu fjxclxmp bcum qgnj cjm {mupcj 'm*o*, hnbflv bmbemup&, `c}jq mn`g fjafxfa}nlpm{nunqmlv*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpGmnlqgvSH}q}umpSC}q{}qSG?*ac
Ounjqmm `cllm`qp anqn cj `lfmjqp wgc um`mfxma qunjplnqfcj pmuxf`mp nq `lfjf`p cu mbmuomj`v
uccbp* Lcop, `npm bnjnombmjq pvpqmbp, mq`*
8/7/2019 CNCS 2010 National Performance Measures: Background Information References and Authorities, Definitions, Sugg
18/39
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nppfpqnj`m*
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pmuxf`mp*
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hfjnj`fnl fjpqfq}qfcjp fj`l}afjo enjdp nja umafq }jfcjp, nja }qflfynqfcj ch pnxfjop {lnjp*
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um~}fumbmjqp qc um`mfxm9 QNJH, Hcca Pqnb{p 'PJN[&, Bmaf`nfa, P@GF[, Pm`qfcj 7
gc}pfjo nppfpqnj`m CU gnxm n {ccu `umafq p`cum CU num nq lmnpq 8; anvp emgfja cj cjm cu
bcum {mupcjnlhnbflv n``c}jqp*Fjafxfa}nlp9 Bnv em n pfjolm fjafxfa}nl cu bnv um{umpmjq n hnbflv4 bnv em ch njv nom
`cjpfamuma nj na}lq fj qgm pqnqm wgmum pmuxf`mp num {ucxfamaHfjnj`fnl lfqmun`v pmuxf`mp9 hfjnj`fnl lfqmun`v ma}`nqfcj wfqg umonua qc `umafq
bnjnombmjq, hfjnj`fnl fjpqfq}qfcjp fj`l}afjo enjdp nja `umafq }jfcjp, nja }qflfynqfcj ch
pnxfjop {lnjp PNN*
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bcum qgnj cj`m a}ufjo qgm vmnu qc omq gml{ e}q mn`g fjafxfa}nl pgc}la em um{cuqma gmum
cjlv cj`m* Pmuxf`mp bnv em {ucxfama fj"{mupcj, cj qgm {gcjm, cu ev mbnfl*
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anqnenpm*
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pdfll amxmlc{bmjq pmuxf`mp*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN fjaf`nqcu9 'fff& Qgm j}bemu ch m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp wfqg n``mpp qc
ice qunfjfjo nja cqgmu pdfll mjgnj`mbmjq*
PNN n`qfxfqv9 Hn`flfqnqfjo mjucllbmjq fj nja `cb{lmqfcj ch ice qunfjfjo hcu m`cjcbf`nllv
afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp*
Amhfjfqfcj M`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp9 B}pq em um`mfxfjo cu bmmq qgm fj`cbm
8/7/2019 CNCS 2010 National Performance Measures: Background Information References and Authorities, Definitions, Sugg
19/39
>6
ch Dmv
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cj cjm cu bcum {mupcjnlhnbflv n``c}jqp*
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cu pdfll qunfjfjo {ucxfama fj nj m{mufmjqfnl wcud{ln`m pmqqfjo 'bnv em `nllma cj"qgm"ice
qunfjfjo cu wcud m{mufmj`m&* [* 0, Ice Qunfjfjo [clf`v fj qgm ]jfqma Pqnqmp, Qgm ]{icgj
Fjpqfq}qm, 5;;1*Cqgmu pdfll amxmlc{bmjq pmuxf`mp9 qgmpm fj`l}am9
