ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD
Page 0
CITY SANITATION PLAN
ALIGARH
Nagar Nigam Aligarh
REPORT 2014
Administrative Staff College of India
Hyderabad, India
CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 1
City Sanitation Plan Aligarh
2014
Administrative Staff College of India
Bella Vista, Hyderabad
CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 2
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... 5
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. 7
FROM DIRECTOR‟S DESK ..................................................................................................... 9
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ......................................................................................................... 10
ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................ 11
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 14
1.1 NUSP: The Background ............................................................................................................. 14
1.1.1 Concept of Totally Sanitized Cities ............................................................................... 14
1.1.2 Rating and Categorization of Cities .............................................................................. 15
1.1.3 National Award Scheme for Sanitation for Indian Cities .......................................... 19
1.2 Sanitation Related Policies and Laws .................................................................................... 19
1.2.1 Municipal Solid Waste Rules, 2000 .............................................................................. 19
1.2.2 Integrated Low Cost Sanitation (ILCS) ........................................................................... 20
1.2.3 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) ............................. 21
1.2.4 Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) ................................................................................................. 21
1.2.5 Urban infrastructure Development Scheme for Small & Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) .. 22
1.2.5 13th Central Finance Commission (CFC) ....................................................................... 22
1.3 Objectives of Aligarh City Sanitation Plan ........................................................................... 22
1.4 City Sanitation Planning and Research Methodology ........................................................ 23
1.4.1 City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) .................................................................................. 23
Task 1. CSTF MEMBERS .................................................................................................................. 23
Task 2. CSTF Sensitization cum Orientation Workshop ........................................................... 23
1.4.2 Collection of Secondary Data ........................................................................................ 24
Task 1. Preparatory Work (Profiling Of NNA) ......................................................................... 24
Task 2. Review/Study of The Current Practices ........................................................................ 24
Task 3. Condition Assessment ........................................................................................................ 24
Task 4. Ward Profiling as Per City Sanitation Ranking Parameters .................................... 24
1.4.3 Primary Data Collection and Sampling ........................................................................ 24
Task 1. Sample survey results for the basic services ................................................................ 25
Task 2. Field Reconnaissance & Transact Walk ........................................................................ 25
1.4.4 Situation Analysis and Mapping Current Status .......................................................... 26
Task 1. Problem Analysis and Assessment of Options.............................................................. 27
Task 2. Communication Gap and Needs Assessment ............................................................... 27
Task 3. Developing a Situation Analysis Report ....................................................................... 27
1.4.5 Developing Aligarh CSP .................................................................................................. 27
Task 1. Formulation of Vision ........................................................................................................ 27
Task 2. Development of Strategy ................................................................................................ 28
Task 3. Preparation of Draft CSP ................................................................................................ 28
Task 4. Preparation of Implementation Road Map .................................................................. 28
1.5 .Contents of the Report ............................................................................................................. 29
CHAPTER 2. PROFILE OF ALIGARH CITY ........................................................................ 30
2.1 Location and Regional Linkages ............................................................................................. 30
2.1.1 Location ............................................................................................................................... 30
2.1.2 Municipal Area .................................................................................................................. 31
2.1.3 Economy .............................................................................................................................. 32
2.2 Physical Characteristics ............................................................................................................. 33
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2.2.1 Climate ................................................................................................................................ 33
2.2.2 Geology & Geography ................................................................................................... 33
2.3 Demography ............................................................................................................................... 33
2.3.1 Population Growth and Trends ....................................................................................... 33
2.3.2 Population Projections ...................................................................................................... 34
2.3.3 Manual Scavenging .......................................................................................................... 36
2.3.4 Urban Poverty and Slum .................................................................................................. 36
CHAPTER 3. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND MUNICIPAL FINANCE ................. 38
3.1 Institutional Arrangements ........................................................................................................ 38
3.1.1 Agencies Involved In Providing Urban Services .......................................................... 38
3.1.2 Urban Local Bodies ........................................................................................................... 38
3.1.3 Parastatal bodies .............................................................................................................. 38
3.1.4 Functions of the Nagar Nigam ........................................................................................ 38
3.1.5 Nagar Nigam Aligarh (NNA) ......................................................................................... 39
3.1.6 Aligarh Development Authority (ADA) .......................................................................... 40
3.1.7 UP Jal Nigam ..................................................................................................................... 40
3.1.8 Jal Kal Aligarh ................................................................................................................... 40
3.1.9 U.P. Housing and Development Board .......................................................................... 40
3.2 Overlap of Institutional Responsibilities ................................................................................. 41
3.3 Key Issues .................................................................................................................................... 42
3.3.1 Municipal-Parastatal Coordination ..................................................................................... 42
3.3.2 Managerial Coordination Issues ..................................................................................... 42
3.3.3 Jurisdictional Issues ............................................................................................................ 42
3.3.4 Grievance Redressal ........................................................................................................ 43
3.4 Financial Information for Municipal Service.......................................................................... 43
3.4.1 Financial Profile of the Nagar Nigam .......................................................................... 43
3.4.2 Water Supply .................................................................................................................... 45
3.4.3 Sewerage and Drainage ................................................................................................. 47
3.4.4 Solid Waste Management .............................................................................................. 48
CHAPTER 4. SANITATION SITUATION ANALYSIS .......................................................... 50
SECTION A: SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS ...................................................................... 50
4.1 Water Supply Management Assessment .............................................................................. 50
4.1.1 Source of water ................................................................................................................. 51
4.1.2 Water Production capacity and Installed capacity ................................................... 52
4.1.3 Transmission, Distribution and Storage Capacities ..................................................... 52
4.1.4 Service Coverage ............................................................................................................. 52
4.1.5 Water Consumption .......................................................................................................... 53
4.1.6 Water service quality ...................................................................................................... 53
4.1.7 Water Demand and Deficit ............................................................................................ 53
4.1.8 Complaint redressal .......................................................................................................... 53
4.2 Sewerage and Drainage Systems .......................................................................................... 53
4.2.2 Storm water Drainage ..................................................................................................... 54
4.2.3 Storm Water Drainage Service Indicator Values ....................................................... 57
4.3 Solid Waste Management ....................................................................................................... 57
4.3.1 Generation of Solid waste .............................................................................................. 57
4.3.2 Street Sweeping ................................................................................................................ 57
4.3.3 Segregation of waste ....................................................................................................... 58
4.3.4 Waste Collection ............................................................................................................... 58
4.3.5 Transportation of waste ................................................................................................... 59
4.3.6 Waste disposal .................................................................................................................. 60
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4.3.7 MSW Management System in Aligarh City ................................................................. 60
4.3.8 Complaint Redressal ......................................................................................................... 61
4.4 Assessment of Sanitation Facilities in Potential Areas........................................................ 61
4.4.1 Sanitation Facilities and Situation: Household Level ................................................... 61
SECTION B: PRIMARY DATA ANALYSIS ............................................................................................ 63
4.5 Situation Analysis at Household Level .................................................................................... 63
4.5.1 Open defecation ............................................................................................................... 63
4.5.2 Water supply to toilets .................................................................................................... 63
4.5.3 Households depending on community toilets ................................................................ 64
4.5.4 Wastewater disposal ....................................................................................................... 65
4.5.5 Solid waste disposal ......................................................................................................... 65
4.5.6 Community Toilets .............................................................................................................. 67
4.5.7 Affluent discharging.......................................................................................................... 67
4.5.8 Condition of the community toilets ................................................................................. 68
4.5.9 O & M Arrangements ....................................................................................................... 69
4.5.10 Sanitation Situation of Government Inst i tut ions ............................................. 69
4.5.11 Operation & Maintenance of Toi lets ................................................................ 70
4.5.12 Sanitation Faci l i t ies and Situation at Hospitals ......................................... 70
4.5.13 Sanitation Faci l i t ies and Situation at Schools ............................................. 71
4.5.14 Infrastructure faci l it ies in schools ....................................................................... 71
4.5.15 O & M of toilets ............................................................................................................... 72
4.5.16 Sanitation Facilities and Situation at Commercial/ Market Places ......................... 72
4.5.17 Toilet Facility ...................................................................................................................... 72
4.5.18 Waste collection ................................................................................................................ 72
4.5.19 Industrial Sanitation .......................................................................................................... 72
4.5.20 Sanitation Situation at Slaughter Houses ...................................................................... 73
4.5.21 Situational Analysis of Water Bodies ........................................................................... 74
4.5.22 Ward wise situation analysis .......................................................................................... 75
CHAPTER 5. INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES GAP ASSESSMENT ............................... 77
5.1 Water Supply............................................................................................................................. 77
5.2 Sewerage and Wastewater Generation .............................................................................. 78
5.3 Community Toilets: ..................................................................................................................... 79
5.3.2 Solid Waste Management .............................................................................................. 80
5.3.3 Storm Water Drainage .................................................................................................... 82
5.4 SWOT Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 86
5.4.1 Water Supply .................................................................................................................... 86
5.4.2 Sewerage & Storm Water Drainage............................................................................ 87
5.5 Key Potential Issues ................................................................................................................... 88
5.5.1 Identification and Analysis of Key Potential Issues Using Matrix Method ............. 89
5.5.2 Prioritizing the Identified Potential Issues Using Matrix Method.............................. 90
CHAPTER 6. IEC AND AWARENESS CAMPAIGN ............................................................ 91
6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 91
6.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................................... 91
6.3 Communication Methodology .................................................................................................. 91
6.4 Probes for Field Trips and FGDs ............................................................................................ 93
6.5 Problem Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 94
6.5.1 Open Defecation: .............................................................................................................. 94
6.5.2 Community Toilets .............................................................................................................. 94
6.5.3 Public Toilets: ...................................................................................................................... 95
6.5.4 Underground Sewerage System .................................................................................... 95
6.5.5 Solid Waste Management: ............................................................................................. 95
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6.5.6 Water Supply: ................................................................................................................... 95
6.5.7 Other issues: ....................................................................................................................... 95
6.6 Sanitation Consciousness – Current Status of Services and Behaviours ........................... 96
6.7 Messages for Stakeholders ...................................................................................................... 98
CHAPTER 7. SECTOR SPECIFIC STRATEGIES ................................................................. 101
7.1 City-Level Vision and Goals of Aligarh CSP ...................................................................... 101
7.1.1 Guiding Principles ........................................................................................................... 102
7.1.2 Framework ........................................................................................................................ 102
7.1.3 Timeline ............................................................................................................................. 102
7.2 City-Level Critical Problem Areas, Strategy and Recommendations ............................. 103
7.2.1 Sewerage Management ................................................................................................ 103
7.2.2 Strategy ............................................................................................................................ 104
7.2.3 Design Premises ............................................................................................................... 105
7.2.2 Access to Toilets ............................................................................................................... 109
7.2.3 Storm Water Management Sector .............................................................................. 112
7.2.4 Solid Waste Management ............................................................................................ 115
7.3 Action Plans ............................................................................................................................... 117
7.3.1 Technology Options ........................................................................................................ 117
7.3.2 Financial Options ............................................................................................................. 119
7.3.3 Institutional & Governance Options ............................................................................. 123
7.3.4 Capacity Enhancement & Awareness Generation Options ..................................... 126
7.3.5 Inclusive Approach .......................................................................................................... 128
Task 1. Transect Walks and Ward & Slum Profiling; ........................................................... 129
L I S T O F T A B L E S
Table 1: Color Codes: Categories of Cities ................................................................................................ 15
Table 2: Methodology and NUSP Rating of the City of Aligarh............................................................ 16
Table 3: Schedule details of MSW Rules, 2000 ..................................................................................... 19
Table 4: ILCS Scheme Details ........................................................................................................................ 20
Table 5: Tasks and Related Research Tools ............................................................................................... 25
Table 6 : Broad Framework of Situation Analysis ..................................................................................... 26
Table 7 Population Growth Trends ............................................................................................................. 33
Table 8 Administrative Zone Wise Population ........................................................................................... 34
Table 9 Functions of Various Organisations in Aligarh ........................................................................... 41
Table 10 Roles and Responsibilities of various institutions ....................................................................... 41
Table 11 Financial status of Nagar Nigam Aligarh ................................................................................. 43
Table 12 Revenue of Nagar Nigam Aligarh .......................................................................................... 44
Table 13 Expenditure of Nagar Nigam Aligarh ...................................................................................... 44
Table 14 Opening Revenues of Nagar Nigam Aligarh.......................................................................... 45
Table 15 Revenue - Collection of Against Demand .................................................................................. 46
Table 16 Annual Operating Revenues ........................................................................................................ 47
Table 17 Cost Recovery in Sewage Management .................................................................................... 47
Table 18 Efficiency in Collection of Sewerage charges .......................................................................... 48
Table 19 Extent of Cost recovery in SWM ............................................................................................... 48
Table 20 Water Supply SLB indicator values ............................................................................................ 51
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Table 21 Water supply-demand statistics - Aligarh city ....................................................................... 51
Table 22 Water Reservoirs in city of Aligarh ............................................................................................ 51
Table 23 : Length of Water distribution network ...................................................................................... 52
Table 24: Water supply service coverage ................................................................................................. 52
Table 25: Water Consumption & billing- Aligarh city .............................................................................. 53
Table 26: Service Quality – Water Supply ............................................................................................... 53
Table 27: Complaint Redressal ..................................................................................................................... 53
Table 28: Sewerage Service Indicator Values .......................................................................................... 54
Table 29: Type of Drains ............................................................................................................................... 54
Table 30: Sewerage Pumping Stations in Aligarh .................................................................................... 55
Table 31: Service Indicators for Water Drainage .................................................................................... 57
Table 32: Generation of Solid Waste......................................................................................................... 57
Table 33: Coverage of Door to Door service ............................................................................................ 59
Table 34: Waste Handling Equipment with NNA ...................................................................................... 60
Table 35: Government schools in Aligarh ................................................................................................... 71
Table 36: Type of industries .......................................................................................................................... 72
Table 37: List of sanitary wards ................................................................................................................... 75
Table 38: Open defecation sites .................................................................................................................. 76
Table 39: Water Demand Projection ........................................................................................................... 85
Table 40: Indicators & Guidelines for CSP .............................................................................................. 102
Table 41: Phases & Timelines for City Sanitation StrateGy................................................................. 103
Table 42: Assumptions for Strategic PlaNNing ....................................................................................... 103
Table 43: Targets for Service Delivery Levels in Sewerage Management Sector .......................... 104
Table 44: Design Inputs - Sewerage Management System ................................................................. 105
Table 45: Phase wise design components of CSP .................................................................................. 105
Table 46: Assumptions for provision of Toilet Facilities in Slum Areas ............................................... 109
Table 47: Design Inputs - Access to Toilets Strategy ............................................................................. 109
Table 48: Analysis of existing community toilets .................................................................................... 110
Table 49: Design Phases - Access to Toilets Sector ................................................................................ 111
Table 50: Targets for Service Delivery Levels in Storm water Management Sector ...................... 113
Table 51: Benefits of Source Control Techniques ................................................................................... 113
Table 52: Source Control Strategies ......................................................................................................... 113
Table 53: Source Control Initiatives .......................................................................................................... 114
Table 7-54: Targets for Service Delivery Levels in Solid Waste Management Sector .................. 116
Table 55: Technology Action Plan ............................................................................................................. 117
Table 56: Capital Investment Plan ............................................................................................................ 119
Table 57: O&M Expenditure Plan ............................................................................................................. 121
Table 58: Property Based Tax Options ................................................................................................... 121
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Table 59: Financing Source and Related Options .................................................................................. 122
Table 60: Institutional and Governance Action Plan .............................................................................. 124
Table 61: Capacity Enhancement & Awareness Generation Action Plan .......................................... 126
Table 62: Inclusive Approach Action Plan ................................................................................................ 128
L I S T O F F I G U R E S
Figure 1: Data Assimilation Process .............................................................................................................. 26
Figure 2: Essential Components of CSP ........................................................................................................ 28
Figure 3 Location map of Aligarh ............................................................................................................... 30
Figure 4 Population growth of Aligarh city ................................................................................................ 34
Figure 5 Population Projection Graph – Aligarh city ............................................................................... 35
Figure 6 Total population V/s Slum population (decedal) ...................................................................... 36
Figure 7 location of slums in Aligarh CITY ................................................................................................. 37
Figure 8 : Operating Revenue of Nagar Nigam Aligarh ...................................................................... 46
Figure 9 : Operating Expenses of Nagar Nigam Aligarh ...................................................................... 46
Figure 10: Annual opening revenues ............................................................................................................ 48
Figure 11: cost recovery in sewerage ......................................................................................................... 48
Figure 12 Coverage of water supply .......................................................................................................... 50
Figure 13 Coverage of Toilets in Aligarh City ........................................................................................... 54
Figure 14 Solid waste dumped in the streets of Aligarh City ................................................................ 58
Figure 15: Method of Solid waste collection in city of Aligarh ............................................................... 59
Figure 16: open dump site ............................................................................................................................. 60
Figure 17: total staff for solid waste management .................................................................................. 61
Figure 18: Sanitation facilities at household level ..................................................................................... 61
Figure 19: Household Toilet in Bhojpur slum ............................................................................................... 62
Figure 20: sanitation situation in slum AREAS ............................................................................................. 62
Figure 21: Service Satisfaction of Community Toilets ............................................................................... 64
Figure 22: Reasons For not having Toilets ................................................................................................... 64
Figure 23: Disposal of Household Waste ................................................................................................... 65
Figure 24: Disposal of Solid Waste ............................................................................................................. 65
Figure 25: user charges for solid waste managemenT ............................................................................. 65
Figure 26: open dumping sties ...................................................................................................................... 66
Figure 27: frequency of collection and sweeping ..................................................................................... 66
Figure 28: Fecal sludge management .......................................................................................................... 68
Figure 29 : Condition of Community toilet .................................................................................................. 68
Figure 30 : Situation of community toilets Turkman gate ......................................................................... 69
Figure 31: Situation of community toilets ..................................................................................................... 69
Figure 32 : Availability of Water Supply for Community toilets ........................................................... 70
Figure 33: Primary school at Bhojpur area of Aligarh city .................................................................. 71
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Figure 34: Condition of toilets in schools bhojpur ...................................................................................... 72
Figure 35 waste management in industries................................................................................................. 73
Figure 36: OPEN Slaughter House ............................................................................................................... 74
Figure 37 : Open defication sites in aligarh ............................................................................................... 75
Figure 38: Focused Group Discussion at Slum Nagala Aashik Ali .......................................................... 77
Figure 39 : Water Supply Analysis .............................................................................................................. 78
Figure 40 : Waste Water Management ..................................................................................................... 78
Figure 41: Waste Generation in City .......................................................................................................... 79
Figure 42 : Solid waste management Analysis .......................................................................................... 82
Figure 43: Broad Instrumental Outcomes of the Detailed Action Plan ............................................... 123
A N N E X U R E S 1 - 1 6 … … … … … … … … … G I V E N I N S P E R A T E F O L D E R
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F R O M D I R E C T O R ‟ S D E S K
“Water is Life and Sanitation is Dignity.”
The above quote well impresses upon one the fact that sanitation is the most important aspect for a
healthy and dignified living.
Often sanitation is considered to be synonymous to just the solid waste management, especially in the
ULBs. To set right this flawed concept, sanitation ideally can be defined as a culmination of efforts to
manage the access to toilets, safe management of human excreta, liquid and solid waste, including
their safe confined treatment, disposal and associated hygiene-related practices. With increasing
urbanization sanitation is becoming a severe problem in all cities in our country.
There arises a need for integrated solutions to take account of the various elements of environmental
sanitation, fecal management and disposal, solid waste management; management of industrial and
other specialized/hazardous wastes; drainage; as also the management of the quality of the drinking
water supply. This is the main aim and purpose underlying the preparation of City Sanitation Plan.
We take an opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to all the officials who have helped and
supported us throughout the process which made the completion of the report possible. Extensive and
rigorous discussions with ULB officials have well-defined the efforts and the resulting outcomes. The
City Sanitation Plan for the city of Aligarh presents effective strategies for the greater access to
sanitation for the city population coupled with safe disposal of solid and liquid waste generated
throughout the city by suggesting environment friendly and sustainable technical options.
Prof Srinivas Chary Vedala
Dean & Director Centre for Energy, Environment, Urban Governance & Infrastructure Development Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad
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A C K N O W L E D G M E N T
Thanks can never be expressed in plain words.
We wish to place on record our gratitude to Honorable Mayor Shrimati Shakuntala Bharati, Nagar
Ayukt Shri Salin Kumar Singh and CSP Nodal Officer Shri A K Singh for supplementing and whole-
heartedly supporting the efforts towards action research and the development of City Sanitation Plan
for the city of Aligarh.
Our Special thanks to Gyan Jyoti Shiksha Samiti of Agra for undertaking the primary survey of city
and their continuous support. This study would not have been possible without the facilitation and
cooperation of Nagar Nigam Aligarh and respective parastatal agencies.
We express our sincere thanks to all the people who supported us and helped to finish this document
with all the specifications.
Prof. Srinivas Chary Vedala Dean & Director Centre for Energy, Environment, Urban Governance & Infrastructure Development Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad
On behalf of the entire ASCI team which has put forth dedicated efforts towards the development of
this CSP report -
Prof. Srinivas Chary Vedala
Colonel Jagdish Jamwal
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A B B R E V I A T I O N S
ASCI Administrative Staff College of India
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
BOOT Buy-Own-Operate and Transfer
BPL Below Poverty Line
BSUP Basic Services to the Urban Poor
CAA Constitution Amendment Act
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
CSP City Sanitation Plan
CT Community Toilets
CSTF City sanitation Task Force
DPR Detailed Project Report
FGD Focus Group Discussions
GoI Government of India
HHs Households
HSC House Service Connections
IEC Information, Education, Communication
ILCS Integrated Low Cost Sanitation
MoUD Ministry of Urban Development
MSL Mean Sea Level
MSW Municipal Solid Waste
NRW Non-Revenue Water
NUSP National Urban Sanitation Policy
OD Open Defecation
O&M Operation and Maintenance
PSP Public Stand Posts
RWA Residents Welfare Association
SI Sanitary Inspector
SLB Service Level Benchmarking
STP Sewage Treatment Plant
SWM Solid Waste Management
ULB Urban Local Body
UGD Under Ground Drainage
WC Water Closet
Units of Measure
lpcd liters per capita per day
m meter
MLD million liters per day
sq.m square meter
TPD tonnes per day
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This document presents City Sanitation Plan (CSP) of Nagar Nigam Aligarh (NNA). Aligarh is one of the 8 cities whose CSPs are being prepared by ASCI in partnership with Government of Uttar Pradesh and respective Nagar Nigam. The CSP process in Aligarh city endeavor‟s to identify the various areas that are affected by various issues with different sectors of sanitation, (viz. sewerage, solid waste management, storm water drainage and water supply) and also to provide guidance towards the solutions of the said issues. This has been made possible through an extensive participatory approach including field visits, repeated discussions with various stakeholders, sample surveys, etc. Acquiring and assimilation of varied secondary information also formed an important part of the process. The plan preparation process was carried out using methodology requiring wide range of data in various areas and population groups, to develop robust analysis and produce outputs. The data collection included both primary and secondary sources and detail analysis of them. The analysis in turn has paved the way for the preparation of the proposal for various strategies to alleviate the sanitary conditions of the places, so that Aligarh city may well overcome the various plaguing issues and thereby a healthy sanitized environment prevails for the citizens. The report has two major sections –
The Situational Analysis
The Sanitation Strategies
The former section deals with depicting the city and its present status with regards to sanitation. The aim is to highlight the existing conditions regarding access and coverage of sanitary facilities, identify the gaps and striking issues, and understand the behavioural aspects of various sections of the society. This section is covered from Chapter 1 to Chapter 4. The later section thereafter provides gap identification, strategies and solutions to bridge the identified gaps, mitigate the existing issues, and provide ways and means to aid the sustenance of the existing and proposed strategies and projects. The Situational Analysis
Chapter 1 gives an introduction to the CSP process, its background, and the objectives behind it. This is followed by the step-by-step methodology of the CSP process, as well as the status of the CSP for the Aligarh city. The process of collection of baseline information – both primary and secondary, has been explained at length. Also presents a review of the policies & programmes that are prevalent and followed in Uttar Pradesh to improve the sanitation conditions in the urban areas. It gives detailed insight into the NUSP 2008 and the sanitation ranking of cities, the MSW 2000 rules, the ILCS scheme, Rajiv Awas Yojana, UIDSSMT and 13th FC which have been taken up for the improvement of access and coverage of sanitary facilities. Chapter 2 deals with the City Profile where the various aspects of the city are discussed in order to get a fair idea about the city itself. Aspects such as location, regional linkages, demography, economic, land use and housing profiles, the slum and squatter settlements are discussed in brief. Chapter 3 summarizes the Institutional Arrangements in Aligarh and Finance Information of NNA. Functions of NNA and Parastatal bodies and overlap of institutional responsibly is also briefly discussed. Later part of chapter discusses financial information of NNA related to Water Supply, Sewerage & Drainage and Solid Waste Management. Chapter 4: Section A covers the Service Profile of Aligarh City. The aim of the chapter is to present a clear picture of the existing systems of sanitation in the city. It contains four sectors; Water supply system, Sewerage & Sanitation, Solid Waste Management and, Storm Water Drainage system of the city. The performance of each of the sectors is evaluated through Service Level Benchmarking (SLB)
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indicators. In Section B discusses Sanitation Situation in Aligarh City based on information collected by primary sample survey. In this chapter situation analysis is done both at the Household and community level.
The Sanitation Strategies
Chapter 5 covers the Gap Identification and Analysis. In this chapter four sectors (Water supply system, Solid waste Management Sewerage and sanitation and, Storm water drainage system) are analyzed based on the captured and available information. Within each sector, the gaps and issues in access and coverage are identified, the problem areas are clearly demarcated, and projections are also made for the future years, later part covers the communication need assessment. Chapter 6 This chapter discusses sanitation consciousness and appropriate IEC & communication methodologies for Aligarh city. Chapter 7 The City Wide Sanitation Strategies and Roadmap are presented. It provides the vision for the CSP and its goals. Thereafter, recommendations of most appropriate options and basic guiding strategies for Water Supply, Solid Waste Management, Sewerage and Drainage are suggested. Strategies have been provided to improve coverage and access to sanitation facilities in phased manner. Concluding the report budget plan to implement effectively the short term proposal and, overall plan for mid-term and long term is also proposed.
