Clinical laboratory Clinical laboratory diagnostics of diagnostics of hemoblastosishemoblastosis
Leukemia definitionLeukemia definition
LeukemiaLeukemia – – it is tumor it is tumor arisingarising from from bloodforming cells and bloodforming cells and primary lesionprimary lesion bone bone marrowmarrow
Classification of leukemiasClassification of leukemias
Acute leukemiasAcute leukemias myeloblasticmyeloblastic lymphoblasticlymphoblastic
ChronicalChronical leukemiasleukemias myeloidmyeloid lynphoidlynphoid
AcuteAcute myeloblasticmyeloblastic leukemiasleukemias
UndifferentiatedUndifferentiatedMyeloblasticMyeloblastic withoutwithout maturingmaturingMyeloblasticMyeloblastic withwith maturingmaturing PromyelocyticPromyelocyticMyelomonoblasticMyelomonoblasticMonoblasticMonoblasticErythroblasticErythroblasticMegacaryoblasticMegacaryoblastic
HistochemicalHistochemical signssigns of of differentiation ofdifferentiation of acute acute
leukemiasleukemias1. 1. Reaction for peroxidaseReaction for peroxidase 2. 2. Reaction for acidity phosphataseReaction for acidity phosphatase3. 3. Reaction for uncpecificReaction for uncpecific esterasesesterases4. 4. Reaction for lipidesReaction for lipides5. 5. Reaction for Reaction for compoudcompoud
carbohydratescarbohydrates
Causes of development of Causes of development of iron-deficiency states:iron-deficiency states:
Blood lossBlood loss VegetariansVegetarians Prolonged achlorhydriaProlonged achlorhydria Extensive surgical removal of the proximal Extensive surgical removal of the proximal
small bowel or chronic diseases, such as small bowel or chronic diseases, such as pancreatitis, enteritis. pancreatitis, enteritis.
Increased iron requirement:Increased iron requirement:
From birth to age 2 and during From birth to age 2 and during adolescence adolescence
During pregnancyDuring pregnancy and lactationand lactation
ReactionReaction of myeloblastesof myeloblastes andand other of neutrophil cellsother of neutrophil cells for for
peroxidase peroxidase
Reaction of monoblastesReaction of monoblastes forfor αα--naphtylacetateestherasenaphtylacetateestherase
Reaction of myeloblastes and Reaction of myeloblastes and monoblastesmonoblastes forfor acidityacidity
phosphatasephosphatase
Acute lymphoblasticAcute lymphoblastic leukemialeukemia - - bloodblood
AcuteAcute В- В-lymphoblastosislymphoblastosis – – bone bone marrowmarrow
BigBig vacuolizedvacuolized lymphoblasteslymphoblastes
Laboratory methodsLaboratory methods
The World Health Organization's The World Health Organization's criterion for anemia in adults is criterion for anemia in adults is Hb values less than 12.5 g/dL. Hb values less than 12.5 g/dL.
Usually, US values are slightly Usually, US values are slightly higher. Anemia is suggested in higher. Anemia is suggested in males with Hb levels less than males with Hb levels less than 13.5 g/dL and in females with Hb 13.5 g/dL and in females with Hb levels less than 12.5 g/dL.levels less than 12.5 g/dL.
Acute lymphoblasticAcute lymphoblastic leukemialeukemia – – bone marrrowbone marrrow
Acute lymphoblasticAcute lymphoblastic leukemialeukemia – – bone marrrow. Initial stagebone marrrow. Initial stage. .
Acute lymphoblastosisAcute lymphoblastosis – – bone bone marrow.marrow. TotalTotal lymphoblasticlymphoblastic
metaplasiametaplasia
Chronic myelogenous (or myeloid) Chronic myelogenous (or myeloid) leukemia (CML), also known as leukemia (CML), also known as chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL), chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL), is a cancer of the white blood cells. It is a cancer of the white blood cells. It is a form of leukemia characterized by is a form of leukemia characterized by the increased and unregulated growth the increased and unregulated growth of predominantly myeloid cells in the of predominantly myeloid cells in the bone marrow and the accumulation of bone marrow and the accumulation of these cells in the blood. these cells in the blood.
ChronicalChronical myeloidmyeloid leukemiasleukemias
MyelocyticMyelocytic MonocyticMonocytic EosinophilicEosinophilic ErythroblasticErythroblastic MegacaryocyticMegacaryocytic
ChronicalChronical myelocytic leukemiamyelocytic leukemia – – bloodblood. . ChronicalChronical phasephase
ChronicalChronical myelocytic leukemiamyelocytic leukemia – – bloodblood..
ChronicalChronical myelocytic leukemiamyelocytic leukemia – – bloodblood
Stage of blastic crisisStage of blastic crisis
Chronical lymphoidChronical lymphoid leukemiasleukemias
В-В-lymphocyticlymphocytic Т- Т- lymphocyticlymphocytic (1,5 %) (1,5 %) HaircellHaircell
ChronicalChronical В- В-cellcell lymphocyticlymphocytic leukemialeukemia - - bloodblood
ChronicalChronical lymphocyticlymphocytic leukemialeukemia – – blood. Gumprecht’s bodies.blood. Gumprecht’s bodies.
ChronicalChronical lymphocyticlymphocytic leukemialeukemia – – bone marrowbone marrow. . TotalTotal lymphoidlymphoid
metaplasia.metaplasia.
ChronicalChronical lymphocyticlymphocytic leukemialeukemia – – bone marrowbone marrow. . TotalTotal lymphoidlymphoid
metaplasia.metaplasia.
Chronical haircell leukemiaChronical haircell leukemia - - bloodblood
Chronical haircell leukemiaChronical haircell leukemia - - bloodblood
Haircell leukemiaHaircell leukemia - - bloodblood. . Reaction forReaction for acidityacidity phosphatasephosphatase
Chronical monocytic leukemiaChronical monocytic leukemia - - bloodblood
Mechanisms of cellular Mechanisms of cellular oncogenes activatingoncogenes activating
Point mutationsPoint mutationsChromosomal abnormalitiesChromosomal abnormalitiesVirualVirual transductiontransductionInsertionInsertion mutagenesismutagenesisGenesGenes amplificationamplification
ClinicalClinical manifestation ofmanifestation of leukemialeukemia
Metaplastic anemiaMetaplastic anemiaThrombocytopeniaThrombocytopeniaHemorrhagicHemorrhagic syndromesyndromeSecondarySecondary
immunedeficiencyimmunedeficiencyDecreaseDecrease of resistanceof resistance
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