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@lnppuccb pchq pdfllp qunfjfjo qgnq {ucxfamp fjhcubnqfcj nec}q n{{uc{ufnqmwcud{ln`m emgnxfcu cu ice pmnu`g pdfllp*
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hcu wgf`g qgmv gnxm pfojma }{*
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gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpM`cjcbf`SC{{cuq}jfqvSC}q{}qSC5*ac
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Umhmumj`mp#
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qc ice {ln`mbmjq nppfpqnj`m*
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ch Dmv
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mlfofeflfqv um~}fumbmjqp qc um`mfxm9 QNJH, Hcca Pqnb{p 'PJN[&, Bmaf`nfa, P@GF[,
Pm`qfcj 7 gc}pfjo nppfpqnj`m CU gnxm n {ccu `umafq p`cum CU num nq lmnpq 8; anvp emgfjacj cjm cu bcum {mupcjnlhnbflv n``c}jqp*Ice qunfjfjo9 C``}{nqfcjnl pdfll qunfjfjo amlfxmuma fj nj fjpqfq}qfcjnl cu lnppuccb pmqqfjo
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qunfjfjo cu wcud m{mufmj`m&* [* 0, Ice Qunfjfjo [clf`v fj qgm ]jfqma Pqnqmp, Qgm ]{icgj
Fjpqfq}qm, 5;;1*
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@lnppuccb pchq pdfllp qunfjfjo qgnq {ucxfamp fjhcubnqfcj nec}q n{{uc{ufnqmwcud{ln`m emgnxfcu cu ice pmnu`g pdfllp*
[* 0, Ice Qunfjfjo [clf`v fj qgm ]jfqma Pqnqmp, Qgm ]{icgj Fjpqfq}qm, 5;;1*
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8/7/2019 CNCS 2010 National Performance Measures: Background Information References and Authorities, Definitions, Sugg
20/39
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Bmnp}um
C19
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fj`cbm fjafxfa}nlp, hnbflfmp cu {mc{lm wfqg afpneflfqfmp*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN fjaf`nqcu9 'ff& Qgm j}bemu ch gc}pfjo }jfqp e}flq cu fb{ucxma hcu m`cjcbf`nllv
afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp cu lcw"fj`cbm hnbflfmp*
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}jfqp, fj`l}afjo mjmuov mhhf`fmjq gcbmp, hcu m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp*Amhfjfqfcj
ch Dmv
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nj n{nuqbmjq, cu n uccb fj n ouc}{ gcbm hcu {mc{lm wfqg afpneflfqfmp*Amxmlc{ma9 Amxmlc{ bmnjp e}fla jmw cu p}epqnjqfnllv umgneflfqnqm 'qgm nlqmujnqfxm qc
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nppfpqnj`m fj pmnu`gfjo hcu qgm }jfq, n umjq p}epfav qgnq bndmp qgm }jfq nhhcuanelm qc qgm
fjafxfa}nl cu hnbflv*Fjafxfa}nlp nja hnbflfmp9 pnbm np `mjp}p amhfjfqfcj ch gc}pmgcla*
[mc{lm wfqg afpneflfqfmp9 P}epmq ch fjafxfa}nlp nja hnbflfmp qgnq bmmqp n amhfjfqfcj umlnqma
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fjaf`nqmp qgnq qgm wcud gnp emmj `cb{lmqma qc bndm qgm }jfqp nxnflnelm e}q qgmv bnv cu