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
T o p i c s o f D i s c u s s i o n
NUSP: The Background
Sanitation Related Policies and Laws
Objectives of City Sanitation Plan
City Sanitation Planning & Research Methodology
1.1 NUSP: The Background
The National Urban Sanitation Policy launched during 2008 envisages “All Indian cities and towns
become totally sanitized, healthy and livable and ensure and sustain good public health and environmental
outcomes for all their citizens with a special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for the
urban poor and women.”
With this vision, the National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) intends to facilitate provision of
appropriate sanitation facilities in all cities and towns, through policy, institutional, technical and
financial interventions. Some of the areas to address under NUSP include open defecation free towns,
providing access to toilets for poor people, waste water and solid waste treatment and disposal and
achieving public health outcomes and environmental standards.
The overall goal of National policy is to transform Urban India into community-driven, totally sanitized,
healthy and livable cities and towns. Specific goals include – (1) Awareness Generation and Behavior
Change; (2) Open Defecation Free Cities; (3) Integrated City-Wide Sanitation; (4) Sanitary and Safe
Disposal, and (5) Proper Operation & Maintenance of all Sanitary Installations.
Against this background, and in recognition of its importance to national and state development, the
Integrated City-Wide Sanitation Plan for Aligarh City is prepared to provide city-wide systematic
approach and framework to achieve the goals contemplated under NUSP. Govt. of India shall
support the following components under NUSP:
Awareness Generation
Institutional Roles
Reaching the Un-Served and Poor Households
Knowledge Development
Capacity Building
Financing
National Monitoring & Evaluation
Coordination at the National Level
1.1.1 Concept of Totally Sanitized Cities
A totally Sanitized City will be one that has achieved the outputs or milestones specified in the
National Urban Sanitation policy, the salient features of which are as follows:
Cities must be open defecation free
Must eliminate the practice of manual scavenging and provide adequate personnel protection
equipment that addresses the safety of sanitation workers.
Municipal wastewater and storm water drainage must be safely managed
Recycle and reuse of treated wastewater for non-potable applications should be implemented
wherever possible.
Solid Waste collected and disposed off fully and safely
Services to the Poor and Systems for Sustaining Results
Improved Public Health Outcomes and Environmental Standards
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1.1.2 Rating and Categorization of Cities
The rating of cities in regard to their performance in sanitation improvements will be based on set of
objective indicators of outputs, processes and outcomes.
Three Categories of Indicators
The rating exercise will involve three categories of indicators:
Output Related Indicators: pertain to the city having achieved certain results or outputs in different
dimensions of sanitation ranging from behavioral aspects and provision, to safe collection, treatment
and disposal without harm to the city‟s environment. There are nine main output-indicators accounting for
50 points of the total of 100 points.
Process Related Indicators: pertain to systems and procedures that exist and are practiced by the city
agencies to ensure sustained sanitation. There are seven main process-indicators accounting for 30 points
of the total of 100 points.
Outcome Related Indicators: include the quality of drinking water and that of water in water-bodies
of city, as also the extent of reduction in sanitation-related and water-borne diseases in the city over a
time period. There are three main outcome-indicators accounting for 20 points of a total of 100 points1.
Ideally, data for the above outputs, processes and outcomes are regularly collected by city authorities
but at present, very few cities will have, at best, partial data available. This rating exercise will help
in highlighting the need for regular data-collection and monitoring of indicators.
On the basis of the said rating scheme, cities will be placed in different categories as presented in
Table 1-1 and the distribution of the 436 cities is also depicted. National rating survey data will utilize
these categories for publication of results. On the basis of plans prepared and implemented, cities will
be able to measure the results of their actions, and be able to clearly chart out their improvements
over time compared to their baseline situation
Table 1: Color Codes: Categories of Cities
NO. CATEGORY POINTS NO. OF CITIES
DESCRIPTION
1 Red ≤33 204 Cities on the brink of public health and environmental “emergency”; needing immediate remedial action
2 Black 34-66 228 Needing considerable improvements
3 Blue 67-90 4 Recovering but still diseased
4 Green 91-100 0 Healthy and Clean city
.On achievement of remarkable results, i.e. coming into the Green category (Healthy and Clean City),
cities will typically become eligible for the national award. Other cities showing remarkable
incremental performance or selective achievements may also be given special or honorary awards.
Cities in different size-classes may also be considered for category-wise awards. Based on results of
the Rating survey and selection of awardees, cities will be invited to participate in a National Urban
Sanitation Award ceremony.
Findings of a survey commissioned by MoUD rated 423 Class-I (with a population of more than
100,000) Indian cities on safe sanitation practices. Aligarh has been ranked at 227 out of 423 Class I
cities, scoring 33.88 marks out of 100 marks and in Black category. This means performance of
Aligarh in regard to safe sanitation is abysmal on various indicators. A complete profiling of Aligarh
against 19 parameters has been presented below in a table, indicating the present status and
identifying few targets which can be achieved in a phase wise manner – short-term, mid-term and long
term.
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 16
Table 2: Methodology and NUSP Rating of the City of Aligarh
INDICATORS POINTS
POINTS SCORED BY ALIGARH
1 OUTPUT RELATED 50 11.4
A No open defecation 16 7.9
i. Access and use of toilets by urban poor and other un-served households (including slums) - individual and
community sanitation facilities 4 2
ii. Access and use of toilets for floating and institutional populations - adequate public sanitation facilities 4 0.93
iii. No open defecation visible 4 1
iv. Eliminate Manual Scavenging and provide personnel protection equipment to sanitary workers 4 4
B Proportion of total human excreta generation that is safely collected (6 points for 100%) 6 0.5
C Proportion of total black waste water generation that is treated and safely disposed off (6 points for 100%) 6 0
D Proportion of total grey waste water generation that is treated and safely disposed off (3 points for 100%) 3 0
E Proportion of treated water that is recycled and reused for non-potable applications 3 0
F Proportion of total storm-water and drainage that is efficiently and safely managed (3 points for 100%) 3 3
G Proportion of total solid waste generation that is regularly collected (4 points for 100%) 4 0
H Proportion of total solid waste generation that is treated and safely disposed off (4 points for 100%) 4 0
I City wastes cause no adverse impacts on surrounding areas outside city limits (5 points for 100%) 5 0
2 PROCESS RELATED** 30 16.5
A M&E systems are in place to track incidences of open defecation 4 0
B All sewerage systems in the city are working properly and there is no ex-filtration (Not applicable for cities
without sewerage systems) 5 5
C Sewage / sludge is regularly cleaned, safely transported and disposed after treatment, from on-site systems
in the city (Maximum 10 marks for cities without sewerage systems) 5 5
D Underground and surface drainage systems are functioning and are well maintained 4 2
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INDICATORS POINTS
POINTS SCORED BY ALIGARH
E Solid waste management (collection and treatment) systems are efficient (and are in conformity with the MSW
Rules, 2003) 5 2.5
F There is clear institutional responsibility assigned; and there are documented operational systems in practice
for b/c) to e) above 4 1
G Sanctions for deviance on part of polluters and institutions is clearly laid out and followed in practice 3 1
3 OUTCOME RELATED 20 6
A Improved quality of drinking water in city compared to baseline 7 6
B Improved water quality in water bodies in and around city compared to baseline 7 0
C Reduction in water-borne disease incidence amongst city population compared to baseline 6 0
GRAND TOTAL 100 33.9
URBAN SANITATION RANKING
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Based on the survey conducted in the City of Aligarh to assess the sanitation situation against the defined nineteen (19) indicators grouped under the three
categories related to output, process and outcome; it may be fairly inferred that there are areas under the three categories which require immediate attention in order to
improve the condition of sanitation.
1.1.2.1 IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS AREAS
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1.1.3 National Award Scheme for Sanitation for Indian Cities
In order to rapidly promote sanitation in urban areas of the country (as provided for in the National
Urban Sanitation Policy and Goals 2008) and to recognize excellent performance in this area,
Government of India has instituted an annual award scheme for cities. The award is based on the
premise that improved public health and environmental standards are the two outcomes that cities
must seek to ensure for urban citizens. In doing so, governments in states and urban areas will need to
plan and implement holistic city-wide sanitation plans, thereby put in place processes that help reach
outputs pertaining to safe collection, disposal and disposal (including conveyance, treatment, and/ or
re-use without adverse impacts on the environment in and around the cities). It may be noted that the
awards will not recognize mere inputs, hardware or expenditure incurred in urban sanitation but
assess how these lead to achievements of intermediate milestones toward the final result of 100 %
safe disposal of wastes from the city on a sustainable basis. Cities will need to raise the awareness of
city stakeholders (households, establishments, industries, municipal functionaries, media, etc.) since
improved sanitation can ensure improved public health and environmental outcomes only if
considerable changes in behavior and practice take place across the spectrum of society.
1.2 Sanitation Related Pol icies and Laws
1.2.1 Municipal Solid Waste Rules, 2000
The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1999 were published under the
notification of the Government of India in the Ministry of Environment and Forests. In exercise of the
powers conferred by section 3, 6 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), the
Central Government hereby made the rules to regulate the management and handling of the
municipal solid wastes, 2000.
Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000 (MSW Rules) are applicable to every
municipal authority responsible for collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing and
disposal of municipal solids. The Rules contains four Schedules namely:
Table 3: Schedule details of MSW Rules, 2000
Schedule-I Relates to implementation Schedule
Schedule-II Specifications relating to collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing
and disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW).
Schedule-III
Specifications for land filling indicating; site selection, facilities at the site, specifications
for and filling, Pollution prevention, water quality monitoring, ambient air quality
monitoring, Plantation at landfill site, closure of landfill site and post care.
Schedule-IV Indicate waste processing options including standards for composting, treated leachate
and incinerations.
The MSW Rules -2000 categorically state the roles and responsibilities of ULBs, the State Govt., the
Union Territory Administrations and the Pollution Control Boards. The roles of the ULBs as stated are
as follows:
Every municipal authority shall, within the territorial area of the municipality, be responsible for
the implementation of the provisions of these rules, and for any infrastructure development for
collection, storage, segregation, transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes.
The municipal authority or an operator of a facility shall make an application in Form-I, for grant
of authorization for setting up waste processing and disposal facility including landfills from the
State Board or the Committee in order to comply with the implementation programme laid down
in Schedule I.
The municipal authority shall comply with these rules as per the implementation schedule laid
down in Schedule I.
The municipal authority shall furnish its annual report -
o To the Secretary-in-charge of the Department of Urban Development of the concerned State
or as the case may be of the Union territory, in case of a metropolitan city; or
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o To the District Magistrate or the Deputy Commissioner concerned in case of all other towns
and cities, with a copy to the State Board or the Committee on or before the 30th day of
June every year.
1.2.2 Integrated Low Cost Sanitation (ILCS)
The programme envisages construction of new sanitary latrines in households not having latrines
by adopting the low-cost leach pit system, with an objective to eliminate dry latrines and manual
scavenging. The scheme is being implemented with 63% HUDCO loan, 32% Government of India
subsidy and 5% of contribution of beneficiary. Initially during the year 1992 the Integrated Low
Cost Sanitation Scheme was taken up in 34 municipalities, subsequently extended the programme
covering all the Urban Local Bodies in a phased programme. The scheme was implemented in all
113 Urban Local Bodies with HUDCO financial assistance.
Table 4: ILCS Scheme Details
EARLIER PROVISION REVISED PROVISION
1
The scheme has been taken on a 'whole town
basis' and the towns having population less
than 5 lakh are being covered
The earlier programme was town-wise for
population up to 5 lakh as per 1981 census
which need not be restricted any more as the
whole country is to be declared as scavenger
free. The new guidelines will cover all towns on
"All Town" basis.
2
Pattern of Assistance: The HUDCO is providing
loan and a mix of subsidy from the Central
Government in a synchronized manner as per
the following financing pattern.
Category/Subsidy/Loan/Beneficiary Contribution
EWS/45%/50%/5%
LIG/25%/60%/15%
MIG/HIG/Nil/75%/25%
75% subsidy for the EWS beneficiaries 15% of
State's contribution and 10% of Beneficiaries
contribution.
3
The present unit cost for different categories of
sanitary latrines is as follows:- 5 user unit
Rs4000.00, 10 user unit Rs6000.00, 15 user
unit Rs7000.00 Super structure cost not
included.
Provision of subsidy including the superstructure
in case of individual toilets: An upper ceiling of
Rs. 10,000/-for complete unit of pour flush
units with superstructure.
4
No provision of IEC component. It is proposed to include the Information,
Education and Communication (IEC) component
with 1% of the total central allocations under
the scheme in each of the financial year with
the Ministry. In case the funds retained are not
utilized, these may be utilized in the projects.
5
No involvement/ participation of NGOs at
implementation stage.
NGOs may be involved by the State
Governments in the implementation of the
scheme in various activities meant for the
benefit of EWS population under the scheme
with maximum charges upto 15% over and
above the total project cost to be borne by the
Centre and States in the ratio of 5:1 at
different stages of implementation.
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1.2.3 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
The aim of JNNURM is to encourage reforms and fast track planned development of identified cities.
The prime focus of JNNURM is stimulate efficiency in urban infrastructure and service delivery
mechanisms, community participation, and accountability of ULBs/ parastatal agencies towards
citizens.
Objectives of JNNURM:
Focused attention to integrated development of infrastructure services in cities covered under the
Mission;
Establishment of linkages between asset-creation and asset-management through a slew of
reforms for long-term project sustainability;
Ensuring adequate funds to meet the deficiencies in urban infrastructural services;
Planned development of identified cities including peri-urban areas, outgrowths and urban
corridors leading to dispersed urbanization;
Scale-up delivery of civic amenities and provision of utilities with emphasis on universal access to
the urban poor;
Special focus on urban renewal programme for the old city areas to reduce congestion; and
Provision of basic services to the urban poor including security of tenure at affordable prices,
improved housing, water supply and sanitation, and ensuring delivery of other existing universal
services of the government for education, health and social security.
1.2.4 Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)
The Government has initiated a new scheme called Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) for the slum dwellers
and the urban poor. This scheme aims at providing Central support to States that are willing to assign
property rights to slum dwellers. The Government‟s effort would be to create a Slum-free India
through the implementation of RAY.
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA) has prepared Guidelines for Slum
Free City Planning to assist the preparatory activities under RAY and this has been circulated to all
States/UTs. RAY calls for a multi-pronged approach focusing on the following aspects:
Bringing existing slums within the formal system and enabling them to avail the same level of
basic amenities as the rest of the town/city.
Redressing the failures of the formal system that lead to the creation of slums; and
Tackling the shortages of urban land and housing that keep shelter out of reach of the urban
poor and force them to resort to extra-legal solutions in a bid to retain their sources of livelihood
and employment.
Under the Slum Free City Planning guidelines, there is a requirement for the Urban Local Bodies
(ULBs) to build an inventory of existing spatial data available with various agencies. Often ULBs,
other than metropolitan cities, do not have centralized spatial data. Under RAY, it is planned to have
„Technical Cell‟, which will have responsibilities to coordinate and collect data from state governments,
NRSC/ISRO, Survey of India, National Informatics Centre (NIC) etc. If the city base map is not
available, a base map of the city would be generated using standard guidelines set forth under the
project.
As given in the Slum Free City Planning (SFCP) guidelines, the preparation of Slum-free City Plan will
broadly involve survey of all slums – notified and non-notified; mapping of slums using the state-of-
art technology; integration of geo-spatial and socio-economic data; and identification of
development model proposed for each slum. To achieve these things, a systematic approach is
essential which will be useful for various other developmental planning initiatives for the urban poor.
The present technical manual details the steps to be followed for slum mapping using satellite data,
GPS, Total Station Survey in preparing GIS database, MIS development of non-spatial data
collected and integration of GIS with MIS to enable generating Plan of Action (PoA) for slum free
cities.
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PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS OF CITY-WIDE APPROACH
Collection and sanitary disposal of wastes, including
solid wastes, liquid wastes, excreta, industrial
wastes, clinical and other hazardous wastes;
Collection and management of storm water
drainage;
Cleansing of thoroughfares, markets and other
public spaces;
Environmental sanitation education;
Inspection and enforcement of sanitary regulations;
Monitoring the observance of environmental
standards
RAY envisages that each State would prepare a State Slum-free Plan of Action (POA). The
preparation of legislation for assignment of property rights to slum dwellers would be the first step
for State POA. The POA would need to be in two parts,
Part-1 regarding the upgradation of existing slums and Part-2 regarding the action to prevent new
slums; In Part-1 the State would need to survey and map all exiting slums in selected cities proposed
by the State for coverage under RAY. In Part-2 the Plan would need to assess the rate of growth of
the city with a 20 year perspective, and based on the numbers specify the actions proposed to be
taken to obtain commensurate lands or virtual lands and promote the construction of affordable EWS
houses so as to stay abreast of the demand. This part would need also to make necessary legislative
and administrative changes to enable urban land expansion, and in town planning regulations to
legislate reservations for EWS/LIG housing in all new developments.
Slum-free City Cell in Urban Local Body headed by the Municipal Commissioner/Executive Officer
will be primarily responsible for the preparation of Slum-free City Plans based on guidelines
provided by the concerned State Government and support extended by the Nodal Agency for Rajiv
Awas Yojana at the State level.
1.2.5 Urban infrastructure Development Scheme for Small & Medium Towns (UIDSSMT)
UIDSSMT aims at improvement in urban infrastructure in towns and cities in a planned manner. It shall
subsume the existing schemes of Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT) and
Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme (AUWSP).
The objectives of the UIDSSMT scheme are to:
Improve infrastructural facilities and help create durable public assets and quality oriented
services in cities & towns
Enhance public-private-partnership in infrastructural development and
Promote planned integrated development of towns and cities.
1.2.5 13th Central Finance Commission (CFC)
Importantly, the report of 13th CFC released in February 2010 recommended general performance
grants and special area performance grants to be linked to performance of ULBs. Moreover,
allocations to ULBs would now be linked to divisible pool replacing the previous ad-hoc
allocation. Grants to the tune of Rs. 23,111 crores have been allocated to ULBs for the period 2010-
15, a four-fold growth over the 12th CFC allocation.
The 13th CFC recommends state governments and ULBs to focus on improved property tax revenues,
urban service standards, strengthened local body framework, improved municipal accounting,
introduce system of independent ombudsmen, and put in place a system of electronic transfer of
grants to ULBs among other things.
1.3 Objectives of Aligarh City
Sanitation Plan
The City Sanitation Plan (CSP) is aimed at
developing and maintaining a clean, safe and
pleasant physical environment in Aligarh city to
promote social, economic and physical well-
being of all sections of the population. It
encompasses plan of action for achieving 100%
sanitation in the city of Aligarh through demand
generation and awareness campaign,
sustainable technology selection, construction
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and maintenance of sanitary infrastructure, provision of services, O&M issues, institutional roles and
responsibilities, public education, community and individual action, regulation and legislation.
1.4 City Sanitation Planning and Research Methodology
CSP tries to detail out how the city plan is to deliver the sanitary outcomes defined in NUSP and state
strategy, in coordination with other line departments to ensure a well collaborated approach
engaging all stakeholders including governmental and non-governmental civic service providers. The
scope of CSPs broadly encompass following major tasks:
1.4.1 City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF)
The first step in making the cities 100% sanitized is to elevate the consciousness about sanitation in the
mind of municipal agencies, government agencies and most importantly, amongst the people of the
city. As per the requirement of CSP, major role is to be played by the members of institutions,
organizations, individuals, NGOs, academics, journals, local councilors, industry owners, consultants,
representatives of private sector, etc. Constitution of CSTF is facilitated by drawing members from
these groups in consensus with NNA who will be constantly supporting the CSP preparation by
analyzing the strengths and competencies required to overcome the current situation and for better
sanitation facilities.
For this purpose, CSTF has to be constituted in the ULB and it has to organize a multi-stakeholder,
multi-party meeting in the preparatory stage, and take a formal resolution to make the city 100%
sanitized. CSTF has been constituted by Nagar Nigam Aligarh (NNA). Refer to Annexure 1 for the
policy paper on the formalization of CSTF for city of Aligarh
The roles and responsibilities of CSTF will include:
Launching the City 100% Sanitation Campaign
Generating awareness
Approving materials and progress reports
Approving the City Sanitation Plan
Providing overall guidance
Fixing of responsibilities on a permanent basis.
Task 1. CSTF MEMBERS
The City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) plays a very important part in the formulation and
implementation of the CSP in a city. The importance of CSTF and their functions were clearly
portrayed to the NNA authorities. As per the guidelines of NUSP 2008, the NNA constituted the CSTF
for the city of Aligarh. Refer to Annexure 2 for the list of CSTF members & meetings details of Aligarh
city.
Task 2. CSTF Sensitization cum Orientation Workshop
With this background knowledge, a NNA level sensitization cum orientation workshop involving CSTF
members, NNA officials and identified stakeholders was organised on 12 November 2010 at Aligarh
to sensitize them about the framework of NUSP 2008 and know the concerns of citizens about the city
sanitation. Shri Ashutosh Varshney, Mayor & Shri Vinod Kumar Panwar, Nagar Ayukt Aligarh
chaired the meeting and Col J Jamwal, Advisor ASCI Hyderabad gave a comprehensive presentation
about the importance of sanitation issues in the development of the city.
The purpose of the workshop was to highlight the need to engage with issues relating to sanitation
access and arrangement especially in slums; awareness generation for changed behaviour and
practices; community participation and mobilization to accord sanitation priority at all levels from
policy to action on ground; and a number of technical, institutional and financial issues to be
addressed in CSP and its various steps of preparation.
About one hundred and five prominent citizens, NNA officials and others stakeholders participated and actively expressed their views about the state of city sanitation. Refer to Annexure 3 for the
issues & concerns discussed in CSTF meetings and FGDs at Aligarh city.
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CSTF MEETING AT ALIGARH ON 12 NOV 2010
Source: ASCI, Hyderabad
1.4.2 Collection of Secondary Data
Secondary data collection and review of available information from various sources has been
conducted as per the underlying objectives of CSP. The officials of NNA, ADA, AJK, UP Jal Nigam,
DUDA and other parastatal agencies shall be duly involved in the validation process. The following
steps define the process of secondary data collection -
Task 1. Preparatory Work (Profiling Of NNA)
As a preparatory work, a preliminary profiling of NNA will be undertaken using SLB indicators and
City Sanitation Rating to highlight the open defecation free (ODF) status, sanitation situation, health
indicators and current projects. This will also be strengthen the further investigation by transect walks,
field visits and primary data collection.
Task 2. Review/Study of The Current Practices
This includes a review of sector strategies in water, sanitation and solid waste management at state
and city level. DPRs prepared on these sectors will be studied in detail and analysed. Also regional
and state urban strategies to know the dynamics of urbanisation pattern will be studied and
examined in details.
Task 3. Condition Assessment
Choices of toilet in the city and their effectiveness along with pictures on super structure, below
ground, design models and materials used for different uses like residential, industries, public spaces
and new areas.
Task 4. Ward Profiling as Per City Sanitation Ranking Parameters
City as a number of spatial units will look at indicators pertaining to the practice of open defecation,
access to sanitation (individual, community and public), collection, treatment and disposal of solid and
liquid wastes, proper upkeep and maintenance of the sanitation infrastructure, clear institutional roles
and responsibilities and improvements in health and environment as per the “City Sanitation Rating”.
1.4.3 Primary Data Collection and Sampling
Data collection is facilitated to a limited extent through rapid field surveys, sample surveys, case
studies, consultations, transect walks, FGDs, etc., to validate and supplement the secondary data. The
data will be collected as per formats/templates and questionnaires after brief orientation to the
stakeholders. Random stratified sampling in typical cases (slums, schools, wards commercial places,
public latrines, surface drains, solid waste arrangements, industries, health and educational institutions
etc.) evenly distributed all over the city to cover all representative types of situations.
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Task 1. Sample survey results for the basic services
Purpose: The objective of conducting the sample field survey was to assess the services at the customer
level / field level and validate the information given by the officials.
Methodology: Samples were taken across the different parts of the city to validate the information.
The distribution of the samples is given in the table as follows.
Areas covered: The survey covered spatially all parts of the city, but the main focus was given to the
following areas -
ACTIVITIES FOCUSED AREAS TOOLS SAMPLING SAMPLE SIZE
1 Household survey of
residential & slum
areas
Household level Questionnaire Random
Sampling
500 HHs
2 Communication need
assessment through
Focused Group
Discussions (FGDs)
Slum areas,
residential areas,
elected
representatives, and
other potential areas
Check list Random
Sampling
10 – 12 FGDs
3 Institutions Collector office, NNA
office, Bus & Rail
station
Questionnaire Random
Sampling
10 (in Nos)
4 Community Toilets All potential areas Questionnaire Random
Sampling
50 – 100%
5 Public Toilets All potential areas Questionnaire Random
Sampling
50 – 100%
6 Hospitals All Hospitals with
100+ beds or 50 –
100 beds
Questionnaire Random
Sampling
10 – 12 (in
Nos)
7 School Sanitation Govt, Primary,
Secondary, High
schools
Questionnaire Random
Sampling
50 – 100%;
10% (>10
lakh)
8 Slaughter Houses Potential areas Questionnaire Random
Sampling
1– 2 (in Nos)
9 Commercial/ market
areas
Potential areas
(target groups include
both shopkeeper &
customers)
Questionnaire Random
Sampling
5-8 (in Nos)
10 Industries Potential areas Questionnaire Random
Sampling
5 – 6 (in Nos)
11 Secondary Data - Check list - -
12 Water Bodies Potential areas Questionnaire Random
Sampling
50 – 100%
Task 2. Field Reconnaissance & Transact Walk
ASCI team oganized city wide field reconnaissance and transact walks along with NNA officials and
other stakeholders to gauze and access first hand sanitation situation of Aligarh city.
1.4.3.1 RESEARCH TECHNIQUES
Table 5: Tasks and Related Research Tools
TASKS RESEARCH TOOLS
1 Social and environmental issues
Literature Review
Baseline Survey
Case Studies
Consultations/FGDs
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TASKS RESEARCH TOOLS
2
Policies, acts, operational procedures to
address, mitigate and manage the social and
environmental issues
Literature Review
Survey/FGDs
Case studies/Discussions
Stakeholder Consultations
3
CAN: Perception on sanitation, its maintenance
and investment (Analysis of data), mitigate
adverse/negative impacts
Literature Review
Secondary Information Review
Case Studies /Rapid survey data
Analysis
FGDs /Stakeholder Consultations
4 Existing institutional arrangements in managing
and mitigating social and environmental issues
Literature Review
FGDs Stakeholder Consultations
Survey Data Analysis
1.4.3.1.1 Process Followed for Data Assimilation:
1.4.4 Situation Analysis and Mapping Current Status
The Situation Analysis, prepared by taking into consideration the ground realities, local conditions,
and assessment of the present sanitation situation and broad framework as indicated below:
Table 6 : Broad Framework of Situation Analysis
SECTORS SPATIAL UNTIS FINANCIAL
MECHANISM
INSTITUTIONAL SET-
UP
Service levels and
benchmarks
Household Sanitation
Slum/LIG
Cost Recovery–Policy–
Tariffs–Collections
Institutional
Arrangement – Policies,
Plans, implementation,
management.
Sewerage and
Sanitation
Public Sanitary
Conveniences Budget Transfers.
Staffing and
manpower
Solid Waste
Management School Sanitation PPPs.
Organization &
Competencies
Water Supply Institutional Sanitation
Map spatially
Study of current
programmes (SJSRY,
ILCS, etc.)
Inter departmental
functioning and
relations
Storm Water Drainage Any town specific
areas.
Sharing of resources
and responsibilities
FIGURE 1: DATA ASSIMILATION PROCESS
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Tools Used: Data Templates, Survey Formats, Transect Walks along with schedules of interviews (Slum,
industrial areas, water bodies), FGDs, Technical Analysis, Impact, Indicators, Stakeholder Consultations at
City level, etc.
Task 1. Problem Analysis and Assessment of Options
Followed by situational analysis, problem and challenges have been identified in coverage, access,
treatment and disposal, institutional, financial, social and cultural aspects and capacity concerns.
Comprehensive range of sanitation and wastewater management options have been reviewed
including but not limited to industrial and municipal sewerage; the sewage treatment options
considered have varied from conventional and low cost options to centralized and decentralized
systems, with both separate and combined effluent disposal options, and separate programs for
schools, public toilets, sanitation in slums, community-based NGO-supported programs etc. have also
been given a special thrust.
The purpose of options analysis is to identify plausible and sustainable technical, financial and
institutional solutions and will consider (i) unit cost per beneficiary, (ii) maximizing both human and
environmental benefits, (iii) sustainability, (iv) a long term plan, (v) government policy including land
use zoning, (vi) piloting new approaches, (vii) beneficiary participation, (viii) wastewater as a
resource, (ix) lessons learned from the past and last but not the least (x) political commitment.
Task 2. Communication Gap and Needs Assessment
IEC needs assessment will be carried out and broad communication strategy is developed in
consultation with the NNA officials and other stakeholders.
Task 3. Developing a Situation Analysis Report
The situation analysis, prepared by taking into consideration the ground realities, local conditions,
and assessment of the present sanitation situation. It will include inputs from all the above activities
with the details of existing household sanitation arrangements, public sanitary conveniences,
wastewater disposal, solid waste management and water supply. The report will also include an
analysis of the NNA legal framework and byelaws, financial analysis of the NNA, data on key public
and environmental health, user charges, willingness to pay, etc.
1.4.5 Developing Aligarh CSP
Having completed above steps, CSP has been formulated to articulate Sanitation Goals, specific
quantifications both in terms of technical, capacities and financials based on stakeholder consultations
and the analysis of choices made depending on costs of capital investments, operation and
maintenance, monitoring, and evaluation.
Project priorities for sanitation need to consider:
Serving the unserved Urban Poor
Serving the unserved Schools
Serving the unserved Public Areas
Institutional capacity building for sustainability and environmental monitoring
Grant elements for demonstration pilot projects for eco-sanitation (private
developers)
Rehabilitation of existing facilities
Improvement of existing sanitation (septic tank sludge and effluent treatment)
Extension of existing sewerage and sewage treatment (as a last priority)
Task 1. Formulation of Vision
This involves understanding the major aspirations with respect to urban development in the State
through consultations and building an overarching vision that may be appropriate to the articulations.
This involves following:
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Secondary information, data analysis and report review
Brainstorming with key stakeholders and focus groups
Understanding visions of concerned sectors and other constituents e.g., cities and development
agencies and concerned authorities.
Task 2. Development of Strategy
This involves understanding the major issues of the sector, priorities laid down and an assessment of
how the current arrangements are working with respect to urban development in the city. Also, the
key strengths, major weaknesses, potential opportunities as well as likely threats would also be
analysed to move towards the identification of the action areas/intervention areas that form the
strategy development. This involves:
Completion of information analysis, even with quick estimates, and review of current policies and
priorities
Consultations with key stakeholders/ focus groups concerning
Detailed discussion with departments/ agencies/ cities/ authorities
Task 3. Preparation of Draft CSP
Finalization of CSP along with recommendations based on the situation and solutions for making city
open defecation free and totally sanitized, public toilet and community toilets models and
operational models; proto - type design recommendation for all typical situations, waste disposal
mechanisms, starters for sewerage layouts and estimation of requirement in terms of capacities,
quantity and finances.
Task 4. Preparation of Implementation Road Map
This involves identifying and documenting interventions for the improvement of sanitation. The cost
estimates of such interventions; the institutional responsibility as well as broad timelines for
implementation will be indicated in the CSP
FIGURE 2: ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF CSP
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ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 29
1.5 .Contents of the Report
The report has two major sections –
I. The Situational Analysis (Chapter 1 to Chapter 5)
II. The Sanitation Strategies (Chapter 6 & Chapter 7)
The former section deals with depicting the city and its present status with regards to sanitation. The
aim is to highlight the existing conditions regarding access and coverage of sanitary facilities, identify
the gaps and striking issues, and understand the behavioral aspects of various sections of the society.
This section is covered from Chapter 1 to Chapter 5.
The later section thereafter provides strategies and solutions to bridge the identified gaps, mitigate
the existing issues, and provide ways and means to aid the sustenance of the existing and proposed
strategies and projects. There have been presented in Chapter 6 & 7.
I. The Situational Analysis
Chapter 1 gives insight into the NUSP and the sanitation ranking of cities thereafter an introduction to
CSP process, its background, and the objectives behind it. This is followed by the step-by-step
methodology of the CSP process, as well as the status of the CSP for the particular city. The process
of collection of baseline information both primary and secondary has been explained at length. Later
half of Chapter presents a review of the policies & programmes that are prevalent and followed in
the state for the improvement of access and coverage of sanitary facilities while developing the
sanitation conditions in the urban areas.
Chapter 2 deals with the City Profile where the various aspects of the city are discussed in order to
get a broad overview of the city itself. Aspects such as location, regional linkages, demography,
economic, land use and housing profiles, the urban governance, the slums and squatter settlements are
discussed.
Chapter 3 is presented in two sections - Section A highlights the prevailing sanitation conditions of the
city in the sectors of water supply, sewerage system, solid waste management and storm water
drainage system as part of the primary data, compiled from the various surveys conducted in the city.
It contains zone wise analysis of the data. Section B highlights the service profile of the sectors of
water supply, sewerage system, solid waste management and storm water drainage system based on
the secondary sources of information. The performance of each of the sectors is evaluated through
Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) indicators, and projections are also made for the future years.
Chapter 4 aims to evaluate the institutional capacity and the financial structure, to assess the capacity
of NNA along with its associated organizations to cater to the sanitation needs of the city, with
regards to both adequate qualified personnel and adequate financial resources.
Chapter 5 identifies the gaps and issues in access, coverage and service delivery within each sector,
the problem areas are clearly demarcated.
II. Sanitation Strategy
Chapter 6 brings out the need assessment for the IEC and awareness campaign in the city.
Chapter 7 presents the strategies – Section A presents the technological strategies and Section B
demonstrates the respective financial strategies. The chapter provides the vision for the CSP and its
goals, and the basic guiding principles on which the strategies are based. Thereafter, strategies have
been provided to improve coverage and access to sanitation facilities, to implement effectively the
various proposals, and options and mechanisms for effectively financing the strategies and proposals
along with proper phasing mechanism.
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CHAPTER 2. PROFILE OF ALIGARH CITY
T o p i c s o f D i s c u s s i o n
Location and Regional Linkages
Physical Characteristics
Demography
2.1 Location and Regional Linkages
2.1.1 Location
Aligarh is an ancient city in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative
headquarters of Aligarh District, Aligarh Police Range and Aligarh Division.
Aligarh was known by the earlier name of Kol or Koil before the 18th century. The name
has originated from the name of a sage whose ashram‟s name was kohila. Aligarh is situated in
the western part of Uttar Pradesh in the north of Brijj mandal. At the time of Lord Krishna this place
was called Kor and then Koil. When Lord Krishna became the emperor, the name of this place was
combined with the name of Aali Radhika and thus called Aaligarh which later became famous as
Aligarh.
The city is well known for its historic movements, popularly known as Aligarh Movement which
helped in starting of Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in 1875,
today known as Aligarh Muslim University. It is popularly known as the 'Mecca of Education'. It is
also famous for its lock industry and popularly known Tala Nagri.
Figure 3 Location map of Aligarh
Due to rapid urbanization, the city of Aligarh was subjected to outward expansion of municipal limits
in different intervals during the years 1971, 1989, 1999 and 2006. Located at 27°53′N 78°35′E, it
has an average elevation of 178 m (587 feet) above the sea level. The Grand Trunk Road passes
through the cityand linked to Agra and Anoop Shahar by National Highway 93 and to Delhi by
National Highway 91. It is linked to Mathura by State Highway 80 and Khairnagar by State
Highway 22. Aligarh is located on the main railway route of Kolkata to Delhi and is thus linked to
other important cities by rail. It is 125 km from Delhi, 308 km. from Lucknow, 1408 km. from Kolkata,
and 86 km. from Agra.
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2.1.2 Municipal Area
Municipal body was formed for Aligarhh city in 1975, while the formation of Aligarh Development
Authority was taken place in 1981. The first and second master plan were drafted in 1981and 2001,
respectively. The city has been divided into 70 wards in the year 2008.
Figure 5: Growth of Aligarh City
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FIGURE 6 MAP OF ALIGARH CITY
2.1.3 Economy
There are a total of 5006 industrial units in Aligarh city. Of these, there are 3500 small scale
industries, 2000 medium scale and 6 large industries. Majorly there are three kinds of
industries- lock/steel industry, household industry and food processing industry. The city offers
a variety of occupational opportunities in various manufacturing sectors. The city has a pool of
large number of skilled and semi skilled workers (61% of total workers) who are involved in
various tertiary industries associated with Aligarh Muslim University, banks, post offices, health,
communication, trade and commerce etc.
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2.2 Physical Characterist ics
2.2.1 Climate
Aligarh has a monsoon influenced humid subtropical climate, typical of north-central India. Summers,
which start in April is hot with temperatures peaking in May. The average temperatures range
between 28–33 °C (82–91 °F). The monsoon starts in late June, continuing till early October, with
high humidity levels. Aligarh gets most of its annual rainfall of 800 millimeters (31 inches) during these
months. Temperatures then decrease, and winter start in December, and continue till early February.
Temperatures range between 12–16 °C (54–61 °F). Winters in Aligarh are generally mild, but fog
and cold snaps may occur.
2.2.2 Geology & Geography
Aligarh city is located almost in the centre of the central low-lying tract. The average elevation of the
city from mean sea level is 178m. The flat monotonous plain of the city is dotted many water bodies
like Gursikharan, Sheka and few more. Rivers Ganga and Yamuna flow along the boundary of
Aligarh district which being reason to find alluvial soil all around the district. The large part of Aligarh
city falls under alkaline and saline type of soil.
Aligarh is drained in to river Kali. It is seasonal river and becomes very significant during rainy
season. Various natural drains are also found in the region which are seasonal, and not source of
water.
2.3 Demography
2.3.1 Population Growth and Trends
Post-independence period Aligarh experienced growth of industries in residential areas. The 1971
census categorized Aligarh as an industrial – cum service centre.
The present population of the city as per Census 2011 is 8.72 lakh which grew from 6.69 lakhs in the
year 2001. The city experienced a high growth rate of 49.75% during the years 1981-91 due to
immigration from nearby villages. The year 1991-2001 also has a high growth rate of 39.24% due
to the expansion of Nagar Nigam Aligarh boundary limits in the year 1994 in which, villages
population is also included.
TABLE 7 Population Growth Trends
Year Population Decadal Growth Rate in % age Decadal Increase
1951 1,41,668
1961 1,85,020 30.6 43352
1971 2,53,314 36.9 68294
1981 3,20,861 26.7 67547
1991 4,80,520 49.8 159659
2001 6,69,087 39.2 188567
2011 872,575 30.4 203488
Source: Census 2011 & Master Plan Aligarh 2001-21
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Figure 4 Population growth of Aligarh city
There are about Seven Administrative Zones in the Aligarh City and Administrative zone-wise
population data is provided in table 2-2 below. There are 70 municipal wards whose population and
other details are given at Annexure 4.
TABLE 8 Administrative Zone Wise Population
ADMINISTRATIVE
ZONE
NO. OF WARDS POPULATION AS PER
CENSUS 2011
(PROVISIONAL)
NO OF HHS AS PER
CENSUS 2011
(PROVISIONAL)
Zone -1 7 59275 11855
Zone-2 8 94041 18808
Zone-3 9 94124 18825
Zone-4 10 139926 27985
Zone-5 10 130419 26084
Zone-6 13 140148 28030
Zone-7 11 147927 29585
Total 70 805860
2.3.2 Population Projections
In the context of the City Sanitation Plan, population estimation and projection are being carried out
with the following objectives: (1) to obtain a realistic estimate of the total current population in the
city and the spatial distribution of the same through empirical methods; (2) to take informed strategic
decisions on provision of sanitation infrastructure and services for the city as a whole and for different
parts of the city; (3) In taking strategic decisions, to strive for a reasonable balance between the risks
of adequacy and viability in the future.
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Please refer Table 9 below for detailed population projections and the assumptions made in the
process.
As an initial exercise, the population for 2011 is taken from the census data. The population
projections are made for the years 2012 – 2045 based on the following assumptions - the decadal
growth rate witnessed during 2001-2011 is 30.4% and the same decadal growth rate has been
assumed for the years 2011-2021.
It is further assumed that efforts shall be made by the city administration to achieve a lower decadal
growth rate for the years 2021-2045. The ultimate goal shall be to achieve a steady decadal
growth rate of 2% with the underlying objective to stabilize and sustain the growth of the city. The
results are tabulated below.
TABLE 9 Projected Populations and City level Infrastructure demand
YEAR 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
PROJECTED POPULATION (IN LAKHS)
11.86
13.23
14.75
16.45 18.35 20.47 22.85
GROWTH RATE (IN
PERCENTAGE)
WATER DEMAND AT CONSUMER END (MLD)
177.97 198.48 221.33 246.81 275.28 307.15 342.89
SEWAGE GENERATION
(MLD)
142.38 158.79 177.06 197.45 220.22 245.72 274.31
SOLID WASTE GENERATION
(METRIC TONNE)
533.91 595.45 663.99 740.43 825.84 921.44 1,028.66
FIGURE 5 Population Projection Graph – Aligarh city
The infrastructure demand corresponding to the projected populations have also been computed at
the city level. The per capita demand of water as per the recommendations in CPHEEO manual has
been considered at 150 lpcd and the corresponding sewerage generation is estimated at 80% of the
water consumption; while the per capita solid waste generation is assumed as 0.4 kg/per capita/per
day.
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2.3.3 Manual Scavenging
Manual scavenging is still prevalent in the slum
areas of Aligarh city. They are called Bhangi,
Valmiki or Dhanuk. As shown below women from
poor families are forced into this job for their
livelihood. They receive some money, food and
clothes in return.
Source: ASCI Primary survey, 2012
2.3.4 Urban Poverty and Slum
Recently Nagar Nigam Aligarh and DUDA has rationalize the slum settlements and there are a total
of 114 slum settlements in Aligarh city. The slum population has increased from 1,74,300 in 2001 to
approximately 3,67,134 in 2011. The ward-wise population details and number of households are
given in Annexure 2.2. The percentage of slum population to total population has increased from
26% in 2001 to 44% in 2011. The total number of slum households is approximately 66455 in
2011. The percentage of slum households to total households is 44% in 2011.
FIGURE 6 TOTAL POPULATION V/S SLUM POPULATION (DECEDAL) Source: NNA & DUDA 2011-12
Locations of slum are shown below in Map. Refer Annexure 5 for the slum profile of Aligarh city.
CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 37
FIGURE 7 LOCATION OF SLUMS IN ALIGARH CITY
CITY SANITATION PLAN FOR ALIGARH
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page
38
CHAPTER 3. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND MUNICIPAL FINANCE
Topics of Discussion
Institutional Arrangements
Overlap of Institutional Responsibilities
Financial information for Municipal Services
3.1 Insti tutional Arrangements
In Aligarh, steep growth in population from 1991-2011 has put tremendous pressure on urban
infrastructure such as water supply, sewerage, drainage, solid waste etc. The primary responsibility
of providing water supply and sanitation rests with state government and more specifically with
municipal government. Jal Kal Aligarh deals with water supply and sewerage system while NNA
deals with social infrastructure such as community toilets, health and medical services and basic civic
services.
3.1.1 Agencies Involved In Providing Urban Services
Department of Urban Development GoUP
Director of Local Bodies, GoUP
Public Works Department
State Pollution Control Board
UP Tourism Department
Superintendent of Police, (Traffic)
3.1.2 Urban Local Bodies
Nagar Nigam Aligarh (NNA)
Jal Kal Aligarh
3.1.3 Parastatal bodies
UP Jal Nigam
Aligarh Development Authority (ADA)
UP Housing & Development Board, Aligarh
District Urban Development Agency (DUDA)
3.1.4 Functions of the Nagar Nigam
The UP Municipal Corporation Adhiniyam, 1959 as amended from time to time provides for majority
of the function listed in the 12th schedule of the constitution. These are:
Urban planning including town planning
Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings
Planning for economic and social development
Roads and bridges
Water Supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes
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Public health, sanitation, conservancy and solid waste management
Fire services
Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects
Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of the society, including the handicapped and
mentally retarded
Slum improvement and up gradation
Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, playgrounds
Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetics aspects
Burials, burial grounds; cremations, cremation grounds and electric crematoriums
Cattle ponds; prevention of cruelty to animals
Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths
Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public conveniences
3.1.5 Nagar Nigam Aligarh (NNA)
3.1.5.1 FUNCTIONS OF NNA
The NNA is administered under the Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Adhiniyam, 1959. The Act
has been amended in 1994 by UP Act 12 of 1994 (wef 30 May, 1994), UP Act 26 of 1995 (wef
30 May 1995) and incorporates the amendments made in 74th CAA, 1992 including the functions
given in 12th schedule of the constitution.
The duties and powers of the Nagar Nigam authorities are detailed in Sections 114 of the said Act.
The major functions being performed by NNA currently are:
Public health, sanitation, conservancy and solid waste management
Urban poverty alleviation
Provision and maintenance of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens,
playgrounds.
Provide and maintain the lighting of the public streets, corporation markets, and public
buildings and other places vested in the corporation
Maintenance of ambulance services
Registration of vital statistics including births and deaths. Regulation of slaughter houses and
tanneries
Operation and Maintenance of burial grounds, cremation grounds, etc. Though water supply
and sewerage are also obligatory functions of Municipal Corporation as per the 12th
schedule of 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (CAA), in the case of Aligarh it is looked
after by Jal Kal.
3.1.5.2 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
The corporation is divided into two wings, viz. elected wing and the administrative wing. The
corporation has an elected Mayor-in-Council System. The administrative wing of the corporation is
headed by a Nagar Ayukt appointed by state government and supported by two Addl. Nagar
Ayukt also appointed by the state government.
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3.1.6 Aligarh Development Authority (ADA)
The State Government established the Aligarh Development Authority in 1974. It has been
responsible since its inception for providing infrastructure related development to Aligarh City as the
city expands. It operates primarily at the outskirts of the NNA and newly developed areas.
The major functions of ADA are:
Overall development of city
Making & implementation of Master Plan
Planning for infrastructure for ADA colonies and its construction
Zoning of the city
Maintenance of ADA colonies till its handing over to NNA.
3.1.7 UP Jal Nigam
In 1975 Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam under the Uttar Pradesh Water Supply and Sewerage Act, 1975,
was formed. Under the Uttar Pradesh Water Supply and Sewerage Act, 1975, UP Jal Nigam has to
carry out the functions of preparation, execution, and promotion of water supply and sewerage
schemes, state plans for water supply, sewerage and drainage and to establish standards for water
supply and sewerage in the state.
3.1.8 Jal Kal Aligarh
Jal Kal Aligarh was established under UP Water Supply and Sewerage Act, 1975 to provide a
specialized organization to focus on operating and maintaining water supply and sewerage
services.
In order that the Jal Kal responded to the aspirations and requirements of citizens, it had the Mayor
of the NNA as the Chairman of Jal Kal Committee. The committee comprised of following members
besides the Mayor as Chairman;
General Manager; Jal Kal;
Nagar Ayukt NNA;
Superintending Engineer, Jal Nigam;
Senior Accounts Officer, nominated by Jal Nigam;
Joint Director, Medical and Health;
Director, Local Bodies, UP Government Lucknow.
3.1.9 U.P. Housing and Development Board
U.P. Housing and Development Board have been set up under the Act of 1965 in April 1966. It has
been established to implement the various housing and development schemes in a planned way and
to bring harmony by keeping in mind the state level and national level residential policy and
programmes.
The main objectives of U.P. Housing and Development Board are to:
Make the plan for all residence related activities in the urban areas and to get them
implemented fast and in effective way;
Receive grant and loan from central and state government, commercial bank, financial
organizations, public bodies etc;
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Acquire the land and construct roads, electricity, water supply, and other urban facilities and
to arrange and distribute the land and constructed houses according to the demand from
registered people;
Make special arrangement for the houses for the backward class and scheduled caste and
tribe, security workers and freedom fighters.
The functions of the organizations involved in urban management are as follows:
TABLE 9 Functions of Various Organisations in Aligarh
S.No. Organisation Functional Domain
a) Nagar Nigam Aligarh Civic and infrastructure development, Sanitation and solid waste
management
b) ADA Land use, area & housing project development
c) UP Jal Nigam Planning, design and implementation of water supply, sewerage
and drainage projects
d) Jal Kal Maintenance of water supply, sewerage and drainage in the city
e) UP Housing &
Development Board
Developing housing projects
f) PWD Maintenance of some of the roads in the city
g) DUDA Slum improvement
Source: NNA 2011-12
3.2 Overlap of Insti tutional Responsibil i t ies
The multiplicity of organizations involved in providing urban services makes the management of
affairs of the city highly complex. It becomes essential to define the roles and responsibilities of each
of the Agencies very clearly. The inter-relationships of various departments play an important role in
making available good quality of services to the community /citizens of the city. More-over
overlapping of some of the functions requires a high level of coordination. The following table
indicates the service-wise planning, implementation and operation and maintenance function being
carried out by various agencies involved in providing services in Aligarh Urban Area. It will be seen
that many services are being provided by more than one agency resulting in avoidable delays at
the time of handing over the assets who has to ultimately maintain them.
TABLE 10 Roles and Responsibilities of various institutions
Sector Planning Implementation Operation and
Maintenance
Land use/ Master Plan/
Building Byelaws
ADA ADA ADA
Water supply UPJN/ ADA/ UPHB
for colonies
developed by
them/ DUDA for
slum area
JKA/ UPJN/ DUDA
for slum
JKA
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Sewerage JKA/ UPJN JKA
Roads/Bridges/Flyovers/Mu
ltilevel Parking
Traffic Control and
Management Systems City
Public transportation
PWD/ ADA/ NNA
SP Traffic/
RTA/NNA
NNA/ADA/PWD/Hou
sing Board/UPSIDC
NNA/Traffic Police
NNA/ADA/PWD/H
ousing
Board/UPSIDC
NNA/Traffic
Police/RTO
Street Lighting NNA NNA NNA
Storm Water Drainage NNA NNA NNA
Solid Waste Management NNA NNA NNA
Parks/Playground/Beautific
ation of Road
Intersections/Urban Forest
NNA/Forest/ADA/
UPHB
NNA/ADA/UPHB/For
est
NNA/ADA/UPHB/
Forest
Air, Water and Noise
Pollution Control
SPCB Pollution Control
Board
Pollution Control
Board
Slum Development NNA/ DUDA DUDA DUDA
Urban Poverty Programme NNA/ DUDA DUDA DUDA
Housing for EWS ADA/UPHB/DUDA ADA/UPHB/DUDA ADA/UPHB/DUDA
Public Conveyance RTO RTO RTO
Source: NNA 2011-12
3.3 Key Issues
Lack of clarity in local functions: The Constitution 74th Amendment Act, 1992 envisages that the
functions listed in 12th schedule of the Constitution is entrusted to elected municipalities. This is with a
view to minimize ambiguities and overlapping functions between local bodies and other authorities.
However, in practice, several agencies are responsible for the functions and in some cases local
bodies have no role.
3.3.1 Municipal-Parastatal Coordination
There is a Lack of coordination between urban local bodies and parastatals in areas such as inter-
municipal, inter district and inter-state roads, storm water drainage and sewerage, common
amenities like whole -sale markets, truck terminals, bus stations, garbage dumping yards, landfill
sites. The real problem is noticed in plan implementation. No clearly defined mechanism exists to
take up such works in an integrated manner taking into account the geographical factors.
3.3.2 Managerial Coordination Issues
There are many managers connected with city service delivery and infrastructure management. All
these make the task of city management highly complex and difficult. In addition to general
coordination between urban and rural local authorities, there are several inter-departmental and
inter institutional coordination issues, which arise in day to day administration of the city area.
3.3.3 Jurisdictional Issues
It is very difficult to arrive at a common boundary for all services. The geographical area required
for internalizing the costs and benefits of a service like urban transport, water supply, storm water
drainage etc. If such matching is not ensured, there will be perennial problems of service revenues
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falling short of service costs, increased cost of public administration, and lack of integrated
development and imposition of high social cost on the public. Thus it is important that the jurisdictional
issues are sorted out carefully.