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um`mfxfjo gc}pfjo {ln`mbmjq pmuxf`mp*
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N}qgcufqv9
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fjafxfa}nlp, fj hfjafjo {ln`mbmjq fj nja bnfjqnfjfjo gc}pfjo*
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8/7/2019 CNCS 2010 National Performance Measures: Background Information References and Authorities, Definitions, Sugg
21/39
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ch Dmv
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fj n qunjpfqfcjnl gc}pfjo hn flfqv* Xmuv afhhf`}lq qc afpqfjo}fpg cqgmu {mc{lm nq ufpd ch
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@nj cjlv `c}jq mn`g fjafxfa}nl cj`m a}ufjo qgm {ucounb vmnu mxmj qgc}og fq bnv em
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cqgmu jcj{uchfq cuonjfynqfcjp*
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8/7/2019 CNCS 2010 National Performance Measures: Background Information References and Authorities, Definitions, Sugg
22/39
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`cbb}jfqfmp nja u}unl numnp qguc}og pmuxf`m fj {ucim`qp
'FX& fjxclxfjo hcca enjdp, hcca {njqufmp, nja jcj{uchfq cuonjfynqfcjp qgnq {ucxfamhcca a}ufjo mbmuomj`fmp
'X& pmmdfjo qc naaumpp qgm lcjo"qmub `n}pmp ch g}jomu qguc}og ma}`nqfcj nja qgmamlfxmuv ch n{{uc{ufnqm pmuxf`mp
'XF& {ucxfafjo qunfjfjo fj enpf` gmnlqg, j}qufqfcj, nja lfhm pdfllp jm`mppnuv qcnllmxfnqm g}jomu fj cbb}jfqfmp nja u}unl numnp4 cu nppfpqfjo fjafxfa}nlp fj
ceqnfjfjo fjhcubnqfcj nec}q hmamunllv p}{{cuqma j}qufqfcj {ucounbp
Amhfjfqfcj
ch Dmv
Qmubp
Lcjo"qmub g}jomu9 umhmup qc qgm ]PANp amhfjfqfcj ch lcw hcca pm`}ufqv cu xmuv lcw
hcca pm`}ufqv Pmm gqq{9www*mup*}pan*ocxEufmhfjoHccaPm`}ufqvlnemlp*gqb#lnemlp
P}{{cuq, pmuxf`mp, ma}`nqfcj, cu umhmuunlp9 gml{p ~}nlfhvfjo fjafxfa}nlp n``mpp hcca,
{ucxfamp j}qufqfcjnl pmuxf`mp, ma}`nqfcj nja lfhm pdfllp qc nllmxfnqm qgm hcca fjpm`}ufqv
m{mufmj`ma ev qgm fjafxfa}nlhnbflv* Pmuxf`m um~}fump nj mjonombmjq wfqg qgm fjafxfa}nl
fj {mupcj, ev {gcjm, cu qguc}og n wme"fjqmuhn`m* [nb{glmqp, euc`g}ump, cu wme"enpma
fjhcubnqfcj qgnq acmp jcq fjxclxm n g}bnj fjqmun`qfcj fp jcq p}hhf`fmjq*
Gcw qcBmnp}um#
@cllm`q
Anqn9
@c}jq ch fjafxfa}nlp um`mfxfjo qgm p}{{cuq, pmuxf`mp, ma}`nqfcj njacu umhmuunlp* Mn`gfjafxfa}nl pgc}la em `c}jqma cjlv cj`m umonualmpp ch qgm j}bemu ch afhhmumjq pmuxf`mp
um`mfxma a}ufjo qgm vmnu* Cjlv `c}jq fjafxfa}nlp afum`qlv mjonoma fj qgm pmuxf`m*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpM`cjcbf`SC{{cuq}jfqvSC}q{}qSC?*ac
Cqgmu
Jcqmp9
[ucounbp bnv jcq hc`}p qgmfu pmuxf`mp pclmlv cj {ucxfafjo umhmuunlp qc Hmamunl nppfpqnj`m