3.3.4 Grievance Redressal
The Grievance Redressal mechanism in the city needs further improvement to strengthen the existing
system. There is also no proper platform to provide information to the citizens on all services. Lack of
awareness and information is affecting the citizen‟s access to grievance redressal mechanisms.
Though citizen‟s charters are established for the service providing agencies, majority of the public is
not aware of the duties and rights under the same.
3.4 Financial Information for Municipal Service
3.4.1 Financial Profile of the Nagar Nigam
The Income – Expenditure Accounts of the Nagar Nigam for the last financial years i.e. year 2009-
10, 2010-11, 2011-12 were obtained and have been analyzed for the financial assessment. The
current accounting system has been transfer to double entry accrual system i.e. Credit & Debit heads
are maintained on cash receipt/ payment basis. Expenses on new projects are treated as Capital
Expenditure and expenses towards maintenance are treated as Revenue Expenditure.
TABLE 11 Financial status of Nagar Nigam Aligarh
Financial Status of Nagar Nigam Aligarh
Revenue & Expenditure Statement
Year ending 31 March 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
upto Nov
11
Sources of Funds Rs in Lakh Rs in Lakh Rs in Lakh Rs in Lakh Rs in Lakh
Opening Balance 1555.67 3099.45 1786.3 437.01 1162.43
1 All Taxes 1133.1 1264.11 1420.3 1703.58 909.33
2 Municipal Revenue
other than Taxes
310.55 392.77 387.7 321.78 143.57
3 Grants & Loans
a. SFC 4398.85 3230.64 4078.9 4742.09 3467.93
b. others 314.83 209.88 203.19 587.24 382.34
4 Misc 632.42 677.42 613.3 496.07 264
Total Sources 8345.42 8874.27 8489.69 8287.77 6329.6
Uses of Funds Rs in
Lakh
Rs in
Lakh
Rs in
Lakh
Rs in
Lakh
Rs in Lakh
1 General Admin &
Salaries
2179.56 2210.55 3052.02 3405.93 3334.04
2 Health Dept. 459.53 467 561.91 445.83 348.9
3 Public Works 690.15 2410.62 2011.84 1370.93 850.76
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4 Public Safety 54.92 58.52 82.06 102.5 59.03
5 Water Works 974.72 531.67 266.79 338.2 240.78
6 Drainage 121.8 425.4 355.03 241.93 228.64
7 Misc 765.29 984.21 1723.03 1220.02 137.68
Total Uses 5245.97 7087.97 8052.68 7125.34 5199.83
Closing Balance 3099.45 1786.3 437.01 1162.43 1129.77
Source: NNA 2011-12
Table 12 Revenue of Nagar Nigam Aligarh
TABLE 13 Expenditure of Nagar Nigam Aligarh
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ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 45
3.4.2 Water Supply
Table below presents financial status of water supply department.
TABLE 14 Opening Revenues of Nagar Nigam Aligarh
Operating Revenues Rs. Lakh
Arrears at the beginning of previous year (2009-10) 185.00
Revenue demand from user charges 0.00
Revenue demand from tax/cess - Water Service only 145.00
Revenue demand from other revenues (eg. connection costs/Donations
etc)
420.00
Total Revenue Demand for previous year 565.00
Source: NNA 2011-12
TABLE 16: Opening expenses of Aligarh Nagar Nigam
Operating Expenses Rs. Lakh
Regular Staff and administration 259.54
Outsourced/Contract Staff Costs 40.00
Electricity Charges/Fuel Costs 465.13
Chemical Costs 6.36
Repairs/Maintenance Costs 88.56
Bulk (Raw/Treated) Water Charges 0.00
Other Costs 13.40
Total Operating Expenditure 872.99
Source: NNA 2011-12
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FIGURE 8 : Operating Revenue of Nagar Nigam Aligarh
FIGURE 9 : Operating Expenses of Nagar Nigam Aligarh
TABLE 15 Revenue - Collection of Against Demand
Rs. Lakh
Total Revenue Demand for previous year (from user charges, taxes etc) 565.00
Collection against arrears (2009-10) 47.00
Collection against the current demand of previous year (2009-10) 500.13
Source: NNA 2011-12
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3.4.3 Sewerage and Drainage
TABLE 16 Annual Operating Revenues
AnnualOperating Revenues R
Arrears at the beginning of previous year 112.80
Revenue demand from user charges - sewerage only 0.00
Revenue demand from tax/cess - sewerage only 72.50
Revenue demand from other sources
(eg. connection costs/donations etc.)
2.70
Total Revenue Demand of the previous year
(Current Demand of previous year)
75.20
Source: NNA 2011-12
TABLE 17 Cost Recovery in Sewage Management
Extent Of Cost Recovery In Sewage Management
Annual Operating Expenses Rs. Lakh
Regular Staff and Administration 137.58
Outsourced /Contract Staff Costs 20.00
Electricity Charges /Fuel Costs 80.60
Chemicals Costs 0.00
Repairs/Maintenance Costs 34.55
Contractor Costs for O&M 0.00
Others (Specify) 0.00
Total NNAual Operating Expenses 272.73
Source: NNA 2011-12
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ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 48
FIGURE 10: ANNUAL OPENING REVENUES
FIGURE 11: COST RECOVERY IN SEWERAGE
TABLE 18 Efficiency in Collection of Sewerage charges
Efficiency In Collection Of Sewage Charges Rs. Lakh
Total Revenue Demand of the previous year (Current Demand of previous year) 75.20
Collection against arrears 1.30
Collection against current demand 70.80
Source: NNA 2012
3.4.4 Solid Waste Management
TABLE 19 Extent of Cost recovery in SWM
Extent Of Cost Recovery In SWM Services
Operational Expenditure on SWM during previous year Rs. In Lakh
Regular Staff & Administration 1714.91
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ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 49
Outsourced/Contracted Staff Costs 532.00
Electricity Charges/Fuel Costs 293.99
Chemical Costs 1.64
Repair/Maintenance Costs 50.05
Contracted Services Cost 14.1
Other Costs (Specify) 0
Total Operational Expenses 2606.69
Source: NNA 2011-12
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ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 50
CHAPTER 4. SANITATION SITUATION ANALYSIS
T o p i c s o f D i s c u s s i o n
Secondary Data Analysis
Primary Data Analysis
The primary and secondary surveys have indicated that like most of the other municipalities, there is
a large gap between the level of infrastructure service requirement for the city to cater to the
demands of the proliferating population and the actual service level prevailing in the city. Besides
the accessibility deficiencies, there is also lack of operation and maintenance systems for the existing
infrastructure facilities and services resulting in the deterioration of the existing services and facilities
further worsening the sanitation conditions within the city limits. The city being facing huge amounts of
urbanization in recent times is also facing issues of inadequate amounts of services and poor
maintenance.
The following sections present the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the sanitation in the city
within the sectors of – (a) water supply with prime focus on the services of water supply at the
consumer end, (b) access to toilets, (c) sewerage management, (d) storm water management, and (e)
solid waste management.
SECTION A: SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS
4.1 Water Supply Management Assessment
The Service Level Benchmarks (SLB) established by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government
of India, for the sector of Water Supply attempts to compare the service levels against the nine (9)
key parameters as indicated in the spider chart. The spider chart demonstrates the desired level of
service in the water supply sector against the nine (9) key parameters vis-à-vis the existing level of
service.
FIGURE 12 COVERAGE OF WATER SUPPLY
Source: SLB NNA 2012
The spider chart denotes that the city administration needs to improve on continuity of water supply.
It has been observed that the city receives 3 hours of water supply in a day. Extent of monitoring of
CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 51
water connections is absent in the city. The city of Aligarh also records low on coverage of water
supply connections.
TABLE 20 Water Supply SLB indicator values
Water Supply Indicator Values
Indicator Unit Value
Coverage of water supply connections % 30.5
Per capita available of water at consumer end lpcd 62.9
Extent of metering of water connections % 0.0
Extent of Non Revenue Water % 31.3
Continuity of water supply Hours/Day 3.0
Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints % 99.1
Quality of water supplied % 92.4
Cost recovery in water supply services % 64.7
Efficiency in collection of water supply related charges % 88.5
Source: NNA SLB Data 2012
4.1.1 Source of water
Ground water is the major source of water in Aligarh. Water is drawn from 72 power wells
and 8 mini bore wells in the city. Also 4100 hand pumps are made available in various
localities.
TABLE 21 Water supply-demand statistics - Aligarh city
Water Sources/Reservoirs Total Working Not working/under repair
No. of Power Bores wells 72 72 0
No. of Mini Power Bores wells 8 8 0
No. of hand pump bores 4100 3906 294
Source: NNA & Jal Kal 2012
The list of water storage tanks with their capacities is given in Annexure 3.1.
TABLE 22 Water Reservoirs in city of Aligarh
Water Sources/Reservoirs Total Working Not working/under repair
No. of Storage Reservoirs 21
(17-overhead & 4
sump)
21 0
No. of tankers 10 tankers - 2500 litres 10 0
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each
Source: NNA & Jal Kal 2012
There are 17 overhead tanks with capacity of 20950 KL and 4 sump tanks with capacity 3280 KL.
Also the Jal Kal Department has 3 tractors and 10 tankers for supplying the drinking water in the
needed areas. There are 1870 public stand posts in Aligarh city which are provided by NNA for
convenience of the public.
4.1.2 Water Production capacity and Installed capacity
Aligarh is totally dependent on ground water sources. Almost 75.8 MLD of water is produced from
ground water sources. Total Installed capacity is 90.18 MLD and total water produced is 88.74
MLD.
TABLE 23: SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER
Type of Source Unit Installed Production
Surface water MLD 0 0
Ground water (power pumps) MLD 75.8 75.8
Other sources MLD 14.38 12.94
Total MLD 90.18 88.74
Source: NNA & Jal Kal 2012
4.1.3 Transmission, Distribution and Storage Capacities
The total length of distribution pipelines is 634 km and length of rising main is 65 km and this add
up to total length of distribution network to 699 km.
TABLE 23 : Length of Water distribution network
Length of distribution network 699 km ( 634km Pipeline + 65 km rising
main)
Average age of distribution pipes 25 years
Total service storage capacity in network 24.13 ML
Total area covered by distribution network 23.86 Sq. Km
Source: NNA & Jal Kal 2012
4.1.4 Service Coverage
The city has 45012 domestic house hold connections and 381 commercial connections and a total of
1870 public standing posts as sanctioned by Nagar Nigam. The duration of water supply is 3 hrs
per day on an average.
TABLE 24: WATER SUPPLY SERVICE COVERAGE
Total Number of Service Connections 45393
Domestic House Service Connections 45012
Commercial Connections 381
Number of PSPs (Public Stand Posts) 1,870
Source: NNA & Jal Kal 2012
Figure : Public Stand Post in Bhojpura slum Area
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4.1.5 Water Consumption
Out of 88.5 MLD volumes of produced water, approximately 75.8 MLD water is billed and about
6.5 MLD is supplied free through the PSPs. The total volume of water consumed is 82.3 MLD.
TABLE 25: Water Consumption & billing- Aligarh city
Type of connection Unit Unmetered Total
House Service Connections MLD 70 70
Volume of water billed from Non domestic
Connections
MLD 5.8 5.8
Total Volume of water billed MLD 75.8 75.8
Total Volume of water unbilled (free supplies to
Public taps)
MLD 6.5 6.5
Source: NNA & Jal Kal 2011-12
4.1.6 Water service quality
TABLE 26: Service Quality – Water Supply
Average duration of water supply Hours/day 3
Average pressure in the system Meters 1.5-2.0
Residual pressure at critical measurement point Meters 1
Leaks reported in the year Number 1241
Leaks repaired in the year Number 1241
Details of Water Quality Lab Utility/Other Satisfactory
4.1.7 Water Demand and Deficit
The total volume of water supplied is 88.74 MLD while the required water supply is 134 MLD. So
there is a shortage of 45 MLD per day. Also the water available per capita per day is 62.9 lpcd
while required is 135 liters, so there is a shortage of 45 lpcd.
4.1.8 Complaint redressal
Complaints are being addressed frequently by Aligarh Jal Kal. Only 8% of complaints are being
unattended which has to be improved.
TABLE 27: Complaint Redressal
Complaints received during the year Number 141
Complaints resolved within 24 hours during the year 2011 Number 129
4.2 Sewerage and Drainage Systems
4.2.1 Sewerage Network and Waste Water Generation
The city has an underground sewer line of total length of 55 km out of which 6 km is trunk line. The
sewer lines have completed their term of usability and are not in a good condition.
The total waste water generated is 65.84 MLD out of total water consumption of 82.3 MLD. The
wastewater generated is calculated based on the sewage return factor taken as 0.8 which
indicates that 80% of water supplied returns as sewage. There is no sewerage treatment plant
Source: ASCI Primary Survey 2012
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(STP) and other waste water treatment arrangement in the city and all the waste water is directly
discharged in to the nallas.
FIGURE 13 Coverage of Toilets in Aligarh City
Table 28: Sewerage Service Indicator Values
Sewerage Service Indicator Values
Indicator Unit Value
Coverage of Toilets % 37.6
Coverage of wastewater network services % 2.2
Collection efficiency of wastewater networks % 0.0
Adequacy of wastewater treatment capacity % 0.0
Extent of reuse and recycling of treated waste water % 0.0
Quality of wastewater treatment % 0.0
Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints % 94.8
Extent of cost recovery in wastewater management % 27.6
Efficiency in collection of sewerage charges % 94.1
Source: NNA SLB Data 2012
4.2.2 Storm water Drainage
There are a total of 50 large drains (nallas) with total length 68.33 and small drains (nali) with a
length of 1276.92 km. Thus the total length of drains is 1347.25 kms. The city of Aligarh is short of
579 km of storm drains. The details of various drains are given table ….
TABLE 29: Type of Drains
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ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 55
Type Length in km
Pucca Open Drains 1347.25 km (68.33km. nallas +1276.92km. nalis)
Kutcha Drains 50 km
Storm Water Drains 100 km
Total Length of Road Network 678.87 km.
Source: NNA 2011-12
TABLE 30: Sewerage Pumping Stations in Aligarh
Sewerage Pumping Station
S.No Pumping station Reason
1 Iglas Road This pumping station is an important station of old city. Out
of total 45 km. sewer line, 30 km. sewer line depends on
this pumping station. Other than this, Malgodam to G.T.
Road, Padao Dube, Ramlila ground, Busstand chauraha to
Agra Road, Bada nallas to Sasnigate, Bada Nallas of
Khair Bypass,Nallas of Jaiganj road are dependent on this
pumping station. This station has been designed for sewer
line and connected primary drains for pumping out the
water. It is not designed for the rainy season. So, water
logging occurs at some places connected to this pumping
station for some hours.
2 Chharra Adda 15 km. long sewer line in the Civil Lines area and
Ramghat road, Pan dariba, Gurudwara road, Mathura
road, Mairis road, Centre Point, Samad road, Lekhraaj
nagar, Begumbaag, Chandniyan, Sudamapuri,
Vishnupuri ,Surendranagar areas have their drains
pumped by this pumping station. Because of slope of Civil
Lines sewer line towards this pumping station, water
logging takes place in the areas around this station. This
station is also not designed for the rainy season.
3
Gular Road
Drainage S.
4
Sarai Rahman This station has been made to take part of the load of
Gular road pumping station. Places like Radhuveer puri,
Sarai Lavariya, Sarai Rahmaan, Rasalganj, G.T. Road,
Nai basti, Anauna House, Deewani kachehri, Tasveer
mahal, Jawahar Bhawan, Laldiggi road, Malkhan Nagar
are drained through this station
5 Awas Vikas Jail
Road This pumping station drains water from Awas Vikas
Colony, Masoodabad, Jail Road, G.T. Road, Nai Basti,
Basti behind Gagan school, ITI road and Jail road.
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Other Drainage Pumping Stations
S.No Pumping Station Reason
1
Charakhbalan From this station, ADA Colony, Shanti Niketan, area
around Eidgah ,Shahjamal, Turkman gate bypass areas
are drained.
2 Shakti nagar From this pumping station, BNNAadevi, area near fire
station, Shaktinagar, Masoodabad, Gular road (some
portion), Jameerabad are drained.
3 Vikas nagar From this pumping station, Vikas nagar, Naurangabad
Chhavni, Dori nagar and Tikaram colony are drained.
4 Kalidah kali mandir Near this drainage pumping station, there is a big pond
(pokhar) in which people have illegally constructed
buildings and during the rainy season, water logging takes
place in this area. To maintain the water level in the pond,
water is pumped by this pumping station.
5 Kalidah Pokhar This pumping station maintains the water level of Kalidah
Pokhar. This pond receives the water from Krishnapuri
mathiya, Hanumanpuri, Mahendranagar, Premier nagar,
Bapu nagar, Bihari nagar and Pala.
6 Nagla Masani From this pumping station, Shakti nagar, Nagla Masani,
Balmiki basti, Gular road lane 1 and other nearby areas
are drained.
7 Kwarsi Bamba By this pumping station, Sanjay Gandhi colony, Tikaram
colony and Ravan Tila are drained.
8 Chharra Adda Pul
Kali Mandir By this pumping station, Gandhi nagar, Motimil compound,
Achal Taal, G.T. Road, Primary drain of Padao Dube Bus
stand are drained.
9 Jal kal Parisar In the rainy season, Jalkal Parisar gets waterlogged as it
is much below road level. Also water from Uday Singh
Jain road, area behind new Ashok nagar waterworks also
gets logged in Jalkal Parisar, so it is drained by this
pumping station.
10 Panchnagri Sasnigate
The city needs at least six more drainage pumping stations because of heavy water logging
particularly in rainy season. These areas are:
1. Swarnajayanti nagar, Ramghat road
2. Idgah Shahjamal
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3. Dorinagar, Naurangabad
4. Ravantila, Surendranagar
5. Charutaal Badarbaag Jail Road
6. Nagla Kalar, Prince Nagar
4.2.3 Storm Water Drainage Service Indicator Values
TABLE 31: Service Indicators for Water Drainage
Storm Water Drainage Service Indicator Values
Indicator Unit Value
Coverage of Storm Water Drainage Network % 60
Incidence of water logging/flooding Number 108
Source: NNA SLB Data 2012
4.3 Solid Waste Management
4.3.1 Generation of Solid waste
The city has been divided into seven sanitary wards for managing the solid waste. For keeping a
check on the sanitary condition and effective management of solid waste, seven sanitary inspectors
have been appointed in seven sanitary wards. These inspectors inspect the sanitary condition
particularly solid waste every day and take care of the complaints.
The daily solid waste generated in the city is approximately 250 MT. The solid waste generated
category-wise is as given in below Table 32 :
TABLE 32: Generation of Solid Waste
Category of Genertion of Solid Waste
Residential MT / Month 140
Street Sweeping MT / Month 52
Hotels & Restaurants MT / Month 21
Markets (e.g. Veg markets, Mandis) MT / Month 32
Commercial establishments (incl. offices, institutions) MT / Month 05
Total MT / Month 250
Source: NNA 2011-12
4.3.2 Street Sweeping
Street sweeping starts in the morning at 7.00 AM and continues up to 12.00 PM. The sweepers are
provided with jharoo (brooms), pans, favda, handcarts, panji (bamboo stick used to clean drains)
and gayti (pointed favda to clean roads). They collect the waste on road/street sides, which is then
transported to the nearby dustbins by means of handcarts and then transported to open dumping
sites. A large amount of garbage is dumped on the streets and roadsides.
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FIGURE 14 Solid waste dumped in the streets of Aligarh City
Source: ASCI, Primary Survey 2012
4.3.3 Segregation of waste
During the survey it has been observed that there is no segregation of waste at source.
4.3.4 Waste Collection
4.3.4.1 DOOR TO DOOR COLLECTION
4.3.4.1.1 Shops and Commercial establishments
For the collection of garbage from shops and commercial establishments, seven tempos and
about fifty tricycles have been arranged along with a route chart. Under this arrangement, the
shopkeepers have been requested not to dump garbage on the roadside or in the drain but to dump
it directly in the tempo. These tempos will collect garbage from morning 9 am to afternoon 2 pm.
Around 60 hotels/ restaurants and 70 commercial establishments are covered by this door-to-door
service
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ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 59
FIGURE 15: Method of Solid waste collection in city of Aligarh
Source: ASCI Primary Survey 2011-12
4.3.4.1.2 Households
As per our survey during 2011-12, about ten thousand households in about eight municipal wards
around the university area and civil lines are covered by door-to-door collection of municipal waste
by A2Z Infrastructure Ltd. However it was planned to scale up the door-to-door collection in other
wards covering the whole city.
TABLE 33: Coverage of Door to Door service
Number of Establishments & Households Covered by Door-to-Door Service
Households Number 10,000
Hotels & Restaurants Number 60
Commercial establishments (incl. offices, institutions) Number 70
Total 10,130
0 Source: NNA 2011-12
4.3.5 Transportation of waste
The sanitary equipment for lifting the solid waste are 10-20 years old so their capacity for lifting
the waste have been reduced and it affects the solid waste management system. The city needs new
equipment for lifting the solid waste so that it can be collected every day. New equipment have
been procured including 3 JCBs, 7 hydraulic tippers, 200 RC Bins, 15 hydraulic trolleys, 300
dumper placer bins, 7 hydraulic tempos, 11 dumper placer vehicles, 3 mechanical loaders, 450
hand vehicles, 6 tractors, 1 robotic skid stair loader and 4 mobile toilets. Robartic skid stair loader
(robart) is very new addition to the inventory of equipment. It will lift the garbage, take out silt from
the drains and sweep the road.
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Arrangements have been made for the collection of waste from the main routes and market places.
For this at night four tractors have been put on work to lift and clear the garbage from the market
places.
TABLE 34: Waste Handling Equipment with NNA
Type Tractor/trolley in use
For lifting of waste at night 5
Mechanic loader 4
Truck tripper 10
Small tripper 1
J.C.B. 3
Refuse collector 4
Refuse collector bins 210
Dumper placer 13
Dumper placer bins 375
Drain cleaning machine 1
Rickshaw 350
Source: NNA 2011-12
4.3.6 Waste disposal
Presently the municipal waste of about 7500 MT/month is disposed at open dump sites. The
integrated solid waste management plant along with scientific refill site is under construction by A2Z
Infrastructure Ltd under the UIDSSMT scheme at Aligarh.
FIGURE 16: OPEN DUMP SITE
Source: ASCI, Primary survey, 2012
4.3.7 MSW Management System in Aligarh City
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ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 61
The staff strength of 2007 managed the disposal of municipal solid waste of Aligarh city. The
details of type and number of staff for solid waste management is as under:
FIGURE 17: TOTAL STAFF FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Type of Staff
Number of Staff in Solid Waste Management Department (including street & drain cleaning)
Class I Number 1
Class II Number 1
Class III Number 7
Class IV Number 1,186
Contracted Number 812
Total Manpower Number 2007
Source: NNA 2011-12
4.3.8 Complaint Redressal
A control room has been set up for the redressal of complaints. The complaints are registered from
morning 6 am to night 11 pm. During 2011, number of complaints registered relating to solid waste
management are 2278, drinking water are 987, and street lighting are 524. Among these,
98% complaints have been solved.
4.4 Assessment of Sanitation Facilities in Potential Areas
4.4.1 Sanitation Facilities and Situation: Household Level
Aligarh has a total of approximately 1.5 lakh households in slum and non-slum areas combined with
a population of 8, 66,000. An analysis of the sanitation facilities at the household level is as below
FIGURE 18: SANITATION FACILITIES AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL
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ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 62
Source: Nagar Nigam Aligarh , 2011-12
FIGURE 19: HOUSEHOLD TOILET IN BHOJPUR SLUM
Source: ASCI, Primary survey, 2012
FIGURE 20: SANITATION SITUATION IN SLUM AREAS
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ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 63
SECTION B: PRIMARY DATA ANALYSIS
4.5 Situation Analysis at Household Level
A survey was conducted of around 500 households in the residential and slum areas to know the
present sanitation situation of the city. The average household size is around 5.75. An analysis of the
survey results is given in succeeding paragraphs.
4.5.1 Open defecation
Open defecation is 48% in the slum areas which is a very high percentage 51% HHs individual
toilets and surprisingly very few citizens access the community toilets.
4.5.2 Water supply to toilets
Water supply to toilets: 45% of the households are dependent on hand pumps, 42% are
dependent on munic ipal s upp l y and 11% have their o wn a r rangemen t . This shows that
t he people are dependent mostly on hand pumps. The municipal supply is not adequate in 57%
of the cases.
CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 64
Source: ASCI, Primary survey, 2011-12
4.5.3 Households depending on community toilets
The people are not very sat i sf ied with the present condi t ion of communi ty to i lets
because of their poor condit ion and bad maintenance.
FIGURE 21: Service Satisfaction of Community Toilets
Source: ASCI, Primary survey, 2011-12
FIGURE 22: Reasons For not having Toilets
Source: ASCI, Primary survey, 2011-12
Maximum numbers of households are unable to construct their own toilet due to affordability to
connecting to sewer. The above graph shows that 65% of the households are unable to construct
CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH
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toilet because they cannot afford to connect to sewer. 11% of the households are unable to
construct toilet because of affordability. 17% are having space constraint and 2.8 % have lack of
water supply to the toilet. Most of the people prefer to have community toilet over open
defecation. The people are willing to have pay and use toilets and monthly pass is preferred.
FIGURE 23: Disposal of Household Waste
Source: ASCI Primary survey2011-12
4.5.4 Wastewater disposal
5 % of households dispose off wastewater (from kitchen/bath/wash other than latrine) directly
into public drains/nallas/ponds. The survey reveals that 46 % of people are affected with
diseases like malaria, diarrhea, cholera and skin disease in the last one year. The people are
spending a lot of money on their healthcare
FIGURE 24: Disposal of Solid Waste
4.5.5 Solid waste disposal
The solid waste is disposed at open dumping sites by about 79% of the households. 12 % of
HH dispose solid waste in roadside bins, 6 % of
HH dispose solid waste into drains and there is
only 20% door to door collection of solid waste
by A2Z Company. Also for 60 % of population
distance to disposal spot is around 100 to 200
m.
FIGURE 25: USER CHARGES FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Source: ASCI, Primary survey, 2011-12
CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 66
Almost 88 % of population pay municipality for the waste collection. The people pay Rs. 20-25 and
Rs. 25 -30 per month for the collection of waste.
Figure 26: open dumping sties
Source: ASCI Primary survey, 2011-12
The frequency of collection of waste is once in two days in 60% of the cases and once in 3 days in
30% of the cases.
FIGURE 27: FREQUENCY OF COLLECTION AND SWEEPING
Source: ASCI, Primary survey, 2011
Road sweeping is done once in a week in 80% of the cases. The drains are cleaned mostly once in a
week. Maximum areas in slums are prone to flooding during rains.
Only 4.7% of residents are connected with the sewer system and rest of 95% are yet to be
connected. On the parameter of consumer satisfaction 70 % of citizens are partially satisfied with
the system and 23 % citizens consider status of services to be bad.
Source: ASCI Primary survey 2011-12
CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 67
4.5.6 Community Toilets
There are thirty seven community toilets in the city mainly in slum areas. As of now these toilets are
not looked after properly and having several inherent problems. In the worst case scenario these are
in dilapidated condition with crumbling building, leaking septic tanks, broken seats, and
broken doors, with no water arrangement and no provision of routine upkeep & maintenance. Such
toilets are seen in Turkmangate, Nagla Ashik Ali, Sarai Miya, Dodpur etc. Community toilets near
Chamad Chowk, Sarai Hakeem, Kanwariganj and Hajira Nallas are non-functional and closed down
by NNA.
Open defecation sites and garbage dumps in the proximity of community toilets are a common
sight. Moreover, it has been noticed that in most of community toilets, children are allowed to use the
community toilets. The children accompanying their mothers defecate in and around the community
toilets in open drains. It is essential to classify toilets based on the survey results to devise a plan
of action. Broadly, the toilets would need the following measures. In worst case scenario this
may require rebuilding the entire toilets complex. Generally, deteriorating infrastructure such as
cracks in septic tanks, broken seats and doors need to be repaired. Proper operation and
maintenance of theses toilets assumes significance in the context of promoting toilet usage. Where
the toilets are not maintained properly, people tend to go back to the habit of open defecation.
Cleaner and well maintained community toilets will ensure their better usage and in turn arrest the
open defecation habit of people. An IEC campaign involving local NGOs and SHGs is recommended
to bring the change in the behavior of people.
Ward-wise list of community toilets along with the number of seats, households served, connection to
sewer or septic tank and funding organization are given in the Annexure 4. A comprehensive survey
was conducted of community toilets in Aligarh city and their analysis/ findings are as follows:
4.5.7 Affluent discharging
81% of the toilets are connected to septic tank, 6% are having sewer connection and remaining are
directly discharging effluent into drains/nallas. Fecal Sludge management connecting by sewer line
is only done in 6% cases.
CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 68
FIGURE 28: FECAL SLUDGE MANAGEMENT
Urinals/Bath/washbasin
Urinals:
The above graph shows that
24% of the community
toilets do not have urinals
and 76% of them have 1-5
number of urinals.
Baths:
Also 29% of the toilets do not
have bath facility and 71% of
them have 1-5 numbers of
baths.
Washbasins:
About 71% of the community toilets
do not have washbasins and 29%
have 1- 5 number of washbasins.
Source: ASCI, Primary survey, 2011-12
4.5.8 Condition of the community toilets
FIGURE 29 : CONDITION OF COMMUNITY TOILET
CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 69
Source: ASCI, Primary survey, 2011-12
The graph shows that 81% of the toilets are having average condition and only 19% are in good
condition. Cleaning is not done at all in 12% of the toilets and in 65% of them, it is done once a
day.
4.5.9 O & M Arrangements
The operation and maintenance is done by NEDA, NNA, Sulabh International and DUDA. It was
observed during our survey that the maintenance of community is very bad and needs a tremendous
improvement in maintenance of community toilets.
FIGURE 30 : SITUATION OF COMMUNITY TOILETS TURKMAN GATE
Source: ASCI, Primary survey, 2011-12
4.5.10 Sanitation Situation of Government Insti tutions
A survey was conducted of 10 institutions namely Bus stand, Jila Sarkari Bank, Vikas Parisar,
Bhartiya Jivan Beema Nigam, U.P Jal Nigam, Jila Panchayat, Jila Karyalaya, B.S.A. Office and
Nagar Nigam. The analysis of the survey gives the following results:
FIGURE 31: SITUATION OF COMMUNITY TOILETS
CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 70
Source: ASCI, Primary survey, 2011-12
As shown in graph above, only 10% of the toilets are in good condition, 60% are in bad condition
and 30% of the toilets are in worst condition. The toilet facilities are provided to male and female
staff separately.
FIGURE 32 : Availability of Water Supply for Community toilets
Source: ASCI, Primary survey, 2011-12
The toilets have the basic infrastructure facilities including water supply, doors with bolts, buckets
and lights.
4.5.11 Operation & Maintenance of Toilets
The state of routine upkeep and maintenance of most of the toilets in the institutions is quite poor
because no one is responsible for their cleanliness. A lot of improvements are required to ensure the
proper serviceability of the toilets.
4.5.12 Sanitation Facili t ies and Situation at Hospitals
A survey was conducted of ten hospitals and the analysis gives the following results:
Segregation of waste: There is no segregation of bio-degradable and non-biodegradable wastes.
Bio-medical Waste disposal: In almost 20% of the hospitals, waste is disposed by the municipality,
70% hospitals have private arrangement for waste disposal and only 10% have their own
arrangement.
Frequency of collection of waste: In 60% of the hospitals it is collected daily, in 40% of the
hospitals it is collected within 2 days.
Source: ASCI, Primary survey, 2011-12
CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 71
4.5.13 Sanitation Facili t ies and Situation at Schools
There are about 108 government primary schools in which 10353 students are enrolled in Aligarh
city.
FIGURE 33: PRIMARY SCHOOL AT BHOJPUR AREA OF ALIGARH CITY
Source: ASCI, Primary survey, 2011-12
There are 4 upper primary schools with 300 student strength and 122 higher secondary schools.
There are 4 universities in Aligarh. These are Aligarh Muslim University, Varshney University, Tikaram
Kanya University and Gyan University.
TABLE 35: GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS IN ALIGARH
Level No. of schools No. of Students
Primary+ EGS 108 10353
Upper Primary 4 300
Higher Secondary 122 100,000
Total 234 110653
Source: NNA & BSA 2011
A survey was conducted of twenty government primary schools and the analysis is given below.
4.5.14 Infrastructure facil i t ies in schools
Most of the government primary schools infrastructure is in dilapidated state. There is no provision of
proper drinking water, toilets, urinals & washbasins. Moreover the schools are not properly
ventilated and do not have electricity or water connection.
CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 72
FIGURE 34: CONDITION OF TOILETS IN SCHOOLS BHOJPUR
4.5.15 O & M of toilets
There is no staff deputed to clean the toilets regularly. Moreover no specific budget is allocated for
the routine upkeep and maintenance of the toilets.
4.5.16 Sanitation Facilities and Situation at Commercial/ Market Places
A survey was conducted of the commercial/market places of Aligarh city such as Centre Point,
Railway Station Road, Aandhi Chowak, Sabji Mandi etc. The sanitation facilities are far below the
expectations. The outcome of the customer‟s survey gave the following outcomes/results:
4.5.17 Toilet Facility
Maximum market places do not have toilet facility at all. There is no awareness about public toilets
in the area. The shopkeepers mostly defecate openly when needed. Also, they are not willing to
have pay and use toilets.
4.5.18 Waste collection
Roads/streets sweeping is undertaken by safai karamcharis at least once in two days and piled up
the waste on roadside. The solid waste is generally collected in the roadside bins and lifted by
NNA vehicles on alternate days . The shopkeepers pay Rs.100-300 per month for their waste
collection.
Most of customers are not aware of toilet facility in the markets. They mostly defecate in the open.
They are willing to have pay and use toilets. They face problems with garbage accumulated on the
roadside in the market. They suggested that there should be a public toilet and the market places
should be cleaned daily.
4.5.19 Industrial Sanitation
There are a total of 5006 industrial units in Aligarh city. Of these, there are 3500 small scale
industries, 2000 medium scale and 6 large industries. Majorly there are three kinds of industries-
food processing, lock industry and household industry.
TABLE 36: TYPE OF INDUSTRIES
Name & Type of Number of Number of Number of Total
Source: ASCI, Primary survey, 2012
CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 73
Industries Large-Scale
Industries
Medium Scale
Industries
Small-scale
industries
Food Processing 6 0 0 6
Lock Industry 0 2000 0 2000
Household Industry 0 0 3000 3000
Other 0 0 500 0
Total 6 2000 3500 5006
A survey was conducted of medium and large scale industries and it gave the following results. Most
of the small scale lock industries are located in the residential and slum areas of the city and
discharging their hazardous liquid waste in the nallas/drains and dumping the solid waste in open
spaces.
FIGURE 35 WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDUSTRIES
Source: ASCI, Primary survey, 2011-12
The solid waste is managed by private agencies in 73% of the industries, in other cases it is
managed by the municipality. The payment made to private agency is as below: Around 54% of the
industries pay Rs. 1001-2000 to private agencies for the disposal of solid waste. Although
treatment plant is present in all the industries, the liquid waste is disposed off in the open drains and
nallas.
4.5.20 Sanitation Situation at Slaughter Houses
The slaughter house is located at Maqdoom Nagar Road. It is an open slaughter house functioning
for the last 25 years. The animals are being slaughtered in the open as shown below in Figure No
38 and then the raw meat is being transported to other places. The slaughtered animals solid
waste is thrown and dumped in the open and the liquid waste is washed away and discharged in
CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 74
the kuccha nallas around the slaughtering area. This area is totally polluted with foul smell, filth
and flies all around. The state of this area is so pathetic that one cannot stand there. The whole area
is Kuccha and the condition of this place become worse during the rainy season. It is totally polluted
with foul smell and filth all around. There is no veterinary doctor looking after the slaughter house.
Source: ASCI, Primary survey, 2011-12
There is no systematic arrangement of cleaning/maintenance. The waste is dumped in the open.
There is a proposal to construct a proper scientific slaughter house under PPP. The other slaughter
houses surveyed are at Bhujpura, Jamalpur and near Bamma. The condition of these slaughter houses
are also very bad and need immediate attention of NNA.
FIGURE 36: OPEN SLAUGHTER HOUSE
4.5.21 Situational Analysis of Water Bodies
In Aligarh city, the water bodies which were surveyed are: Pond at Shahjamal, Chawani ki pokhar,
Pond at Dori nagar, Kaliday ki pokhar,pond at Sahibavad, Achal mansarovar, stream at Kaliday,
stream at Shah Jamal, stream at Eita Chungi and stream near Sasni gate. All these water bodies are
managed by NNA.
All the water bodies are very dirty and accumulating the waste water of the city. In fact all the city
drains and nallas are discharging their waste water in to the water bodies. In certain cases like pond
at Dori Nagar and stream near Sasni Gate open defecation is quite prevalent. Toilet discharge also
goes into the water bodies at Shahjamal, Eita chungi and Sasni gate. All the water bodies are
clogged with dumping solid waste in them. The water quality is very poor and it is highly polluted.
The upkeep and maintenance of these water bodies is far below the expectation.
Source: ASCI, Primary survey, 2011-12
CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 75
FIGURE 37 : OPEN DEFICATION SITES IN ALIGARH
4.5.22 Ward wise situation analysis
Open defecation is seen in the wards where slums are prominent. Lack of individual toilets has been
observed to be major problem. It is observed that waste is not being segregated at source or at
waste dumping site. Situation of sanitation and solid waste management is very worse particularly in
slum areas located at the outskirts of the city.
TABLE 37: LIST OF SANITARY WARDS
Sanitary Ward Electoral Municipal Wards
Sanitary Ward 1 50, 41, 25, 26, 4, 47, 17.
Sanitary Ward 2 12, 32, 7, 9, 17, 63, 23, 18.
Sanitary Ward 3 16, 14, 2, 42, 15, 36, 6, 56, 34.
CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 76
Sanitary Ward 4 5, 22, 21, 54, 8, 55, 62, 38, 57, 65, 10.
Sanitary Ward 5 67, 13, 27, 1, 64, 70, 30, 20, 33, 11, 3.
Sanitary Ward 6 53, 52, 28, 40, 33, 49, 66, 58, 69, 68, 37, 59, 60.
Sanitary Ward 7 61, 39, 45, 31, 24, 44, 48, 40, 43, 51, 29.
Ward wise population and its density is given at Annexure 4. List of open defecation sites is given
below in Table 38 as well in above map Figure 39.
TABLE 38: OPEN DEFECATION SITES
10 Rorawar
11 Nagla Ashique Ali
12 Bhujpura
13 Pala Sahibabad
14 Bapu Nagar
15 Kaliden
16 Shastrinagar Chawni
17 Vikas Nagar
18 Dori Nagar
19 Nagla Tikona
S. No. Open Defecation Areas
1 Nagla Bhunda
2 Hamdard Nagar
3 Nagla Kalar
4 Lachhimpur
5 Nagla Kunjalpur
6 Nagla Mdulvi
7 Shadi Jamal
8 Krishnapur
9 Nagla Jahar
CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 77
CHAPTER 5. INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES GAP ASSESSMENT
There are about 44% of slum households and 56% of non slum households in Aligarh city. About 2%
of households are having the flush latrines with septic tanks. About 47% of slum households are not
having access to toilets and thus defecating in open particularly recently included villages in the
Nagar Nigam. 30% of slum households are using the „Khudi‟ which is a small structure built with
bricks and directly discharging the effluent in open nallas. Approximately 3900 households are
using the services of 37 community toilets in the slum and non slum areas. No proper mechanism for
the safe disposal of solid and liquid waste including the sludge & septage of households
FIGURE 38: FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION AT SLUM NAGALA AASHIK ALI
Source: ASCI, Primary Survey 2012
More surprisingly few houses are reporting manual scavenging. A very high proportion 79% of the
respondents claimed to be depositing solid waste at designated container/open site. The frequency
of collection of waste is once in two days in 60% of the cases and once in 3 days in 30% of the
cases. The people complained that the service of the municipality is bad. Road sweeping is done
once in a week in most of the cases. The drains are cleaned mostly once in a week. An overwhelming
majority said they take their water and sanitation complaints to elected representatives. The
complaint redressal system in the slum areas is not very efficient. The people are partially satisfied
with the system.
5.1 Water Supply
Pipe water supply network is there but without any metering. This leads to maximum wastage of
water particularly at public stand posts in the slum/LIG areas. Thus there is ample scope for public
awareness, as most people don‟t seem to bother about the optimum utilization of water. To
overcome the shortage of water, Jal Kal has installed hand pumps in the slum/LIG areas. Besides this
large number of households have made their own private arrangement of hand pumps. Illegal
connections and resultant leakages in the pipeline are very common resulting in mismanagement &
supplying of contaminated water to the consumers. In such a scenario it is not unusual that people of
Aligarh city prefer the hand pump water to the supplied water for domestic purpose. The per capita
water supplied is only 91 lpcd against the national level of 135 lpcd. Coverage of water supply
connections is 45 %. Water is supplied is daily for 4hours per day. The water quality testing is not
as per BIS IS -10500 laid down guidelines and standards.
CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 78
FIGURE 39 : WATER SUPPLY ANALYSIS
Source: Jal Kal & NNA ,2011
5.2 Sewerage and Wastewater Generation
In Aligarh city, there is only 10 % coverage of sewerage network. The households are having septic
tanks or kuddis. An integrated sewerage network needs to be laid out in the city. There is no sewage
treatment plant. Most of the sewerage goes into the open drains and nallas.
In maximum households, the toilet flush are not connected to soak pits. The water from septic tanks
goes directly into drains which are very unhygienic. Sewer line network needs to cover more areas in
Aligarh city.
Most of the city drainage system is clogged with polythenes bags and it should be cleaned
regularly. The condition of the city drainage system is very poor and need immediate repairs and
regular upkeep/maintenance.
The large drains are being encroached by dwelling units, milk diaries, shopkeepers etc and thus
difficult to clean & maintain them. It should be checked so that sanitary conditions of the city are
improved.
There is acute shortage of the community toilets in the city and thus compelling the people
particularly in slum and LIG areas to defecate in the open. More community toilets should be
constructed in the city.
FIGURE 40 : WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT
Source: Jal Kal & NNA ,2012
In maximum households, the toilet flush are not connected to soak pits. The water from septic tanks
goes directly into drains which are very unhygienic. Sewer line network needs to cover more areas in
Aligarh city.
CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 79
Most of the city drainage system is clogged with polythene bags and it should be cleaned regularly.
The condition of the city drainage system is very poor and need immediate repairs and regular
upkeep/maintenance. The large drains are being encroached by dwelling units, milk diaries,
shopkeepers etc and thus difficult to clean & maintain them. It should be checked so that sanitary
conditions of the city are improved. There is no Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP) the city. There is no
institutional arrangement in place for the routine upkeep and maintenance of water bodies. General
awareness about the importance of sanitation and health issues is far below among the people of
the city.
5.3 Community Toilets:
As explained, in the worst case scenario these are in dilapidated condition with crumbling building,
leaking septic tanks, broken seats, and broken doors, with no water or electricity or maintenance
person. Several of these community toilets need to be rebuilt. Most of the toilets were reported to
be in bad or worse condition implying they were in unsanitary or dilapidated condition.
Investing in Community toilets is a pressing need for the city. At present O&M work is being shared
by a host of organizations including Nagar Nigam, DUDA, NEDA and Sulabh International. No
Correlation has been found between condition of toilets and the organization responsible for O&M.
FIGURE 41: WASTE GENERATION IN CITY
Source: Nagar Nigam Aligarh , 2011-12
The community toilets in the city and mainly in slum areas are not looked after properly and having
several inherent problems. In the worst case scenario these are in dilapidated condition with
crumbling building, leaking septic tanks, broken seats, and broken doors, with no water
arrangement and no provision of routine upkeep & maintenance.
Open defecation sites and garbage dumps in the proximity of community toilets are a common
sight. Moreover, it has been noticed that in most of community toilets, children are allowed to use
the community toilets. The children accompanying their mothers defecate in and around the
community toilets in open drains. It is essential to classify toilets based on the survey results to
devise a plan of action. Broadly, the toilets would need the following measures. In worst case
scenario this may require rebuilding the entire toilets complex. Generally, deteriorating
infrastructure such as cracks in septic tanks, broken seats and doors need to be repaired.
Proper operation and maintenance of theses toilets assumes significance in the context of promoting
toilet usage. Where the toilets are not maintained properly, people tend to go back to the habit of
open defecation. Cleaner and well maintained community toilets will ensure their better usage
and in turn arrest the open defecation habit of people. An IEC campaign involving local NGOs
and SHGs is recommended to bring the change in the behavior of people.
CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 80
5.3.1.1 PUBLIC TOILETS IN COMMERCIAL PLACES
According to our survey, there are very few public toilet facilities in the commercial areas or markets of
the city. Most of the commercial places and markets are having some arrangement of urinals particularly
for gents only. Few shopkeepers use the existing public urinals and maximum people urinate in open
drains. Sampled respondents have appreciated the idea of pay and use toilets if proper toilet facilities
are made available. Our survey results indicate that while on one hand shopkeepers and customers are
experiencing difficulties due to lack of access to toilets, the overall willingness for pay per use option was
found to be low. In such a situation a behavior change campaign is first required to create demand for
toilets. Then it could be recommended to build toilets in commercial areas on pay and use terms.
Shopkeepers could opt for monthly passes and customers pay per use.
Sanitation Facility at Market Place
There are Very few proper public toilets in the markets. Most of the market places do not have toilet
facility. There is no awareness about public toilets in the area. Also there is no arrangement of proper
cleanliness of the public toilets and urinals. There is No willingness to pay and use the toilet facilities
among the shopkeepers. However, the customers are willing to have pay and use toilets
5.3.1.2 SCHOOL SANITATION
Most of the government primary schools are not having proper arrangement of toilet and drinking water
facilities. There are no dedicated staffs available in the schools for the upkeep, cleanliness and
maintenance of toilets and other facilities. No proper budget is being allocated for the O & M of toilets.
Most of the schools dispose their waste on the roadside or throw in the open site.
5.3.1.3 OPEN DEFECATION
There is acute shortage of the community toilets in the city and thus compelling the people particularly in
slum and LIG areas to defecate in the open. More community toilets should be constructed in the city. The
outskirts of the Nagar Nigam Aligarh are lacking in the civic development. Most of the households in
these areas are not having the provision of any kind of toilets and maximum people open defecate in the
fields around these localities.
5.3.2 Solid Waste Management
There is no arrangement of door to door collection and segregation of municipal waste at source in the
city. As of now, the municipal waste is unscientifically dumped openly at the outskirts of the city. There is
a need to organize the solid waste management on priority. The municipal waste is not disposed off
scientifically as per MSW Rule 2000. The waste is disposed off at open dump sites. No scientific landfill
site exists. No community involvement in managing the solid and liquid waste of the city. Only 4.6% city
wide door to door collection of solid waste is done.
5.3.2.1 SEGREGATION AT SOURCE
The waste generators in Aligarh city do not segregate the waste prior to disposal. They dump mixed
waste into the DP containers, drains, open sites and low-lying areas. As a standard practice, MSW has to
be segregated into bio-degradable and non-biodegradable wastes and disposed off in separate
containers to aid in efficient waste processing and disposal mechanisms.
5.3.2.2 PRIMARY COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE
Nagar Nigam Aligarh has taken initiative in providing door-to-door collection service to its residents but
only 2% of the households are covered which is a very small proportion. The residents of city dump the
household waste outside their residences from where sweepers of NNA collect waste by means of
handcarts and dump the same into the DP containers or roadside (open dump).
CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 81
The Safai Karamcharis employed by the NNA do street sweeping, collect drain silt & waste, put heaps
on roadsides and transport them at nearby open dumps. These unorganized disposal methods have
resulted in accumulation of solid waste on roadsides and vacant plots, low lying areas and drains/nallas.
Door to door collection service has to be provided to households as well as commercial establishments.
Containers/dustbins should be put near the shops and some agency should be there to collect garbage
regularly. The roadside waste collected by street sweepers must be directly dumped into a separate bin
at the secondary waste collection point.
5.3.2.3 SECONDARY STORAGE OF SOLID WASTE
There are very few containers available for secondary storage of MSW. At places where containers
are available, either they are rusted or damaged. At other places, waste is dumped on open dumps
which have evolved over a period of time. In the absence of secondary storage facility for MSW, it
is dumped at any location in the vicinity-drains, vacant plots, street corners, low lying areas, or other
open areas. Heaps and stretches of un-segregated waste in open areas causes environmentally
hazardous and unhygienic conditions across the city, thus, creating conducive conditions for breeding
of mosquitoes, insects or grazing by cattle.
Separate coloured bins must be provided at the secondary storage location for bio-degradable
and non-biodegradable and recyclable wastes. The bins must be covered and cleared at the
scheduled time to prevent storage of waste for a long time and littering of waste outside the bins.
5.3.2.4 SOLID WASTE IS TRANSPORTATION
Most of the times, solid waste is transported in open trolleys hauled by tractors. These open trolleys are
overloaded with waste, resulting in road littering during transportation. The loading and unloading of
waste is done manually and safai karamcharis involved in this activity do not use any Personal Protection
Equipment (PPE) for their protection. The waste transportation vehicles must be covered at all times
except while loading and unloading activities and the loaded waste should not exceed the capacity of
these vehicles.
5.3.2.5 SOLID WASTE AT COMMERCIAL AREAS AND MARKETS
Roads and streets sweeping is done irregularly by the Nagar Nigam Safai Karamcharis and waste piles
up fast on the roads/streets sides. There is no provision of dustbins in the commercial places/markets
and the people tend to throw the waste on the roadside or in the drains/nallas. The waste/garbage in
most these areas is collected once in two or three days. There is very poor solid waste disposal and
collection mechanism for commercial and market areas. The common and prevalent problems faced by
general public in markets areas is improper garbage disposal causing the blockage of roads, foul smell,
clogging of drains/nallas.
5.3.2.6 SLAUGHTER HOUSE WASTE
Waste from slaughter houses is dumped in open and low-lying areas. As such, there is no provision of
safe disposal in the city. Slaughter house waste should be collected separately and disposed off by
controlled incineration, burial, anaerobic digestion and other approved processing methods.
5.3.2.7 BIOMEDICAL WASTE
The private hospitals and nursing homes do not segregate their waste. Waste is not dumped in the dual
bin system (green and blue) and it is not segregated and is dumped along with MSW. Most of the
hospitals do not follow the Bio-medical rules -1998 and, there is no scientific arrangement of treating the
bio-medical liquid waste of hospitals and nursing homes. All the bio-medical liquid waste is discharged in
nallas/drains. Bio-medical waste segregation, handling and disposal mechanisms adopted by all medical
institutions must be strictly in compliance with the Bio-medical Waste Rules 1998.
5.3.2.8 COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE
The construction/demolition waste generated by local residents is transported in tractor trolleys and
disposed off in open/low-lying areas in the vicinity, privately. The construction and demolition waste
CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 82
(from private or NNA sites) must not be dumped in any open area in an unorganized manner .It must be
handled under the guidance of NNA staff.
5.3.2.9 DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE IS NOT APPROPRIATE
The solid waste collected from various sources is disposed off in open dumpsites indiscriminately without
segregation or pre-processing. There is no engineered sanitary landfill for safe disposal of solid waste.
According to MSW Rules 2000, biodegradable waste should be processed and converted into compost
or used for power generation; recyclables should be segregated and sold to recyclers; no hazardous
waste be dumped along with MSW; construction waste to be segregated and used for filling low lying
areas and only remaining waste should be dumped into engineered landfill facility.
5.3.2.10 MANUAL HANDLING OF SOLID WASTE
Safaikaramchar is involved in primary collection of MSW do not use any Personal Protection Equipment
(PPEs)such as face masks, disposable gloves, boots, hats, and proper safety clothing (sturdy colored
uniform) to avoid direct contact with waste and reduce the likelihood of on the job injury. Manual
handling of solid waste during primary collection is an acceptable practice in Aligarh city.