{ucounbp*
Bmnp}um
C79
J}bemu ch gcbmec}ja fjafxfa}nlp um`mfxfjo hcca, qunjp{cuqnqfcj, cu cqgmu pmuxf`mp
qgnq nllcwp qgmb qc lfxm fjam{mjamjqlv*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN Fjaf`nqcu9 'f& Naaumppfjo fpp}mp hn`ma ev gcbm"ec}ja `fqfymjp, p}`g np jmmap hcu
hcca amlfxmufmp, lmonl nja bmaf`nl pmuxf`mp, j}qufqfcj fjhcubnqfcj, nja qunjp{cuqnqfcj*
Amhfjfqfcj
ch Dmv
Qmubp
Gcbmec}ja fjafxfa}nlp9 Fjafxfa}nlp }jnelm qc lmnxm qgmfu {mupcjnl umpfamj`m a}m qc
afpneflfqv, fji}uv, cu nom4 bnv em n pgcuq"qmub cu lcjo"qmub jmma4 hcu mnb{lm, nj
fjafxfa}nl bnv gnxm eucdmj gf{ qgnq {umxmjqp qgmb hucb aufxfjo hcu n hmw bcjqgp e}q nhqmu
qgm fji}uv gnp gmnlma qgmv jc lcjomu um~}fum gml{ qc lfxm fjam{mjamjqlv*Lfxm fjam{mjamjqlv9 Fjafxfa}nlp lfxm fj n {ufxnqm umpfamj`m 'gc}pm, n{nuqbmjq, bceflm
gcbm, mq`*& unqgmu qgnj fj nj nppfpqma lfxfjo hn`flfqv, j}upfjo gcbm, cu ouc}{ gcbm*
Um`mfxfjo hcca, qunjp{cuqnqfcj, cu cqgmu pmuxf`mp9 Fjafxfa}nl pgc}la um`mfxm qgm p}{{cuqp
jmmama qc bnfjqnfj fjam{mjamjq lfxfjo4 jcq nll fjafxfa}nlp wfll um~}fum qgm pnbm p}{{cuqp4
bnv fj`l}am hcca amlfxmufmp, lmonl nja bmaf`nl pmuxf`mp, j}qufqfcj fjhcubnqfcj,
qunjp{cuqnqfcj, mq`*
Gcw qcBmnp}um#
@cllm`q
Anqn9
@c}jq j}bemu ch ~}nlfhvfjo fjafxfa}nlp np amhfjma necxm wgc um`mfxm qgm pmuxf`m* Mn`gfjafxfa}nl pgc}la em `c}jqma cjlv cj`m* Fh qwc gcbmec}ja fjafxfa}nlp lfxm nq qgm pnbm
naaumpp, qgmv pgc}la ecqg em `c}jqma* Fh n gcbmec}ja fjafxfa}nl lfxmp wfqg pcbmcjm mlpm
wgc fp jcq gcbm"ec}ja, qgm jcj"gcbmec}ja fjafxfa}nlp fj qgm gc}pmgcla pgc}la jcq em
`c}jqma* Mn`g fjafxfa}nl pgc}la em `c}jqma cjlv cj`m a}ufjo qgm {ucounb vmnu mxmj
qgc}og bcpq fjafxfa}nlp num lfdmlv qc jmma cj"ocfjo p}{{cuq*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
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50
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpM`cjcbf`SC{{cuq}jfqvSC}q{}qSC7*ac
[ucim`q Pqnu fjhcubnqfcj dfqp `umnqma hcu Pmjfcu @cu{p {ucxfam pcbm fjhcubnqfcj nec}q
gcw qc qun`d pmuxf`mp* Pmm gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuopqnup`"fjpqu}bmjq"
{n`dmqp
N{{lf`njqp pmlm`qfjo Bmnp}um C> b}pq nlpc pmlm`q Bmnp}um C6*Bmnp}um
C69
J}bemu ch m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp wfqg fb{ucxma hfjnj`fnl
djcwlmaom*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN fjaf`nqcu9 'f& qgm amoumm ch hfjnj`fnl lfqmun`v nbcjo m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma
fjafxfa}nlp*
Amhfjfqfcj
ch Dmv
Qmubp
Afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp9 qgcpm `c}jqma np {nuqf`f{nqfjo fj Bmnp}um C>*Fb{ucxma Hfjnj`fnl Djcwlmaom9 qgm hfjnj`fnl lfqmun`v {ucounb pgc}la gnxm lmnujfjo