5.3.2.11 LACK OF AWARENESS AMONG CITY RESIDENTS AND CIVIC AUTHORITIES
The NNA staff is responsible for managing MSW in Aligarh city in accordance with the MSW Rules
2000.The NNA staff needs to understand the environmental, social and economic implications of an
unorganized MSW management system. Likewise, public participation is very essential in successful
implementation of the MSW management plan in the city. Therefore, a planned and concerted effort is
required to bring about awareness among the public and make them realize their responsibilities as
individuals and as a community. In summary, public awareness, community participation, transparent
administration, accountability at all levels is the need of hour so as to ensure success of any MSW
management plan.
FIGURE 42 : SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS
Source: Nagar Nigam Aligarh , 2012
5.3.3 Storm Water Drainage
The drainage system is quite old and need immediate repairs. The drainage system is heavily silted
because of lack of routine upkeep and regular maintenance. Most of the city drains and nallas are
discharging in the water bodies and thus polluting the complete environment.
5.3.3.1.1 Water Bodies
The water quality is very poor and it is highly polluted. There is no system in place to ensure the proper
upkeep and maintenance of water bodies. Most of the nallas/drains of the city are discharging their
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wastewater in these water bodies which is completely unhygienic and hazardous for the city. In some
cases like pond at Dori nagar and stream near Sasni Gate open defecation is also found.
Toilet discharge also goes into the water bodies at Shahjamal, Eita chungi and Sasni gate.
There is high risk of waterborne diseases because of accumulation of sludge and wastewater in the water
bodies. The water flow is clogged in the water bodies at Kaliday, Eita Chungi, Shah Jamal and Sasni
gate. The stagnated water and filth in the water bodies is causing the foul smell and acute air pollution in
the surrounding areas. There is no institutional arrangement in place for the routine upkeep and
maintenance of water bodies like Pond at Shahjamal, Chawani ki pokhar, Pond at Dori nagar, Kaliday ki
pokhar, pond at Sahibavad, Achal mansarovar, stream at Kaliday, stream at Shah Jamal, stream at Eita
Chungi and stream near Sasni gate.
Gaps Identification
Household
Level
48% of Open defecation in slum areas.
Unsafe disposal of water closet waste in slum areas
Unhygienic conditions of household toilets in slum areas and also non slum
areas
Community toilets are in bad state, many community toilets are not in a
usable state.
No O&M of community toilets and its infrastructure.
No proper faecal sludge management - The faecal sludge collected from
these septic tanks by the municipalities or private sludge sucking machine and
they dispose it into nearby nallas.
There is no proper effluent waste management. There are all let into open
drains.
Commercial/ market places don‟t have any kind of toilet facilities within the
complex.
Community
Level
In addition to the proposals stated above - there should be immediate
attention required for the Community/ public toilets.
Addressing sludge management issues at household toilets and community
toilets.
Commercial/
Market Places
The toilet facilities at commercial complexes that require immediate
construction.
The common and prevalent problems faced by general public in market
areas due to improper garbage disposal are – blocking the roads, smell
from road side bins and also smell from chocked nallas.
Proper operation and maintenance of all the public toilets located at
commercial/ market places.
Proper garbage disposal of garbage management at commercial/ market
places.
Proper sludge management of public toilets.
Sanitation at Many commercial workers open defecate
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ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 84
Commercial/
Market Places
The usage of public toilets in commercial areas is minimal and there is
incidence of open defecation by the customer populations in commercial
areas.
Institutional
Buildings
The toilet facilities at institutional building require immediate attention/
improvements/ rehabilitation
The other toilets provided at public institutional buildings should be
rehabilitated with proper infrastructure facilities and requires O&M.
Schools Many schools do not have any workers to maintain the cleanliness of the
surroundings of the school
Many governments schools toilets are not in working conditions.
Most schools do not have flowing water facilities in school toilets.
No proper infrastructure facilities.
There are many schools which are not having water connection in the toilets.
Schools are not having wash basin facilities
Toilets at schools are not cleaned properly or not well maintained and not in
proper shape i.e. these are almost in broken stage.
No O&M for schools toilets and no proper budget allocation for
improvements.
Almost all the schools dispose their waste in the road side bins or open sites.
Hospitals No scientific disposal of solid and liquid waste generated at all the hospitals.
Public Toilets Required more number of public toilets for floating population particularly
at the outskirts of the city.
Industries Immediate attention towards proper solid and liquid waste management.
Sewerage &
Drainage
Old sewerage network need immediate repairs and rehabilitation
Gaps Identification at Service Level
Water Supply Outskirts of the city area not covered with water supply distribution network; further expansion of existing water supply network
There is disparity in supply/demand position in various localities; requirement of additional of potable water.
The supply per capita should be increased from 90 lpcd to 135 lpcds per MoUD norms.
Improvements and rectifications in the distribution network
High extent of Non-Revenue Water (NRW) due to old and leaky pipelines –
Improvements and rectification in the distribution network.
Unreliability of supply hours, which often become erratic because of erratic
water supply.
Poor quality of drinking water. Should follow BIS 10500 standards for
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ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 85
drinking water quality.
Sewerage and
Drainage
Larger city area not covered with sewer network.
Illegal discharge of bio-medical liquid waste into drains and sewers without primary treatment.
Old sewers are choked and broken – contamination of ground water and drinking water.
Choked or overflowing sewers – connected to drains – contamination of drains.
Tendency to throw household waste has to be tackled.
Solid Waste
Estimations show that about 30 percent of bio-medical waste is getting mixed up with other type of MSW.
The dumping grounds, by roadside and elsewhere, are unhygienic and have deplorable look.
Disposal of waste into drains leads to choking of drains
Rains washed out part of garbage from these depots into drains and Nallas which lead to silting.
Mixing of Bio-medical and other forms of waste with municipal waste is a serious health hazard.
Lack of segregation of bio-degradable and non-degradable waste at source
Lack of scientific disposal of slaughter generated from slaughter houses.
Large scale public littering leading to inattentiveness of street sweeping and cleaning activities
Shortage of staff and lack of motivation amongst the existing staff
As per recommendations of the CPHEEO Manual, city level water demand and sewage generation has
been projected considering 135 lpcd for residential requirements. This figure includes retail, non-domestic
consumption such as commercial development, but does not include non-residential bulk consumers like
large-scale industries, industrial estates, large institutions, etc. It also doesn't include UFW (Unaccounted
for Water). It is assumed that end of pipe consumption is 135 lpcd. Eighty percent of this quantity is taken
as sewage generation. Solid waste generation is taken as 400 gm. per capita as prescribed by CPHEEO
guidelines.
TABLE 39: Water Demand Projection
Projected
Projection
Population Water Demand
(MLD) (@ 150
lpcd)
Sewerage
Generation
(MLD) @ 80%
Solid Waste
Generation
(TPD)(@
0.45 kg per
capita)
2015 1,131,098 169.66 135.73 508.99
2020 1,247,605 187.14 149.71 561.42
2025 1,379,425 206.91 165.53 620.74
2030 1,528,567 229.29 183.43 687.86
2035 1,697,374 254.61 203.68 763.82
2040 1,888,574 283.29 226.63 849.86
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ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 86
2045 2,105,346 315.80 252.64 947.41
Waste Water Conveyance
Projected
Projection
Projected
Households
Street Collector
Sewers (1.50
m / HH)
Branch
Sewers (0.75
m / HH)
Trunk Sewers
(0.40 m / HH)
2015 226220 339329 169665 90488
2020 249521 374282 187141 99808
2025 275885 413827 206914 110354
2030 305713 458570 229285 122285
2035 339475 509212 254606 135790
2040 377715 566572 283286 151086
2045 421069 631604 315802 168428
5.4 SWOT Analysis
The importance of SWOT analysis lies in its ability to help clarify and summaries the key issues and
opportunities facing a sector. Value lies in considering the implications of the things identified and it can
therefore play a key role in helping a sector to set objectives and develop new strategies. The ideal
outcome would be to maximize strengths and minimize weaknesses in order to take advantage of
external opportunities and overcome the threats. The biggest advantages of SWOT analysis is that it is
simple and only costs time to do. It can help generate new ideas as to how a sector can use a particular
strength to defend against threats in the performance. If a sector is aware of the potential threats then it
can have responses and plans ready to counteract them when they happen. SWOT Analysis is the
foundation for evaluating the internal potential and limitations and the likely opportunities and threats
from the external environment. It views all positive and negative factors inside and outside the sector that
affect the success. A consistent study of the environment in which the sector operates helps in
forecasting/predicting the changing trends and also helps in including them in the decision-making
process of the particular sector in the context of Aligarh.
5.4.1 Water Supply
SWOT Analysis for Water Supply
Strengths
High table level of ground water.
Weaknesses
Poor piped water supply coverage
Leakages
Using private electric pumps to suck water
Illegal connections
Unwillingness to use water at the consumer
end due to contamination in the supply line
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ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 87
Water borne diseases due to poor quality of
water supplied
Opportunities
Rehabilitation of the existing
lines
IEC campaign to overcome
illegal connections from rising main
Improving the quality of
drinking water
IEC to bring forth change in the
mind set to go for Individual
metered connections
Threats
Poor services particularly in outskirts areas
Contamination due to household &
commercial liquid waste directly leading to
open drains and nallas
BIS 10500 water quality standards are not
followed
Source: ASCI, 2012
5.4.2 Sewerage & Storm Water Drainage
SWOT Analysis for Sewerage & Storm Water Drainage
Strengths
Extensive nalla and drain network
10 % city covered by sewer lines
Weaknesses
No STP
Black and gray water not treated
Household and commercial waste directly
lead to open drains and nallas
Opportunities
To plan sewerage network and STPs
IEC campaign against throwing
garbage in storm water drains
Threats
No treatment of waste water
Nallas /drains discharging in water bodies
Stagnated water bodies are major source
of pollution and health hazard
Source: ASCI, 2012
5.4.2.1 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
SWOT Analysis - Solid Waste Management
Strengths
New Integrated Solid waste Management
Project is under progress
Willingness to pay for the user charges
Weaknesses
Limited door to door collection
Gap between the waste generated
and collected in the city
Open dumping sites are located inside
the city
No system in place for tracking
the collection and
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ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 88
transportation of the waste
Opportunities
Effective IEC campaign to illustrate
and explain the hazards of unscientific
disposal of municipal waste can stop
the citizens from dumping the garbage
in open
Willingness to pay for the user
charges can be converted in educating
people to give the waste in a
segregated mNNAer
CBOs are more than willing to
participate in any sort of campaign to
improve the quality of life
Threats
Gap between generation and
collection has let large amount of
garbage in the city leading to
public health hazards
Open dumping of garbage is a
public health hazards
Source: ASCI, 2012
5.4.2.2 OPEN DEFECATION, COMMUNITY TOILETS AND PUBLIC TOILETS
SWOT Analysis - Open defecation, community toilets and public toilets
Strengths
Community / Public toilets have been built for
the population of the cities
Weaknesses
No M & E system for tracking Open
Defecation
Few community toilets for large
slum population
Number of community toilets are in
unusable condition
Most of community toilets leading
waste to open drains
Opportunities
Increasing number of Community Toilets
would bring down the instances of open
defecation to a large extent
Rehabilitation of existing Community Toilets
BOT models in building toilets have high
chances
IEC & Behavioural Change campaign can bring
down the cases of open defecation
Threats
Open Defecation has become a
major public health hazard
Mosquitoes leading to several
diseases and instances of skin
diseases
Source: ASCI, 2012
5.5 Key Potential Issues
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ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 89
5.5.1 Identification and Analysis of Key Potential Issues Using Matrix Method
Some of the prominent issues faced by Aligarh to maintain sanitation are put in a matrix to show their low
to high occurrence versus low to high consequences so as to prioritize solutions in CSP.
Impact Scale/
Priority Rank
I II III
I 1/1
Open Defecation
½
10%ewerage coverage and
No treatment of waste water
1/3
HH waste disposed
in open drains
II 2/1
Schools with poor
O&M of toilets
No public toilets at
commercial /market
places
2/2
No proper Fecal sludge
management of community and
public toilets and even at
household level (those using septic
tank)
Low drinking water quality No
proper maintenance of
Institutional toilets
2/3
Slaughter house
waste disposal into
open/nallas
Industrial waste
disposal into nallas
without primary
treatment
III 3/1
Poor arrangements
of operation and
maintenance of
both community and
public toilets
3/2
Limited door to door collection of
HH waste
Unscientific disposal of liquid
waste and faecal sludge from
hospitals, community toilets and
public toilets
3/3
Encroachments,
waste dump sites -
water bodies
Source: ASCI, 2012
The existing situation of the city i.e. key problems are listed out – further, analysis for their
consequences and their impacts. A matrix is developed to highlight the areas of high priority that need to
be addressed by NNA.
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5.5.2 Prioritizing the Identified Potential Issues Using Matrix Method
PRIORITIZING THE IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF KEY POTENTIAL ISSUES USING MATRIX
METHOD:
Impact Scale/
Priority Rank
I II III
I 1/1
Individual toilets
Community toilets
1/2
Strom water drainage
1/3
Sewerage system
II 2/1
Public toilets
School sanitation
2/2
Fecal sludge
management
Water Quality
Institutional toilets
2/3
Proper disposal of
slaughter
house waste
III 3/1
O&M arrangements of
community toilets
3/2
Solid waste
management
Proper disposal of
BMW
3/3
Upkeep/maintenance
of water bodies
Source: ASCI, 2012
CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 91
CHAPTER 6. IEC AND AWARENESS CAMPAIGN
6.1 Introduction
Information, Education and Communication (IEC) & Communication strategy are integral to the core
issue of developing the city sanitation plan. In fact it will lead to development of robust yet effective
awareness and communication strategy for promoting hygiene & sanitation in the city to trigger
behavior change and demand for sanitation. The strategy will aim for citizen participation in
improving city sanitation specifically reaching out to the slum dwellers and urban poor in the city. It
will evolve a method, tools & techniques, and use of various media (interpersonal, print, electronic,
folk) including advocacy with opinion leaders NGOs/CBOs and other stakeholders to deliver
awareness strategy in the city. The experience of previous awareness programmes organized in the
city has also been taken into account to integrate the innovative ideas and strategies used.
6.2 Objectives
The objective of IEC & Communication Strategy is to evolve an effective plan of sustainable
programmes for capacity building and sensitization of implementers, education and enhanced
awareness for stakeholders specifically citizens regarding sanitation activities in Aligarh City. The
strategy is designed to:
Strengthening CSP implementation by Nagar Nigam Aligarh (NNA) through training and
capacity building;
Evolve methodology to sensitize public for adopting water wastage minimization,
segregation & management of solid waste and open defecation free practices through IEC
campaign.
By working at both the levels mentioned above a culture of communications and consultations is
fostered leading to participation
6.3 Communication Methodology
Water and sanitation services in UP cities face specific challenges. Aligarh is an industrial city and
there is large population of industrial workers. Migrants come and live in Aligarh for varying periods
of time. Water and sanitation challenges faced by the city due to massive influx of people list high
among the concerns expressed by citizens; These pose challenges to the city administration with
respect to toilets, solid waste management and water supply. National sanitation rankings survey has
ranked Aligarh low at 227 with 33.83 points out of 423 cities of India. Moreover, the city faces the
major challenges in water and sanitation and needs due attention for improving the sanitation
situation. It was found that communication is a crucial element in improving service delivery standards.
However, apart from educating citizens on health and hygiene, improving municipal processes by
way of citizen consultation and participation remains a necessary goal. Without citizen inputs right
from the design stage implementation of water and sanitation projects risk failure; Communication
Needs Assessment identified three stages for implementation of Information, Education and
Communication strategy for improvement in water and sanitation services –
(1) Awareness, (2) Process and (3) Compliance.
While it is generally understood that these stages would lead to better citizen participation in the
schemes, it is in fact imperative for all stakeholders to be appraised of them from their own specific
stand points. Awareness includes an understanding of health and hygiene related education
specifically directed towards slums. Equally important is an awareness of municipal leaders about the
problems face by all the residents including slum and middle class households, sanitation workers. This
awareness is generally taken for granted. Here, we propose that open and specific appraisals be
carried out without assuming too much of prior knowledge regarding sanitation issues. Next is to
create processes which are essential to maintain improved services. These could include citizen
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participation in community toilet maintenance, outsourcing of operations and maintenance to private
partners in public toilets, solid waste management and establishing citizen grievance resolution
systems to name a few.
A consolidation of these gains can only occur when all stakeholders comply with the rules. As
system of „incentivizing‟ desirable behaviors and weeding out undesirable behaviors must be
developed, these programmes, processes and goals will be set by the urban local body.
The key idea is to carry out a needs assessment within the existing infrastructure as well as the
strategy to go with expansion of infrastructure. Following steps were identified before visiting the
field:
Identifying stakeholder groups and available channels of communication
Focus Group Discussions, Interviews, Transect Walks.
Topic Guides prepared for each stakeholder group.
Data Collection. Field assessment of communications needs was carried out.
These methods helped us to evolve a case study approach towards communication needs assessment
for Aligarh. Case study approach offers the best possible method for evolving a Information,
Education and Communications strategy for the city concerned. As the city is large a random sample
based survey will cost a lot and will be labor intensive - Such as survey is likely to conceal extreme
situations within a large city. A case study approach utilizing information sampling can reveal much
more through discussions with citizens on the margins and those on the frontlines of implementation.
Stakeholders: Opinion leaders to be targeted as a high influence group both for interviews and
implementation of communications strategies. These include the followings:
Key officials-Commissioners, sanitation inspectors, medical/health officers,
Corporators, Community elders,
City media: newspapers reporters,
RWA office bearers,
NGOs,
Safaikaramcharies union office bearers,
Heads of Commercial establishments and shopkeepers, including public Places such as bus stands
Slum /LIG/MIG/HIG areas residents
School student, teachers, employees etc.
Hospital employees and doctors
Residents, establishments and NNA officials; Resident include all those living within city municipal
limits; they can be classified as HIG, MIG, LIG and slum dwellers. Shop keepers and commercial
establishments constitute a separate group especially for generation of market and industrial waste.
FGDs, Transect Walks, Interview/Discussion: In Aligarh city, 12 focus group discussions (FGDs) and
various transect walks with slum residents in various parts of the city were conducted. Interview and
discussions included officials from various departments, councilors, elected members of industrial
association, residents in middle class areas, sanitation workers, NGOs involved in water and
sanitation sector, shopkeepers, media persons etc. Locations for FGDs must be selected to represent
the variety of samples. Slum locations can be classified based on local knowledge. Generally, slums in
outskirts and those in interiors offer two different typologies. Aligarh city is having old town areas
with predominantly Muslim populations- this represents diversity in terms of demography. Similarly
there are slum with predominant SC or ST populations. Slums along railway lines and those along
water main pipelines form an essential typology. Vicinity to industry constitutes another significant
parameter.
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6.4 Probes for Field Trips and FGDs
Residents Including Slum Residents
Awareness regarding Health and Hygiene: The current practices and awareness regarding ill-
effects of lack of sanitation
ODF, Hand washing, SWM, water logging, community and individual toilet use etc
Awareness regarding government policies for improving water and sanitation: NUSP, SUDA,
DUDA, Sources and channels of such knowledge and communication
Awareness regarding technical options such as Toilet options
Willingness to upgrade: financial and behavioral constraints
Participation in any public awareness campaign regarding sanitation, Agencies that carried the
campaign and learning‟s from the campaign
Activities of local SHG's and other community organization, areas of engagement, in non-slum
areas - check for RWAs
Media consumption patterns reading newspapers, Cable TV etc (also in non-slum areas)
Information regarding demography of the slum, Quality of water supply (also in non-slum areas),
(To be gathered from surveys)
Complaint resolution system: complaints and mechanisms of resolution, how do they deal with
water and sanitation crisis, approaching local corporators, complain to NNA, extent of
satisfaction with current arrangement of civic services.
FOCUS GROUPED DISCUSSIONS AT NAGLA ASHIK ALI
Source: ASCI Primary survey 2011-12
NNA Officials
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ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 94
Role envisaged for communication for implementing CSP
Channels of communication are at ULB‟s disposal, Extent to which these channels are being
exploited
Technological options, geographic and infrastructural issues involved in implementing Water
and Sanitation schemes
M&E, feedback, support, rewards: Maintenance of citizen grievance records, discernible
patterns in complaints, efficiency of complaint redressal
Details of any specific communication campaign being take up, Content, Channels used,
budget allocated, awareness regarding multiplying message through media
Kinds of training are given to safaikaramcharies for safe disposal of waste etc and their
satisfaction at what has been provided
Commercial Establishment and Public Places
Observation regarding sanitation is these places
Practices involved in disposal of commercial waste such as segregation, shopkeeper
participation
O&M, regular upkeep of public places
Major Complaints, redressal mechanisms, willingness to participate
Residents often refer to Aligarh city as „the armpit of Uttar Pradesh‟ due to widespread
pollution.
Aligarh is an industrial city with hazardous waste producing steel and iron industry.
6.5 Problem Analysis
6.5.1 Open Defecation:
A glaring example of a sustained IEC campaign bearing fruit can be found in the Bhojpura, Turkman
gate -slum commercial area, Nagla Aashik Ali, Mulla Padha, Jamalpur and other malan bastis. Most
of the residents of these slum areas particularly men and children are defecating in the open areas
or drains. It is noticed that women folks particularly from muslim community are using the temporary
constructed toilets locally known as KHUDIS.
6.5.2 Community Toilets
Community toilets need better operations and maintenance. Most of the community toilets in the city
are plagued with issues like dilapidated condition with crumbling building, leaking septic tanks,
broken seats, and broken doors, with no water or electricity or maintenance person. The areas with
sub-standard community toilets are – Turkman Gate, Nagla Aashik Ali, Bhojpura, Mulla Padha, etc.
Open defecation sites and garbage dumps in proximity of community toilets are a common sight. It is
essential to classify toilets based on the survey results to devise a plan of action. Broadly, the toilets
would need the following measures. In worst case scenario this may require rebuilding the entire
toilets complex. Generally, deteriorating infrastructure such as cracks in septic tanks, broken seats
and doors need to be repaired. Operation and Maintenance of toilets assumes significance in the
context of promoting toilet usage. Where the toilets are not maintained well people tend to go back
to the habit of open defecation. Cleaner community toilets with community participation in
maintenance of toilets and its operations will help better toilet usage. An IEC campaign involving
local NGOs, SHGs, NNA officials etc is required.
CITY SANITATION PLAN ALIGARH
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF COLLEGE OF INDIA, HYDERABAD Page 95
6.5.3 Public Toilets:
In terms of the infrastructure, the public toilets are in a good condition especially when compared to
community toilets; however, they are inadequate in number compared to the demand based on the
visitors‟ footfall. However, most of the 09 public toilets/urinals in Aligarh built on its main roads are
not operational through the day. Some operators complain lack of public use forcing them to keep in
shut while some others do not seem to have a maintenance person. Operation and maintenance issues
need to be sorted out by the NNA.
6.5.4 Underground Sewerage System
Underground sewerage system is plagued by problems especially in slum areas. For example in
main city area underground sewage system is dysfunctional and no connection has been given. There
are internal and external engineering issues. There is a need to develop a STP. Internally the lanes
and by lanes in slums are so small that it is very difficult to lay the line with so many bends. Even if
these are laid the line will be prone to frequent clogging. Clogging of UGS will become a regular
maintenance problem for them
6.5.5 Solid Waste Management:
Solid waste management is one area where Aligarh can make gains. Aligarh‟s public places, markets
are marked by the unsanitary scenes of garbage dumps. Garbage collection points are typically
overflowing garbage. Local shopkeepers burn the waste generated by them at the source. Solid
waste management has been awarded to a private concessionaire under a BOOT project, but there
is still a wide gap in waste being generated and being safely disposed
6.5.6 Water Supply:
Public support is important to control leakages. In areas such as Bhojpura connection taken directly
from the raising mains caters to entire communities. There is ample scope for public awareness, as
most people don‟t seem to bother as of now. Due to supply shortages Hand pumps have been
provided by the NNA are preferred over supply water for drinking purposes. Illegal connection and
resultant leakages in the pipeline are very common that it has the effect of supplying contaminated
water to Aligarh. In such a scenario it is not unusual that people of Aligarh do not drink the supply
water. They take water from hand pumps to drink and from the piped supply for domestic use.
6.5.7 Other issues:
6.5.7.1 COMMERCIAL AREAS
Commercial areas and markets are lacking in toilets. Several shop complexes share a common toilet
facility. Sweeping is regular on daily basis but waste piles up fast in the busy commercial streets.
Shops in Railway Road and area are coexisting with small scale industries and lock factories. This
poses a major challenge for solid waste management
6.5.7.2 SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES
Aligarh is having large number of small scale industrial units. This is a thriving business and
employment avenue for the poor urban people and most of these units are located near the slum
areas of the city. Most of these small scale units are discharging their industrial hazardous waste
untreated in the drains or dumping in open sites. There is a need to educate the workers of these
small scale units about the scientific disposal of the waste.
6.5.7.3 LOCK FACTORIES
Bhojpura area is home to several lock factories in Aligarh. The nearby nalas and water body in the
middle of this area is collecting most the waste of the Bhojpura area. The solid waste is burnt and the
intoxicating fumes have to be put out by residents living over the shops. The nalas are cleaned by
municipality at irregular intervals such as once in a year before the id festival.
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6.6 Sanitation Consciousness – Current Status of Services and
Behaviours
As noted in the methodology section slum locations can be classified based on local knowledge.
Generally, slums in outskirts and those in interiors offer two different typologies. Some cities have old
town areas with predominantly Muslim populations- this represents diversity in terms of demography.
Similarly there are slums with predominant SC or ST populations especially in the outskirts of Aligarh.
Slums along railway lines and those along water pipeline as Naga Aashik Ali form an essential
typology. Based on these typologies we have identified the following stakeholder groups and their
behavioral patterns –
STAKEHOLDER
GROUPS
AREAS OF HABITATION SOCIO-CULTURAL/BEHAVIOURAL PATTERNS
SLUMS OUTSKIRTS Nagla Jamalpur,
Firdous Nagar,
Nagla Aashik Ali,
Bhojpura, Ambedkar
Colony etc Other
areas as marked
on the map.
Open defecation is prevalent.
In Bhojpura, Nagla Aashik Ali slum areas, there is
need for perceptible change in people‟s behaviour.
Street plays involving children can be staged as means
Of educating people about toilet use, hand wash,
segregation of waste etc.
Houses in these areas have not been given permission to
build toilets because these are not notified slum areas.
Most community toilets in these areas are in a state of
neglect and have fallen to disuse.
There is no provision of door to door collection but residents
throw garbage in the open areas
People by and large have tapped into the water supply
rising main. Most of these slum areas do not have
access to to pipe water because of lacking piping network.
SLUMS INNER CITY Nagla Nikona, Gandhi
Park and other such
Areas as marked
on the map.
This area is marked with community toilets with several
operation and maintenance challenges.
Open defecation by children in drains and open
spaces is common.
Water scarcity and poor state of community toilets forces
elders also to defecate in open but, it is not very common.
Some toilets do not have water of electricity connection with broken toilet seats force people to defecate in vicinity.
People are in some ways constrained in going out to
defecate in the inner city areas. Open areas such as
designated Public Park lands have become open
defecation spots.
Some community toilets near railway line leave overflowing
waste from septic tanks into open drains. Slums along the
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STAKEHOLDER
GROUPS
AREAS OF HABITATION SOCIO-CULTURAL/BEHAVIOURAL PATTERNS
railway line have serious and peculiar problems.
People defecating along the railway line are prone to
significant risks. Some people in the area especially elderly
have lost their lives and limbs in the process.
Community toilets in inner city slum are by and large in a
state of neglect. Some fall in disuse soon after building.
Pigs stray in and around community toilets.
Hygiene and sanitation awareness of residents is lacking
Open defecation is normal practice.
SHOPKEEPERS Commercial Areas/
Public Places: and
other areas on map
Aligarh is commercial and industrial town. It is know for lock peta and iron works. Both these industries are sources of pollution.
Most shopkeepers complain about the waste generated by peta factories and polluting the area.
Slaughter houses in this area throw animal waste in the
nala. The nala is cleaned by NNA at irregular intervals such as once in a year before the Id festival.
HIG RESIDENTS Areas locatable on
map
Residents of this area have UGD connections.
Irregular water supply is a major issue for the residents.
Some recent surveys have been undertaken to monitor water supply quality and quantity in this area.
LIG RESIDENTS All other Residential
areas.
Marked by individual toilets, regular sweeping of street, occasional clearing of drains.
Residents tend to install motors to draw up water to first and second floors. These motors are attached directly to the supply pipe posing problems to those down the line.
MUNICIPAL
OFFICIALS
City Wide Fogging activities are being taken up in malaria prone areas.
Officials should call meetings with SHGs and
shopkeepers specially butchers to raise awareness about
hygiene and to promote safe practices.
Municipal officials need help to enhance their capacities for
better implementation of projects.
A better co-ordination between various departments
such as water department is required.
New public toilets on the main roads are falling into
disuse- municipality needs to look into this.
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6.7 Messages for Stakeholders
National Urban Sanitation Policy 2008, by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India
has outlined constitution, roles and responsibilities of City Sanitation Task Forces envisaging multi-
stakeholder involvement. Some eminent persons from the city (from fields of academics, NGOs,
media, art, business etc) could be included into this task force. At a more micro level, creation of
Ward Sanitation Action Committees headed by Corporators of the concerned wards and comprising
members from NNA, office bearers of RWAs, safai karamcharies is recommended. The messages
that need to be put across to the stakeholders are presented Table … below –
TARGET AUDIENCE MESSAGES/THEMES CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION
Councilors/ Commissioner/ Engineers
Sanitary use of Community Toilets Organise walks of NNA officials around the slum areas to dispel mistrust specially for the slum residents
Status of community toilets
How the toilets should be designed for social acceptance
Promoting septic tank latrines in slum areas
CSTF meetings, CSP workshops
How to ensure compliance from people, rewards/punishments
Newspaper advertisements, calling for meeting/participating in transect walks
Better implementation of sanitation projects
Press conferences- sharing the goals and plan of action for CSP with press persons
Safe handling of garbage by sanitation workers
Short films on best practices- SWM, Water & Sanitation etc.
Councilors, Office Bearers, Slum Resident Federations representing Slums in inner City
Consultations on preventing open defecation
Organise walk around slum area with local councilors or NNA officials, RWA etc. Improved sanitation and
hygienic practices in community toilets, hand washing etc.
Safe disposal of human excreta
Contamination due to fecal matter
Do not burn garbage
Segregation of household waste, and disposal in designated bins
Health and hygiene
Diarrhea, GE, Malaria, Scabies
Consultation on problems with current toilets, taking stock of the community toilets status
Door to door campaign
Consultation on water supply situation
Newspaper advertisements, calling for meeting at ward level
Consultation on environmental sanitation
Press conference
Councilors, Office
Bearers: Slum
Resident Federations
Representing Slums in City
Outskirts
Consultation on land tenure, voter ID card address related issues
Organize meetings with local councilor or NNA officials
Consultation on problems with community toilets, household toilets, hand washing
Improved sanitation and hygienic practices in community toilets
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TARGET AUDIENCE MESSAGES/THEMES CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION
Health risks due to open defecation
Toilet options two pit, septic tank RWA meeting with local councilor and NNA officials
Safe disposal of human excreta Door to door campaign
Health and hygiene, Diarrhea, GE, Malaria, Scabies etc
Newspaper & cable TV advertisement, posters etc.
Consultation on water scarcity,
water quality problems etc
Press conference by NNA officials
Office Bearers: of Residents
Welfare Association
Middleclass Localities
Consultation on problems with
Public/community toilets
RWA meetings with concerned
NNA officials
Consultation on septic tank cleaning
Consultation on environmental sanitation
Door to door campaigning
Consultation of water supply situation
Newspaper & cable TV advertisements
Consultation of willingness to pay for user charges for solid waste
Press conference by NNA officials
Meetings with RWA officials
Water and Sanitation
Officials
Display numbers of responsible officials esp. Sanitation Inspectors prominently in their Zones
Printed pamphlets given with newspapers, newspaper & cable TV advertisements, painting on elevated/underground reservoirs
Establish grievance redressal mechanism.
Print the phone numbers of responsible NNA officials on the municipal garbage tractors
Emphasis on time bound resolution of public grievances
NNA officials
Water and Sanitation
Workers
Importance of safe handling of waste
Meetings and workshops to include NGO and A2Z company employees along with NNA workers
Do not burn garbage
Do not dump garbage on roads leading to dump yard
Educating people on waste segregation
Shopkeepers/ Commercial/ Industrial/ Slaughterhouses
Do not dump garbage in by-lanes Meeting of the local shopkeeper associations to sort out the problems among themselves, meeting with NNA officials and councilors.
If you need to dispose hazardous waste call the municipality and ask for a tractor.
Slaughter house waste
disposal consolations
Specific meetings with owner of
slaughter houses on waste disposal
City Wide Keep house and neighborhood
Neat & clean
Road side billboards
Keep your community toilets clean
Boil/filter the water before drinking Newspaper, radio and TV ads
Wash your hands before and City Cable TV ads
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TARGET AUDIENCE MESSAGES/THEMES CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION
after eating/drinking
Don‟t allow mosquitoes to breed in your neighborhood
Press conference
Immunize children Know your city and transect
walks
Don‟t share clothes of persons infected with skin diseases
Short films for screening in local theatres etc.
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CHAPTER 7. SECTOR SPECIFIC STRATEGIES
Topics of Discussion
City-Level Vision and Goals of Aligarh CSP
City-Level Problem Areas, Strategy and Recommendations
City-Level Action Plans
o Technology
o Finance
o Institution & Governance
o Capacity Enhancement and Awareness
o Inclusiveness
The key challenge looming large at the cities is devising an implementation strategy for the City Sanitation Plan (CSP). The development of the implementation strategy entails detailed planning; initiatives supported by incentives, guidance system / sound financial systems; innovations; context specific solutions, prioritization; supportive context; and most importantly, ownership and leadership. The prime responsibility of implementation of the CSP rests with Nagar Nigam Aligarh (NNA), however, it is imperative that NNA shall engineer and institutionalize the collaborative efforts of all stakeholders involved to help achieve the defined goals as part of the implementation strategy.
The implementation strategy is evolved based on the detailed analysis of the situation in the major sectors of sanitation namely; (a) sewerage; (b) access to sanitation – toilets; (c) storm water and (d) solid waste (please refer to Chapters 3 and 4). The sanitation mapping, initial and final analysis of the baseline data, and projection of demand for various sanitation services in the defined sectors have helped identify the level of deficiency in respect of sanitation in Aligarh.
A broad city level strategy for implementation of the City Sanitation Plan for Aligarh is outlined along the five strategic intervention domains namely, (1) Technology Options; (2) Financial Options; (3) Institutional and Governance Options; (4) Capacity Enhancement and Awareness Generation Options; and (5) Inclusive Approach.
7.1 City-Level Vision and Goals of Al igarh CSP
Vision Statement - “Aligarh shall be environmentally safe and totally sanitized & liveable city so as to ensure good public health standards, human dignity, and privacy for all citizens”
The broad goals for Aligarh City shall reflect thus -
Goal 1 - The entire population of the city shall have access to toilets in the form of either individual toilets, shared toilets or community toilets, with adequate water supply by 2017;
Goal 2 -All major public places shall have adequate number of public toilets in fully serviceable condition by the year 2017;
Goal 3 -The quality of drinking water shall be improved and the entire population shall have access to quality drinking water by the year 2017;
Goal 4 -All the households shall be connected to the sewerage network, centralized or decentralized by the year 2025
Goal 5 – All the waste water generated in the city shall be collected and conveyed through an appropriate sewer network to treatment plants, treated to acceptable quality levels and disposed, recycled or reused by the year 2025;
Goal 6 -All households as well as non-residential users shall have access either to a door-to-door collection of garbage or to a secondary collection facility within easy accessible distance by the year 2015;
Goal 7 -All the solid waste generated in the city shall be segregated, collected, transported and either processed for reuse or disposed of in a sanitary landfill by the year 2015;
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Goal 8 -The entire sanitation system as visualized above is socially, environmentally and economically sustainable and effectively managed by a capable team in the municipality, maintaining adequate standards of safety for the workers.
7.1.1 Guiding Principles
The guiding principles for the realization of the vision and hence the defined goals as articulated above are enumerated below –
Equity
Sustainability – Technical, Financial, and Environmental
Transparency
Local Adaptability
Improved Public Heath
Inclusiveness
7.1.2 Framework
The National Urban Sanitation Policy, Uttar Pradesh Urban Sanitation Strategy, and the National Rating and Award Scheme for Sanitation for Indian Cities by Government of India, provide a good framework for defining the guidelines to prepare the City Sanitation Plan and its implementation strategy.
TABLE 40: Indicators & Guidelines for CSP
INDICATORS AS PER NUSP 2008
GUIDELINES FOR CSP
OUTPUT RELATED Proposals to provide safe access to household sanitation and serve entire population by toilets
Proposals for safe disposal of waste water, storm water and solid waste
Proposals to meet the national standards for safe disposal of liquid and solid wastes
PROCESS RELATED Proposals to ensure the efficient design of the system in conformity with applicable rules and regulations
Proposals to ensure clear devolution of responsibility and accountability in the institutional system
Proposals to ensure competent documentation of the operational and monitoring systems
Proposals to ensure the formulation of prudent sanctions for deviances / violations of the system both at individual / institutional level and ensure the enactment
OUTCOME RELATED Proposals to ensure the systems facilitate and sustain good public health and environmental conditions
7.1.3 Timeline
The system shall be designed under the broad framework as per the guidelines for a design period of 30 years; however, the planning shall entail the implementation of the design in phases to meet the ultimate goals of the CSP.
The phased approach aims to navigate through the challenges posed by the limitations in investments, institutional capacities, and community engagement in a proficient manner. The phases and the corresponding timelines are defined as stated below –
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TABLE 41: PHASES & TIMELINES FOR CITY SANITATION STRATEGY
PHASE YEAR
IMMEDIATE-TERM 2013 - 2016
SHORT-TERM 2013 - 2018
MID-TERM 2013 - 2030
LONG-TERM 2013 - 2043
TABLE 42: ASSUMPTIONS FOR STRATEGIC PLANNING
PHASE/YEAR
SHORT-TERM 2013 - 2018
MID-TERM 2019 - 2030
LONG-TERM 2031 - 2043
ASSU
MPTIO
NS
ASSU
MPTIO
NS
Efforts initiated to eradicate slums and award land tenure and achievement of eradication of slums and award of land-tenure - regular small houses replace slum
settlements
Regular Houses for all Regular Houses for all
Efforts initiated towards public outreach and education and 80% literacy rate is achieved
90% Literacy rate is achieved 95% Literacy rate is achieved
Efforts initiated to generate awareness campaigns to promote better hygiene and sanitation practices
Citizens adopt the better hygiene and sanitation practices and sustain the systems
Citizens adopt the better hygiene and sanitation practices and sustain the systems
Efforts initiated to regularize the participatory planning and budgeting
Participatory planning institutionalized
Participatory planning institutionalized
Efforts Initiated to enhance employment rates through local adaptivity and productivity and 70% of the population is employed and has regular income
90% of the population is employed and has regular income
100% of the population is employed and has regular income
Efforts initiated to promote 3R Principle - Reduce, Reuse and Recycle and citizens adopt the 3R Principle - Reduce, Reuse and Recycle in all sectors.
Water Conservation practices are prevalent; Storm Water Source Control Mechanism are regularized; Reduction/Reuse/Recycle of liquid/solid waste is achieved
Water Conservation practices are prevalent; Storm Water Source Control Mechanism are regularized; Reduction/Reuse/Recycle of liquid/solid waste is achieved
Efforts initiated to provide 135 lpcd water supply to all citizens and water connections to all has been achieved.
Water connections to all has been achieved and 135 lpcd water supply is achieved
Water connections to all has been achieved and 135 lpcd water supply is achieved
Source: ASCI, 2011-12
7.2 City-Level Crit ical Problem Areas, Strategy and Recommendations
7.2.1 Sewerage Management
7.2.1.1. CRITICAL PROBLEM AREAS
CRITICAL PROBLEM AREA 1 – There is limited sewerage network in the city and No STP. CRITICAL PROBLEM AREA 2 – Total sewage generated in the city is untreated leading to environmental pollution and health hazards. CRITICAL PROBLEM AREA 3 – Adverse risk to public health due to improper and non-compliant septic tanks and septage management leading to contamination of water bodies/water supply distribution system and incidences of water borne diseases. Manual Scavenging has also been observed.
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7.2.2 Strategy
Based on the comprehensive situation analysis executed for the city within the sewerage sector and the identified gaps in the level of service delivery, the targets for service delivery are set across the planning horizon of 30 yrs. Based on the existing sanitation situation, demographic profile of the city including the population density patterns, the socio-economic profile, the topography, and the financial aspects of NNA, the targets are set for the immediate, short-term, mid-term and long-term phases of the city sanitation planning.
TABLE 43: TARGETS FOR SERVICE DELIVERY LEVELS IN SEWERAGE MANAGEMENT SECTOR
COMPONENT OF SERVICE
DESIRED LEVEL OF SERVICE
DELIVERY
EXISTING LEVEL OF SERVICE
DELIVERY
TARGETS FOR SERVICE DELIVERY LEVELS
IMMEDIATE-TERM
2013-2016
SHORT-TERM
2013-2018
MID-TERM 2013-2030
LONG-TERM 2013-2043
Collection of Waste Water
Coverage of sewer network (% of city area)
100% 10% 30% 50% 100% 100%
Collection efficiency of waste water
100% 10% 20% 50% 100% 100%
Extent of reuse and recycling of treated water
100% 0% 25% 50% 100% 100%
Conveyance of waste water
100% 0% 20% 50% 100% 100%
Treatment capacity of STPs
100% 0% 20% 50% 100% 100%
Cost Recovery
Extent of cost recovery 100% 0% 20% 50 % 100% 100%
Efficiency in collection of sewage charges
100% 0% 80% 100% 100% 100%
Customer Service
Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints
80% 10% 20% 50% 80% 100%
Source: ASCI 2011-12
The strategy adopted to achieve the aforementioned targets in the service delivery shall include the sewerage network system for use in the immediate phase while engaging in the assessment of further requirement in both the sewer network coverage and treatment and disposal systems. The possibility of a judicious blend of centralized and decentralized systems to meet the demands of the city shall be thoroughly investigated. The technology and service delivery options shall be designed to ensure the sewerage is managed efficiently through the entire cycle of operations originating at the generation of wastewater and culminating in the ultimate disposal.
All stages of the complete cycle are carefully planned to extend services to the entire city population cutting across all sections of the society and all levels of the settlements. The several options are designed with a focus on energy efficiency and overall sustainability of the system, keeping in mind the existing limitations of technical, financial and social capacities of NNA. The service delivery options shall enmesh the community participation and NGO involvement to complement NNA capacities.
Given the fact that the city is largely characterized by population with a low awareness in terms of the available sewerage management services and also the adverse impacts of the current malpractices leading to disintegration of health and environment; hence the proposals shall bear in mind the requirement for generation of awareness in the community alongside the provision for educating theses masses. This approach shall ensure sustainability of the proposed systems. Refer to Chapter 6 for IEC & Awareness Campaign strategy.
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7.2.3 Design Premises
The proposals shall be based on the following parameters –
Projected Populations and Households
Existing Situation vis-à-vis the Key Issues at Ward Level
Projected Sewerage Generation
Existing Institutional Capacities
Existing Financial Capacities
Table below represents the design inputs for the development of the sewerage management system with respect to the projected populations considering the growth and development patterns within the city –
TABLE 44: DESIGN INPUTS - SEWERAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Projected Projection
Population Water Demand (MLD) (@ 150
lpcd)
Sewerage Generation
(MLD) @ 80% of water demand
Solid Waste Generation
(TPD)@ 0.4 kg per capita
2015 1,131,098 169.66 135.73 508.99
2020 1,247,605 187.14 149.71 561.42
2025 1,379,425 206.91 165.53 620.74
2030 1,528,567 229.29 183.43 687.86
2035 1,697,374 254.61 203.68 763.82
2040 1,888,574 283.29 226.63 849.86
2045 2,105,346 315.80 252.64 947.41
Source: ASCI 2011-12
With increase in population there would be a tremendous increase in septage generation, for which the present treatment and disposal capacities may not be adequately furnishing the need. Sewage management has to be taken care as soon as possible for future and more critically for present. Refer Annexure 13 for the detailed overview of Septage Management.
7.2.3.1.1 Design Phases
TABLE 45: PHASE WISE DESIGN COMPONENTS OF CSP
PHASE DESIGN COMPONENTS
IMMEDIATE-TERM (2013-2016)
Sewage network feasibility study;
Connections to the households;
Initiate primary collection and conveyance system ;
Initiate sewage management system;
Initiate to make DPR for sewerage network.
SHORT-TERM (2013-2018)
Finalize collections to households and the conveyance system;
Implement STP for sewerage network;
Septage treatment & disposal
MID-TERM (2013-2030)
Augmentation of the system to meet the demands of the growing population;
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PHASE DESIGN COMPONENTS
Replacements of components and operation & maintenance.
LONG-TERM (2013-2043)
Augmentation of the system to meet the demands of the growing population
Replacements of components and operation & maintenance.
7.2.3.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
7.2.3.2.1 Solution for the Critical Problem 1 – „The coverage of sewerage network in
the city is grossly deficient and the willingness of households to connect is
low‟
Immediate Action Directives
As an immediate measure it is recommended that NNA release a „tender‟ requesting expression of interest and subsequent award of the contract of building of sewerage network and pumping stations to a Private Service Provider (PSP) on Built, Operate and Transfer (BOT) basis.
Feasibility Study
Feasibility study shall be conducted to investigate the suitability of technologies in the decentralized systems or onsite solution in the city based on (1) area available within the city, (2) topography and gradient – ease and energy efficient sewer network development potential, (3) population densities – present and future, (4) hydraulic and organic load, (5) energy efficiency and financial considerations, (6) recycle and reuse potential, (7) waste to energy considerations, (8) carbon-credits and Clean Development Mechanism value assessment potential, (9) financing and operation models and (10) willingness of households to adopt, operate/maintain the system and user charges
DPR
Based on the findings of the feasibility study, NNA may release a notice to invite expression of interest to prepare a DPR to conceptualize and design the decentralized systems in the city which shall also include - (1) design of streamlined connection mechanism , along with the master map of the conveyance system, supporting reliable collection service (2) development of capacity management, operation & maintenance program (CMOM) and Sewer Connection Assessment Program (SCAP).
Administrative and Regulatory Measures
Institutionalizing of the Household Connection Mechanism–The connection will be undertaken by certified plumper, who is authorized by NNA. Training courses for the plumber is to be organized by NNA at the end of which the „certification and license‟ shall be provided.
Institutionalizing Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Mechanisms – M&E mechanisms for the design implementation/asset development as well as operation & maintenance of the assets shall be developed under the technical wing of NNA supported by a dedicated team of engineers and laborers to handle the O&M of the system. „Training and certification‟ of the technical team and laborers shall be organized by NNA which shall include the use of sophisticated instrumentation required for the O&M.
Develop and Regularize Municipal Bye-Law– Municipal Bye-Laws or Building Codes shall be introduced to make connectivity mandatory for grounds situated in a defined distance from the next sewer line. Grounds, with exceeding distance maybe allowed installing onsite systems. Connectivity applies for all black or grey water outlets.
Develop and Conduct Awareness Generation Campaigns– Campaigns shall be conducted to propagate the benefits of better hygienic and sanitation practices and also advocate the efficiency and benefits of the sewerage management systems designed for the community. Through the campaigns, NNA shall encourage the residents to connect to the existing and proposed network through financially sustainable mechanisms and cross-subsidy mechanisms;
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Ring Fence Sector Specific Budgets–Budgets shall be established and the dedicated Sewerage Sectoral Unit under the Sanitation Department shall develop the costs and the tariff structures in consultation with the Finance & Accounts Department and the Strategic Communications Cell (working closely with the communities) in order to promote efficient „cost recovery mechanisms‟. „Impact benefit tax‟ is also proposed to be levied upon regularization of services.
Establish Connection Fee – Each ground will be provided with a nominal connection fee, which is to be reinvested into the system for capital investment and not for O&M cost. Connection for lower income groups shall be subsidized.
7.2.3.2.2 Solution for the Critical Problem 2 – „The sewage treatment and disposal
system in the city is lacking and the total sewage generated in the city is
untreated leading to environmental pollution and health hazards‟
Immediate Action Directives
As an immediate measure it is recommended that NNA to finalise the first phase in Sewerage till the 2016 and starts second phase immediately, in this manner the target would be 2030 to get the full coverage of sewer connections in the city – (1) built STP to meet the demands of the short-term phase with a horizon of year 2018.
Administrative and Regulatory Measures
Establishing Dedicated Sectoral Unit – It is recommended to establish a „dedicated unit for Sewerage Sector‟ under the Sanitation Department. The technical wing and the O&M unit developed under this sectoral unit shall be managed by technically competent resources certified through institutionalized „training and certification‟ programs to handle O&M and M&E ;
Institutionalizing Capacity Building – „Training calendar‟ shall be developed and regular training programs shall be conducted to upgrade the skills of the resources in technical and O&M wing in accordance with the calendar schedule; „vocational training units‟ shall be established to train the community to participate in the O&M of the sewerage systems in their locality;
Develop and Conduct Awareness Generation Campaigns– Campaigns shall be conducted to propagate the benefits of better hygienic and sanitation practices and also advocate the efficiency and benefits of the sewerage management systems designed for the community. Through the campaigns, NNA shall „encourage the community to participate in the O&M‟ activities/plan of the sewerage systems in their respective areas;
Establish Cost Recovery Mechanisms – Effective „cost and tariff structures‟ shall be institutionalized, impact benefit taxes shall be designed and imposed on the citizens to meet the O&M expenses and if feasible capital costs as well, hence ensuring the financial viability.
7.2.3.2.3 Solution for the Critical Problem 3 – „Adverse risk to public health due to
improper and non-compliant septic tanks and septage management leading
to contamination of water bodies/water supply distribution system and
incidences of water borne diseases‟
Feasibility Study
In order to establish a sustainable sewage clearance and management system for the city, a study shall be conducted to assess the possibility of integrating the sewage management into the sewerage or the solid waste management system. It may be recommended to strategize the management separately for the existing and the future septic tanks.
„Premises‟ 1– The septage clearance from the existing septic tanks shall be integrated with the solid waste management primary collection system and the sewage either disposed to the solid
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waste management facility or the STP site. The sewage treatment again shall be integrated either with the solid waste treatment or the sewerage treatment process.
„Premises‟2 – The septage clearance from the future septic tanks shall be integrated into the sewerage network system, while the sewage treatment shall be integrated either with the solid waste treatment or the sewerage treatment process.
The scope of the feasibility study shall include –
Assessment of the ward wise demand for de sludging facilities and the feasibility of separation of black and grey water;
Assessment of the sewage characteristics in ward-wise and sewerage zone-wise manner in the city so its potential of integration into sewerage treatment or solid waste treatment may be established;
Assessment of the potential of use of septic tanks as interceptor tanks for the sewerage systems – assess the design options of septic tanks for the new constructions so connection to the sewer network is feasible;
Assessment of the potential of the waste to energy options to ascertain the viability of the integration of sewage treatment into the sewerage or solid waste treatment process
Assessment of the vehicle options to collect sewage along with solid waste to make the system more financially viable and sustainable.
DPR
Based on the findings of the feasibility study, NNA may release a notice to invite expression of interest to prepare a DPR for the – (a) rehabilitative and up-gradation works of the existing septic tanks and (b) planning and design of the new sewage management system that shall integrate the sewage management with either sewerage or solid waste management. The scope shall include – (1) Procedures for rehabilitation of septic tanks to arrest seepage as well as upgradation into interceptor tanks to integrate into proposed off-site sewerage system , (2) develop design guidelines for eth septic tanks to be adopted by the city so sewage management system including clearance & treatment gradually can be integrated into the future/proposed off-site sewerage system(s) or solid waste systems, (3) develop GIS based asset registry system for sewage management and the computerized maintenance management plan coupled with comprehensive M&E system - this system shall track all maintenance activities in addition to facilitating a central repository of areas of complaints and general maintenance.