ceim`qfxmp* Qgm fb{ucxma hfjnj`fnl djcwlmaom pgc}la em enpma cj qgcpm {um"amhfjma
lmnujfjo ceim`qfxmp* Fjafxfa}nlp {nuqf`f{nqfjo fj qgm hfjnj`fnl lfqmun`v pmuxf`mp pgc}la
djcw bcum nhqmu qgmv {nuqf`f{nqm qgnj emhcum*
Gcw qc
@nl`}lnqm
Bmnp}um#@cllm`q
Anqn9
@c}jq ch fjafxfa}nlp {ucxfama pmuxf`mp fj Bmnp}um C> wgcpm {um"qmpq nja {cpq"qmpq p`cump
fjaf`nqm qgnq qgmv djcw bcum nec}q nq lmnpq cjm ch qgm hfjnj`fnl lfqmun`v qc{f`p {umpmjqma*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpM`cjcbf`SC{{cuq}jfqvSC}q{}qSC>SC}q`c
bmSC6*ac
B}pq cja}`q n {um"qmpq{cpq"qmpq qc amqmubfjm nbc}jq ch djcwlmaom onfjma*
N{{lf`njqp pmlm`qfjo Bmnp}um C0 b}pq nlpc pmlm`q Bmnp}um C>;*
Bmnp}um
C>;9
J}bemu ch m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp {ln`ma fj icep*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN n`qfxfqv9 'xff& Nppfpqfjo m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp fj ceqnfjfjo n``mpp
qc ice {ln`mbmjq nppfpqnj`m*
Amhfjfqfcj
ch Dmv
Qmubp
M`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp9 Fjafxfa}nlp `c}jqma hcu Bmnp}um C0
[ln`ma fj icep9 fjafxfa}nl fp gfuma fj n jmw ice np n ump}lq ch ice {ln`mbmjq pmuxf`mp
{ucxfama4 fjafxfa}nl bnv gnxm emmj {umxfc}plv wcudfjo fj n afhhmumjq ice cu {umxfc}plv
}jmb{lcvma*
Gcw qc
@nl`}lnqm
Bmnp}um#
@cllm`q
Anqn9
Qgfp fp qgm j}bmunqcu hcu Bmnp}um C0*
@c}jq ch fjafxfa}nlp um`mfxfjo pmuxf`mp fj Bmnp}um C0 wgc num gfuma fjqc n jmw ice*
@c}jq mn`g fjafxfa}nl cjlv cj`m mxmj fh qgm fjafxfa}nl um`mfxmp {ln`mbmjq fj bcum qgnj
cjm ice*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpM`cjcbf`SC{{cuq}jfqvSC}q{}qSC0SC}q`c
bmSC>;*ac
P}oompqma bmqgca fp n `c{v ch n``m{qnj`m lmqqmu hucb mb{lcvmu cu `c{v ch hfupq {nv pq}e*
N{{lf`njqp pmlm`qfjo Bmnp}um C= b}pq nlpc pmlm`q Bmnp}um C>>*
Bmnp}um
C>>9
J}bemu ch m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp, fj`l}afjo gcbmlmpp fjafxfa}nlp,
qunjpfqfcjma fjqc pnhm, gmnlqgv, nhhcuanelm gc}pfjo*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN n`qfxfqv9 'fff& Nppfpqfjo m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp, fj`l}afjo gcbmlmpp
fjafxfa}nlp, fj hfjafjo {ln`mbmjq fj nja bnfjqnfjfjo gc}pfjo*
Amhfjfqfcj Gcbmlmpp9 [mc{lm wgc p{mja qgm jfogq fj n {ln`m jcq fjqmjama hcu g}bnj gnefqnqfcj, fj nj
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8/7/2019 CNCS 2010 National Performance Measures: Background Information References and Authorities, Definitions, Sugg
25/39
5=
num jcq mjucllma fj qgm qu}pq, cu wgc num afpbfppma, wfll jcq em `c}jqma*M`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup9 @}uumjq Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup
wgc num um`mfxfjo cu bmmq qgm fj`cbm mlfofeflfqv um~}fumbmjqp qc um`mfxm9 QNJH, Hcca
Pqnb{p 'PJN[&, Bmaf`nfa, P@GF[, Pm`qfcj 7 gc}pfjo nppfpqnj`m*]jmb{lcvma9 ac jcq gnxm{nfa, umo}lnu mb{lcvbmjq cu wmum jcq pmuxfjo fj qgm
bflfqnuvjnqfcjnl o}nua wfqgfj qgm bcjqg {ufcu qc emofjjfjo qgmfu Nbmuf@cu{p qmub ch
pmuxf`m*Gcw qc
@nl`}lnqm
Bmnp}um#
@cllm`q
Anqn9
@c}jq ch m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup wgc num }jmb{lcvma {ufcu qc
qgmfu qmub ch pmuxf`m n``cuafjo qc necxm amhfjfqfcj*
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpM`cjcbf`SC{{cuq}jfqvSC}q{}qSC>5SC}q`c
bmSC>=*ac
P}oompqma9 Pmlh"um{cuq ch Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemu nq emofjjfjo ch qmub ch pmuxf`m* [ucounb
wfll gnxm qc wnfq }jqfl mja ch qmub ch pmuxf`m qc amqmubfjm fh qgm bmbemu pgc}la em
`c}jqma gmum* _c}la cjlv em `c}jqma fh9 '>& bmmq qgm `c}jq ch fjafxfa}nlp np amhfjm necxm
nja '5& gnxm jcq emmj nabfqqma hcu njcqgmu qmub ch pmuxf`m*
Naafqfcjnl
Jcqmp9
Fh qgm n{{lf`njqp ocnl fp qc gml{ qgm Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup ceqnfj mb{lcvbmjq a}ufjo qgmfu
qmub ch pmuxf`m qgnq bnv ump}lq fj qgm Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup lmnxfjo pmuxf`m mnulv, qgmvpgc}la mjp}um qgnq qgm {ucounb gnp n{{ucxma ampfoj qgnq fj`l}amp mfq hcu `cb{mllfjo
{mupcjnl `fu`}bpqnj`mp np p{m`fhfma fj 1= @HU 5=55*50;*
Qgm {ucounb pgc}la `cllm`q qgm anqn nq qgm qfbm qgm Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemu emofjp pmuxf`m*
Fj qgm h}q}um @J@P bnv em nelm qc `cllm`q qguc}og qgm {cuqnl fjpqmna*
_gnq wmum vc} acfjo bcpq ch lnpq bcjqg3
_cudfjo nq n umo}lnu ice Pmuxfjo fj qgm bflfqnuv umpmuxmp _cudfjo p{cunaf`nllv Lccdfjo hcu wcud Cqgmu SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
Bmnp}um
C>0 'b}pq
nlpc pmlm`q
C>8&
J}bemu ch m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup wgc gnxm jcq
ceqnfjma qgmfu gfog p`gccl af{lcbn cu m~}fxnlmjq {ufcu qc qgm pqnuq ch qgmfu qmub ch
pmuxf`m*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN fjaf`nqcu9 'fff& Qgm j}bemu ch m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp wfqg n``mpp qc
ice qunfjfjo nja cqgmu pdfll mjgnj`mbmjq*
Qgfp `cb{lfmp wfqg qgm @cu{cunqfcjp ocnl ch9 E}flafjo `gnun`qmu nja `umnqfjo `nummu nja
ma}`nqfcjnl c{{cuq}jfqfmp qguc}og qgm xcl}jqmmu m{mufmj`m*Pc}u`m9 @cu{cunqfcj wmepfqm9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`m*ocxnec}quclmSfb{n`qwgnqSwmSac*np{
Amhfjfqfcj
ch Dmv
Qmubp
Qgfp bmnp}um fp n `c}jq ch fjafxfa}nlp wgc num mjqmuma fjqc qgm @cu{cunqfcjp Jnqfcjnl
Pmuxf`m Qu}pq anqnenpm, wgc `cb{lmqm qgmfu qmub ch pmuxf`m, mnuj nj ma}`nqfcj nwnua, cu
lmnxm pmuxf`m a}m qc `cb{mllfjo `fu`}bpqnj`mp 'pmm 1= @HU 5=55*5;;&* Fjafxfa}nlp wgc
num jcq mjucllma fj qgm qu}pq, cu wgc num afpbfppma, wfll jcq em `c}jqma*
M`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup9 @}uumjq Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemupwgc num um`mfxfjo cu bmmq qgm fj`cbm mlfofeflfqv um~}fumbmjqp qc um`mfxm9 QNJH, Hcca
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58
Pqnb{p 'PJN[&, Bmaf`nfa, P@GF[, Pm`qfcj 7 gc}pfjo nppfpqnj`m*
Gcw qc
@nl`}lnqm
Bmnp}um#
@cllm`q
Anqn9
[ucounb wfll gnxm qc wnfq }jqfl mja ch qmub ch pmuxf`m qc amqmubfjm fh qgm bmbemu pgc}la
em `c}jqma gmum* _c}la cjlv em `c}jqma fh bmbemu bmmqp qgm `c}jq ch fjafxfa}nlp np
amhfjma necxm*
Qgm {ucounb pgc}la `cllm`q qgm anqn nq qgm qfbm qgm Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemu emofjp pmuxf`m*
Fj qgm h}q}um @J@P bnv em nelm qc `cllm`q qguc}og qgm {cuqnl fjpqmna*
Gnxm vc} ceqnfjma vc}u OMAaf{lcbn3
Vmp Jc Jcq p}um* M{lnfj* SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpM`cjcbf`SC{{cuq}jfqvSC}q{}qSC>0SC}q`c
bmSC>8*ac
CqgmuJcqmp9
Bmnp}um
C>1 'b}pq
nlpc pmlm`q
C>?&
J}bemu ch Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup wgc gnxm qgmfu gfog p`gccl af{lcbn cu m~}fxnlmjq
e}q gnxm jcq `cb{lmqma n `cllmom amoumm {ufcu qc qgmfu qmub ch pmuxf`m*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN fjaf`nqcu9 'fx& Unqm ch `cllmom mjucllbmjq nja `cjqfj}ma `cllmom mjucllbmjq hcu
um`f{fmjqp ch n gfog p`gccl af{lcbn*
Qgfp `cb{lfmp wfqg qgm @cu{cunqfcjp ocnl ch9 E}flafjo `gnun`qmu nja `umnqfjo `nummu nja
ma}`nqfcjnl c{{cuq}jfqfmp qguc}og qgm xcl}jqmmu m{mufmj`m*
Pc}u`m9 @cu{cunqfcj wmepfqm9gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`m*ocxnec}quclmSfb{n`qwgnqSwmSac*np{
Amhfjfqfcj
ch Dmv
Qmubp
Qgfp bmnp}um fp n `c}jq ch fjafxfa}nlp wgc num mjqmuma fjqc qgm @cu{cunqfcjp Jnqfcjnl
Pmuxf`m Qu}pq anqnenpm, wgc `cb{lmqm qgmfu qmub ch pmuxf`m, mnuj nj ma}`nqfcj nwnua, cu
lmnxm pmuxf`m a}m qc `cb{mllfjo `fu`}bpqnj`mp 'pmm 1= @HU 5=55*5;;&* Fjafxfa}nlp wgc
num jcq mjucllma fj qgm qu}pq, cu wgc num afpbfppma, wfll jcq em `c}jqma*@cllmom, np amhfjma hcu qgfp {muhcubnj`m bmnp}um, umhmup qc njv {cpqpm`cjanuv gfogmu
ma}`nqfcj fjpqfq}qfcj* Qgmumhcum, fq fj`l}amp cllmomp, }jfxmupfqfmp, nja qm`gjf`nl nja
xc`nqfcjnl p`gcclp 'amhfjfqfcj ch `cllmom {mu ]P @mjp}p&*
Gcw qc
@nl`}lnqm
Bmnp}um#
@cllm`qAnqn9
[ucounb wfll gnxm qc wnfq }jqfl mja ch qmub ch pmuxf`m qc amqmubfjm fh qgm bmbemu pgc}la
em `c}jqma gmum* _c}la cjlv em `c}jqma fh bmbemu bmmqp qgm `c}jq ch fjafxfa}nlp np
amhfjma necxm*
Qgm {ucounb pgc}la `cllm`q qgm anqn nq qgm qfbm qgm Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemu emofjp pmuxf`m*
Fj qgm h}q}um @J@P bnv em nelm qc `cllm`q qguc}og qgm {cuqnl fjpqmna*
Gnxm vc} ceqnfjma vc}u OMAaf{lcbn3
Vmp Jc
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5?
Jcq p}um* M{lnfj* SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSGnxm vc} `cb{lmqma n `cllmom amoumm3
Vmp Jc
Jcq p}um* M{lnfj* SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
Naafqfcjnl anqn `cllm`qfcj qf{p `nj em hc}ja fj qgm Umpc}u`m @mjqmu nq9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`mumpc}u`mp*cuohflmpM`cjcbf`SC{{cuq}jfqvSC}q{}qSC>1SC}q`c
bmSC>?*ac
N{{lf`njqp pmlm`qfjo Bmnp}um C>5 b}pq nlpc pmlm`q Bmnp}um C>=*
Bmnp}um
C>=
J}bemu ch m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup qgnq pm`}um
mb{lcvbmjq a}ufjo qgmfu qmub ch pmuxf`m cu wfqgfj cjm vmnu nhqmu hfjfpgfjo
Nbmuf@cu{p*
Umhmumj`mp#
N}qgcufqv9
PNN n`qfxfqv9 'xff& Nppfpqfjo m`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma fjafxfa}nlp fj ceqnfjfjo n``mpp
qc ice {ln`mbmjq nppfpqnj`m
Qgfp `cb{lfmp wfqg qgm @cu{cunqfcjp ocnl ch9 E}flafjo `gnun`qmu nja `umnqfjo `nummu nja
ma}`nqfcjnl c{{cuq}jfqfmp qguc}og qgm xcl}jqmmu m{mufmj`m*
Pc}u`m9 @cu{cunqfcj wmepfqm9
gqq{9www*jnqfcjnlpmuxf`m*ocxnec}quclmSfb{n`qwgnqSwmSac*np{
Amhfjfqfcj
ch Dmv
Qmubp
Qgfp bmnp}um fp n `c}jq ch fjafxfa}nlp wgc num mjqmuma fjqc qgm @cu{cunqfcjp ma}`nqfcj
qu}pq anqnenpm, wgc `cb{lmqm qgmfu qmub ch pmuxf`m, mnuj nj ma}`nqfcj nwnua, cu lmnxm
pmuxf`m a}m qc `cb{mllfjo `fu`}bpqnj`mp 'pmm 1= @HU 5=55*5;;&* Fjafxfa}nlp wgc num
jcq mjucllma fj qgm qu}pq, cu wgc num afpbfppma, wfll jcq em `c}jqma*
M`cjcbf`nllv afpnaxnjqnoma Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup9 @}uumjq Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup
wgc num um`mfxfjo cu bmmq qgm fj`cbm mlfofeflfqv um~}fumbmjqp qc um`mfxm9 QNJH, Hcca
Pqnb{p 'PJN[&, Bmaf`nfa, P@GF[, Pm`qfcj 7 gc}pfjo nppfpqnj`m
Pm`}ufjo mb{lcvbmjq umhmup qc {nfa, umo}lnu mb{lcvbmjq cu pmuxfjo fj qgmbflfqnuvjnqfcjnl o}nua wfqgfj qgm {npq wmmd*
Qgm p{nj ch qfbm hcu wgf`g n bmbemu wfll em `c}jqma }jamu qgfp bmnp}um fj`l}amp
mjucllbmjq qc >5 bcjqgp nhqmu n bmbemu lmnxmp pmuxf`m cu wfqgfj qgm p}epm~}mjq `v`lm hcu
qgm nl}bjf p}uxmv* Qgfp mjnelmp qgm bmnp}um qc fj`l}am bmbemup wgc ceqnfj mb{lcvbmjq
wgflm mjucllma fj qgm {ucounb*
Gcw qc
@nl`}lnqm
Bmnp}um#
@cllm`q
Anqn9
Fh qgm n{{lf`njqp ocnl fp qc gml{ qgm Nbmuf@cu{p bmbemup ceqnfj mb{lcvbmjq a}ufjo qgmfu
qmub ch pmuxf`m qgnq bnv ump}lq fj qg