Administrative and Regulatory Measures
Develop and Conduct Awareness Generation Campaigns– Campaigns shall be developed and conducted to propagate the benefits of integration of the existing septic tanks into the off-site sewerage systems so it may increase the acceptance of the procedures by the community and their willingness to pay for the management services may be reinforced;
Regularize Municipal Bye-Laws and Building Codes – Municipal bye-laws and building codes shall be developed and enforcing mechanism shall be institutionalized by NNA to promote sustainable septage management system for the city. The directive shall (1) mandate the stringent compliance mechanism for the design of septic tanks along with the approval of new constructions; (2) Regulatory oversight mechanisms to penalize the citizens violating the establishing regulation and standards; (3) Approve construction of septic tanks only if CPHEEO guidelines are followed (certification mechanism), which include - (i) includes only the discharge of black water (toilets), (ii) does not exceed population density of 300 capita/hectare, (iii) exclude use of soak pits in areas with impermeable soil, hard rock or high groundwater table.
Institutionalize Incentive Schemes–Incentives shall be introduced in the form of property tax rebates in order to achieve connectivity (can be linked with sewerage issue!)
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7.2.2 Access to Toilets
7.2.2.2 CRITICAL PROBLEM AREA
CRITICAL PROBLEM AREA 4 - Inadequate number and inappropriately designed, operated and maintained individual and community toilets in urban poor areas leading to open defecation and eventual health and environmental risks.
7.2.2.3 STRATEGY
Based on the comprehensive situation analysis executed for the city within the access to toilet sector and the identified gaps in the level of service delivery, the targets for service delivery are set across the planning horizon of 30 yrs. Based on the existing sanitation situation, demographic profile of the city including the population density patterns, the socio-economic profile, the topography, and the financial aspects of NNA, the targets are set for the immediate, short-term, mid-term and long-term phases of the city sanitation planning.
The strategy adopted to achieve the aforementioned targets in the service delivery shall include the rehabilitation and up gradation of the existing sanitary facilities for use in the immediate phase while engaging in the assessment of further requirement in the individual and community category as well as toilets in municipal schools, commercial and market areas.
Given the fact that the city is largely characterized by population with a low awareness in terms of the available sewerage management services and also the adverse impacts of the current malpractices leading to disintegration of health and environment; hence the proposals shall bear in mind the requirement for generation of awareness in the community alongside the provision for educating theses masses. This approach shall ensure sustainability of the proposed systems. Refer to Chapter 6 for IEC & Awareness Campaign strategy.
7.2.2.3.1 Design Premises
The proposals shall be based on the following parameters –
The Population Densities
Development Pattern of the City – Present & Future Land-Use
Opportunities of means of livelihood
Existing Institutional Capacities
Existing Financial Capacities
Existing Situation vis-à-vis the Key Issues at Ward Level
Based on the primary survey and the focus group discussions conducted in the slum areas the following assumptions have been defined to strategize the improvement of access to toilets –
TABLE 46: ASSUMPTIONS FOR PROVISION OF TOILET FACILITIES IN SLUM AREAS
PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS WITHOUT ACCESS TO TOILETS
STRATEGY
30% Develop individual toilets with support of different schemes ILCS/RAY/BSUP
25% Develop shared toilets - 1 toilet amongst 5 households
40% Willing to develop individual toilets if assured water supply / sewerage management
5% Develop Community Toilet Complexes - 1 seat per every 35 users
Based on the above assumptions, the design inputs for the interventions to improve the access to toilets in the city of Aligarh are presented in subsequent sections.
TABLE 47: DESIGN INPUTS - ACCESS TO TOILETS STRATEGY
City Wide
Population 8,66,000
Households without access to toilets 31310
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No. of individual toilets required 9393
No. of shared toilets required 7827
No. of community toilet complexes required 38
Following table illustrates the additional requirement of community toilet complex as per specified
norms.
TABLE 48: ANALYSIS OF EXISTING COMMUNITY TOILETS
City Wide Households dependent on functional community toilets 3900
Population dependent on functional community toilets 23400
Community toilet seats required as per norm (1 seat per 35 user) 668
Existing community toilet seats 780
Households without access to toilets 31310
Population without access to toilets (6 per HH) 187860
Community toilet seats required (for 5% of population) 56358
Additional Community toilet complex (15 seater) required 38
7.2.2.3.2 Design Considerations
The various boundary conditions that influence the design of the community toilets and enhance the acceptability levels amongst the community and also promote sustainability of the developed assets and the overall sanitation system are presented below -
Location
Proximity to settlements – preferably 100-200 m
Visibility
Safety aspect
Near sewage lines
Co-location – compatible use
Signage
Directional and Labeling
Gender Sensitive Design
Women and children specific
Disability Access
Elderly User Access
Well-lit / ventilated
Environmentally Sustainable
Energy Considerations
High degree of natural lighting
Low energy light fittings
Use of solar power
Passive ventilation
Recycled, recyclable, renewable and locally sourced source materials Water Considerations
Grey Water Flushing
Low-flow/water less urinals
Recycling of storm water for flushing
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7.2.2.3.3 Design Phases
TABLE 49: DESIGN PHASES - ACCESS TO TOILETS SECTOR
PHASE DESIGN COMPONENTS
IMMEDIATE (2013-2016)
Detailed survey of existing facilities to initiate rehabilitation and augmentation Repairs and up gradation of the existing toilets; Design & Construction of the new facilities in areas with no sanitation facilities Initiation of septage management
SHORT-TERM (2013-2018
100% coverage and infrastructure development Design of system to handle the human excreta
MID-TERM (2013-2030)
Finalization of septage management Augmentation of the system to meet the demands of the growing population Repairs & Maintenance
LONG-TERM (2013-2043)
Augmentation of the system to meet the demands of the growing population Repairs & Maintenance
7.2.2.4 RECOMMENDATIONS
7.2.2.4.1 Solution for the Critical Problem 4 – „Inadequate number and
inappropriately designed, operated and maintained individual and
community toilets in urban poor areas leading to open defecation and
eventual health and environmental risks‟
Immediate Action Directives
It is recommended to release a notice to invite expression of interest for the design, rehabilitation and up-gradation of the existing toilet facilities on a Rehabilitate, Operate and Transfer (ROT) basis in People Public Private Participation (PPPP1) mode in the immediate phase with a horizon of year 2018 in the wards identified for OD. The community toilet facilities in these wards are in need of repairs and have inadequate capacity and design to handle the expected demand in the urban poor areas in compliance to established design guidelines by Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation and the design standards through relevant Government Orders. The scope shall also include the survey of the remaining city and ascertain the exact numbers and location for rehabilitation and up-gradation sanitation facilities
Launch a pilot project for the usage of mobile toilets as (a) temporary solution for CTCs wherever in-situ development of slums or relocation of the community is planned under RAY or areas where land tenure issues are flagged, (b) seasonal need for additional toilet seats is prevalent in area with floating population and (c) place constraint does not allow any permanent solution. The project can be tried in model Wards and will provide (A) a need assessment at the outset (B) develops an Operator model and a Financial Model for the capital investment as well as O&M cost, (C) prepares a sewage management plan (if direct connection to the sewerage system is not given) and (D) implements the ward level pilot project. Refer Appendix 11 for O&M Estimation of Community & Public Toilets by NNA.
Feasibility Study
The feasibility study shall be conducted to ascertain the model of toilets to be adopted in the city to address the access to toilets issue. – Shared/community/mobile. The scope shall include –(1) ward wise identification of demand for toilet facilities, (2) assessment of the land availability at household,/community/ward level in the areas which are prone to open defecation(3) assessment of opportunities for rain water harvesting systems and use of water thus tapped for operational & maintenance activities, (4) Based on the database of
1In the PPPP mode, people shall be treated as customers rather than as beneficiaries and hence shall contribute towards
both the capital and O&M investments as far as possible. People shall also be actively involved in the O&M activities leading to an enhanced sense of ownership and ultimate sustainability. The capital investment may also be in the form of labor, material as well.
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spatial distribution of inadequacy of the toilet facilities , (5) the willingness to pay by the community and their participation interest levels in the O&M of the sanitation facilities in order to develop operator and finance models
DPR
Based on the findings of the feasibility study, NNA may release a notice to invite expression of interest to prepare DPR. It is recommended to evolve a city-wide strategy through DPR, yet the city-wide plan shall be broken down into packages to ensure phase-wise development in order to ease the financial burden. The DPR is detailed as under -
DPR for the construction works of new toilets which shall include – (1) Design of toilets as per the design guidelines by Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation and the design standards through relevant Government Orders, (2)Detailing the construction procedure of shared toilets, and community toilets (b) Design the fecal sludge management system including clearance & treatment gradually integrating into the future/proposed off-site sewerage system(s) (c) Develop asset registry for toilet management and the computerized maintenance management plan coupled with comprehensive M&E system –this system shall track all maintenance activities in addition to facilitating a central repository of areas of complaints and general maintenance
Administrative & Regulatory Measures
It is recommended to „establish a dedicated unit for Toilets Sector‟ under the Sanitation Department to streamline the design, construction, operation & maintenance processes within the sector with regular O&M training programs for the both the NNA officials and O&M team and the community and regular helpline.
Develop and Conduct Awareness Generation Campaigns– Campaigns shall be conducted to propagate the benefits of better hygienic and sanitation practices and encourage the residents to adopt toilet facilities through financially sustainable mechanisms and cross-subsidy mechanisms. Along the lines of the National School Sanitation Initiative (NSSI), the awareness campaigns to promote behavioral change shall lay emphasis on personal hygiene, proper sanitation, clean toilet habits, safe drinking water, separate toilets for girl child, disposal of waste water, human excreta disposal/toilets, waste water recycling, waterless urinals, waste segregation, and compositing, food hygiene and creation, and conservation of green spaces. Schools shall be adopted as the prime media for the campaign.;
Regularize Municipal Bye-Laws and Building Codes– Municipal bye-laws and building codes shall be developed to encourage "Water Reuse Strategy," for utilization of the recycled water/waste water in the operation and maintenance of the toilet facilities; punitive measures shall be enforced to discourage the open defecation practices; Building codes enforced to adopt the prescribed design standards for toilets;
Develop and Institutionalize MIS System– NNA shall promote the documentation and mapping of the system. An asset register shall be maintained and the computerized maintenance management plan shall emphasize on the preventive and corrective maintenance; this system shall track all maintenance activities in addition to facilitating a central repository of areas of complaints and general maintenance.
Financial Mechanism Interventions
Institutionalize Sector Specific Budgets– Budgets shall be established; and the dedicated Toilet Sector Unit under the Sanitation Department shall develop the costs and the tariff structures in consultation with the Finance & Accounts Department and the Strategic Communications Cell (working closely with the communities on area up gradation plans) in order to promote efficient cost recovery mechanisms;
NNA shall assist in the construction of new shared toilets in densely populated areas at the rate of one toilet for every five households through micro-financing in areas lacking the basic services in the immediate and short-term phase with a horizon of year 2018;
7.2.3 Storm Water Management Sector
7.2.3.1 CRITICAL PROBLEM AREAS
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CRITICAL PROBLEM AREA 5 - Inadequate storm water drainage network along with poor maintenance and non-integration of source control measures with the existing storm water drainage network leading to a considerable number of water logging areas and ultimately unhygienic condition.
7.2.3.2 STRATEGY
Based on the comprehensive situation analysis executed for the city within the storm water management sector and the identified gaps in the level of service delivery, the targets for service delivery are set across the planning horizon of 30 yrs. Based on the existing sanitation situation, demographic profile of the city including the population density patterns, the socio-economic profile, the topography, and the financial aspects of NNA, the targets are set for the immediate, short-term, mid-term and long-term phases of the city sanitation planning.
TABLE 50: TARGETS FOR SERVICE DELIVERY LEVELS IN STORM WATER MANAGEMENT SECTOR
COMPONENT OF SERVICE
DESIRED SERVICE
DELIVERY
EXISTING SERVICE
DELIVERY
TARGETS FOR SERVICE DELIVERY LEVELS
IMMEDIATE-TERM
2013-2016
SHORT-TERM
2013-2018
MID-TERM 2013-2030
LONG-TERM
20134-2043
Coverage of Drainage Network
100% 50 70% 90% 100% 100%
Incidences of Water Logging / Flooding
Number 38 20 18 0 0
The strategy adopted to achieve the aforementioned targets in the service delivery shall include a decentralized approach to storm water management in addition to the centralized storm water drain network to manage the run-off. This approach entails the introduction of systems that temporarily store or permanently remove storm water from the location of rainfall on impervious areas. New and evolving methodologies involving „source controls‟, green infrastructure, rain water harvesting methodologies, low impact development and best management practices are recommended to be adopted.
The objective of the said approach is to reduce storm water flow into the centralized storm water drain system while increasing soil infiltration and pollutant removal, providing urban ecological restoration opportunities, and increasing overall green spaces within watersheds. This shall facilitate the ground water recharge. There are three major source control techniques – (a) detention, (b) retention, and (c) bio retention/bio filtration and available technological source control measures include blue roofs, rainwater harvesting, vegetated controls, permeable pavements, and green roofs. Each source control technique provides certain benefits that can be matched to the city‟s needs.
TABLE 51: BENEFITS OF SOURCE CONTROL TECHNIQUES
BENEFITS DETENTION RETENTION BIO-FILTRATION
Reduces Drain Overflows X X X
Reduces Potable Water Consumption X
Reduces Flooding X X X
Reduces Backups X X X
Reduces Direct Discharges X X
Reduces Strain on Drains X X X
Potential source control strategies and initiatives are listed as below –
TABLE 52: SOURCE CONTROL STRATEGIES
BUILDINGS AND LOTS
Performance Standards for New Development
Performance Standards for Existing Buildings
Low- and medium-density residential controls
RIGHT OF WAY
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Road reconstruction design standards
Sidewalk design standards
Right of way buildout
OPEN SPACE
Green Infrastructure - green streets, rain gardens and swales
TABLE 53: SOURCE CONTROL INITIATIVES
STRATEGY DESCRIPTION EFFECT
Blue Roof 2-in / 1-in Detention Install roof top detention systems Cost Effective method to detain water
Green Roof Install a green roof on at least 50 percent of a roof
Cost-effective storage or removal of runoff from new rooftops
Rain Water Harvesting Methodologies to capture run-off Cost-effective storage or removal of runoff from impervious surfaces
Side walk Bio-filtration Vegetated Controls Reduction in Annual run-off from catchment area
Greening of Parking Lots Implement vegetation and storm water controls in new parking lots
Reduction in Annual run-off from catchment area
Porous Parking Lots Commercial and community facility parking lots to plant street trees and perimeter and interior landscaping that will detain water or infiltrate to the soil as feasible.
Retention of storm water and reduction in run-off
Porous Concrete Sidewalk porous pavement on publicly-owned parking lots
Retention of storm water and reduction in run-off
Green Street New zoning amendment requires street tree plantings
Cost-effective infiltration of street storm water
Permeable Pavements Install and monitor porous pavement on publicly-owned lots and new construction of roads
Retention of storm water and reduction in run-off
7.2.3.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
7.2.3.3.1 Solution for the Critical Problem 5 – „Inadequate storm water drainage
network along with poor maintenance and non-integration of source
control measures with the existing storm water drainage network leading
to a considerable number of water logging areas and ultimately
unhygienic condition‟
Immediate Action Directives
It is recommended that NNA coordinate with the sewerage & solid waste management department and prioritize the activity of prevention of indiscriminate dumping of solid waste and waste water discharge into the drains;
Feasibility Study
It is proposed to conduct a study to ascertain the feasibility of integrating the water bodies in the city into the future storm water drainage network system as rain water harvesting (RWH) structures to reduce the capacity requirement encumbrance on man-made drains as well as create a continuous drainage network.
It is also proposed to study the feasibility of constructing rain water harvesting structures / source controls in low-lying areas to address the storm water issue since the areas cannot be integrated into the surrounding drainage network owing to the undulating levels;
Conduct hydraulic modeling studies in few selected pilot areas of the city in order to improve the water retention potential within the city and decrease the run-off load for low lying areas as well as the downstream areas of river.
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Assessment of the following parameters with respect to water bodies and the low-lying areas – (a) water quality analysis (b) influent characteristics (c) ground infiltration characteristics and sub-strata soil investigations (d) sedimentation analysis.
DPR
Based on the findings of the feasibility study, NNA may release a notice to invite expression of interest to prepare DPR. The DPR is detailed as under -
DPR for the– (1) Design and construction works of new storm water drainage network, (2) design and construction works of source controls in the low-lying areas(b) Design and construction works of recreational facilities – water bodies (c) Develop asset registry for storm water management and the computerized maintenance management plan coupled with comprehensive M&E system – this system shall track all maintenance activities in addition to facilitating a central repository of areas of complaints and general maintenance
Administrative & Regulatory Measures
It is recommended to establish a dedicated unit for Storm Waste Sector under the Sanitation Department to streamline the design, construction, operation & maintenance processes within the sector; personnel management system & Sanitation worker‟s training program shall be implemented to conduct occupational safety and health training campaigns to educate the sanitary workers with respect to the benefits of adopting best operating practices;
Municipal Bye-Laws shall be enforced to encourage the residents to adopt the practices of source control initiatives to promote reduce, reuse and recycle principle; Regulatory Mechanisms (polluter pays) shall be enforced to discourage open dumping of waste;
Awareness generation campaigns shall be conducted to propagate the benefits of source control initiatives;
NNA shall develop and institutionalize the MIS system to document and map the drainage network system. An asset register shall be maintained and the computerized maintenance management plan coupled with comprehensive M &E system shall emphasize on the preventive and corrective maintenance; this system shall track all maintenance activities in addition to facilitating a central repository of areas of complaints and general maintenance.
Financial Mechanism Interventions
It is recommended to initiate incentives for adopting the source control initiatives;
Sector specific budgets shall be established; and the dedicated Storm Water Sectoral Unit under the Sanitation Department shall develop the costs and the tariff structures in consultation with the Finance & Accounts Department and the Strategic Communications Cell (working closely with the communities on area up gradation plans) in order to promote efficient cost recovery mechanisms. Impact benefit tax is also proposed to be levied on properties in areas where services are provided.
7.2.4 Solid Waste Management
7.2.4.1 Critical Problem Areas
Critical Problem Area 6 – The household coverage of solid waste management services as well
as the overall collection efficiency is inadequate and deficient. The solid waste management
services are inadequate in the industrial areas as well as the public areas resulting in adverse
health and environmental impacts.
7.2.4.2 Strategy
Based on the comprehensive situation analysis executed for the city within the SWM sector and the
identified gaps in the level of service delivery, the targets for service delivery are set across the
planning horizon of 30 yrs. Based on the existing sanitation situation, demographic profile of the city
including the population density patterns, the socio-economic profile, the topography, and the
financial aspects of NNA, the targets are set for the immediate, short-term, mid-term and long-term
phases of the city sanitation planning.
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Table 7-54: Targets for Service Delivery Levels in Solid Waste Management Sector
COMPONENT OF
SERVICE
DESIRED
LEVEL OF
SERVICE
DELIVERY
EXISTING
LEVEL OF
SERVICE
DELIVERY
TARGETS FOR SERVICE DELIVERY LEVELS
2013-2016 2013-2018 2013-2030 2013-2043
Household Coverage 100% 20% 75 100% 100% 100%
Segregation at Source 100% 0% 50% 100% 100% 100%
Collection Efficiency
of MSW
100% 80% 90% 100% 100% 100%
Extent of Reuse &
Recovery
80% 10% 40% 100% 100% 100%
Extent of Treatment 100% 80% 90% 100% 100% 100%
Extent of Scientific
Disposal
100% 80% 100% 100% 100% 100%)
Cost Recovery
Extent of Cost
Recovery
100% 10% 50% 100% 100% 100%
Efficiency in Collection
of Sewage Charges
100% 30% 50%% 100% 100% 100%
Customer Service
Efficiency in redressal
of customer complaints
80% 50% 80% 80% 80% 80%
The strategy adopted to achieve the aforementioned targets in the service delivery shall include the
coverage of entire households in the city under the collection services – primary and secondary
collection network. The cost recovery mechanisms need to be strengthened.. The service delivery
options shall enmesh the community participation and NGO involvement to complement NNA
capacities.
Given the fact that the city is largely characterized by population with a low awareness in terms of
the available sewerage management services and also the adverse impacts of the current
malpractices leading to disintegration of health and environment; hence the proposals shall bear in
mind the requirement for generation of awareness in the community alongside the provision for
educating theses masses. This approach shall ensure sustainability of the proposed system. Refer to
Chapter 6 for IEC & Awareness Campaign strategy.
7.2.4.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
7.2.4.3.1 Solution for the Critical Problem 6 – „The household coverage of solid waste
management services as well as the overall collection efficiency is inadequate and
deficient in urban poor areas leading to the dumping of solid waste in open areas and
drains resulting in health and environmental risks‟
Immediate Action Directives
In order to achieve 100% coverage the private concessionaire who holds the contract for the
city shall be enforced to implement the services per the contract.
IEC campaigns shall be initiated to promote segregation at source and also support the primary
collection and secondary collection processes.
Administrative and Regulatory Measures
It is recommended to establish a dedicated unit for Solid Waste Sector under the Sanitation
Department to streamline the design, construction, operation & maintenance processes within the
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sector; personnel management system & Sanitation worker‟s training program shall be
implemented to conduct occupational safety and health training campaigns to educate the
sanitary workers with respect to the benefits of adopting best operating practices;
Municipal Bye-Laws shall be developed to encourage the residents to adopt the practices of
solid waste reduce, reuse and recycle; Regulatory Mechanisms (polluter pays) shall be enforced
to discourage open dumping of waste;
Awareness generation campaigns shall be conducted to propagate the benefits of better
hygienic and sanitation practices and encourage the residents to adopt solid waste management
systems through financially sustainable mechanisms and cross-subsidy mechanisms
NNA shall develop and institutionalize the MIS system to document and map the collection &
transportation system. An asset register shall be maintained and the computerized maintenance
management plan coupled with comprehensive M &E system shall emphasize on the preventive
and corrective maintenance; this system shall track all maintenance activities in addition to
facilitating a central repository of areas of complaints and general maintenance.
Financial Mechanism Interventions
Sector specific budgets shall be established; and the dedicated Solid Waste Sectoral Unit under
the Sanitation Department shall develop the costs and the tariff structures in consultation with the
Finance & Accounts Department and the Strategic Communications Cell (working closely with the
communities on area up gradation plans) in order to foster efficient cost recovery mechanisms.
Impact benefit tax is also proposed to be levied on properties where services are provided.
7.3 Action Plans
7.3.1 Technology Options
The technology and service delivery options shall be designed to ensure the sanitation services are managed efficiently through the entire cycle of operations. All stages of the complete cycle are carefully planned to extend services to the entire city population cutting across all sections of the society and all levels of the settlements. The several options are designed and phased keeping in mind the existing limitations of technical, financial and social capacities of NNA. The service delivery options shall enmesh the community participation and NGO involvement to complement the NNA capacities. Refer Annexure 14 for detailed overview of „Decentralized Wastewater Management‟ DEWAT process.
TABLE 55: TECHNOLOGY ACTION PLAN
PHASE SEWERAGE TOILETS STORM WATER
SOLID WASTE QULAITY OF WATER
Imm
edia
te
Initiation of collection and
conveyance System ;
Detailed survey of existing facilities to
initiate rehabilitation and up gradation
Finalize repairs and up
grradation of the storm water rains in the flood prone areas;
Finalize Primary Storage
and Primary Collection System;
Detailed study to
determine and map the contamination points
20
13
-16
Intermittent Measures for Septage Clearance
Finalize the Repairs and up gradation of the existing toilets;
Initiate the source control strategies and initiatives
Initiate Secondary Storage, Collection and Transport System;
Initiate the casing works for water supply pipes at the contamination points
Feasibility study for DEWATS as a permanent solution
Initiate the Design & Construction of the new facilities in areas with no sanitation facilities
Initiate the construction of the new drains;
Initiate Sanitary Landfill for existing Waste and Treatment Facility;
Initiate the shifting of the hand-pumps/stand-posts from the contaminations points
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Intermittent DEWATS for existing waste generation areas served by Septic tanks;
Initiation of phasing out of the septic tanks
Initiate the procurement of the maintenance equipment and devices;
Initiate the Transfer Station
Initiate training programs for household water purification mechanisms
Finalize DEWATS if found feasible
Initiate the Design of System to handle the human excreta
Initiate the outfall drain structures/ supporting activities
Short
-Term
Finalization of collection & conveyance System
Finalize 100% coverage of toilets and supporting Infrastructure development
Finalize and operationalize ground water recharge initiatives
Finalize Secondary Storage, Secondary Collection and Transport
Finalize the casing works for water supply pipes at the contamination points / lengths
20
13
- 1
8
Initiate the Treatment and Disposal mechanisms – septage management zone wise
Finalize the system to handle the human excreta
Finalize construction works
Finalize and operationalize the transfer station
Finalize the shifting of the hand-pumps/stand-posts from the contaminations points
Intermittent arrangements for Septage Treatment & Disposal
Source Control Installations
Finalize Construction Works ISWM plant
Initiate training programs for household water purification mechanisms &
Repairs and Maintenance
Finalize procurement of the maintenance equipment
Finalize the Capping of Sanitary Landfill for existing Waste
Initiate the operations of Integrated Solid Waste Management Facility (ISWM)
Mid
-Term
Phasing out of Septic Tanks by institution of DEWATS / connections to central sewer system
Finalization of phasing out of Septic Tanks
Augmentation of the SDM system to meet the demands of developing city
Augmentation of the MSW system to meet the demands of growing population
Regular / Periodic / Preventive repairs and maintenance
20
13
–3
0
Augmentation of the system to meet the demands of the growing population
Augmentation of the system to meet the demands of the growing population
Replacements of components as per the maintenance plan
Annual Phases of the ISWM facility
Replacements/repairs of
Replacements/repairs of components &
Replacements of components as
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components & maintenance
maintenance per the maintenance plan
Long-T
erm
Augmentation of the system to meet the demands of the growing population
Augmentation of the system to meet the demands of the growing population
Augmentation of the SDM system to meet the demands of developing city
Augmentation of the MSW system to meet the demands of growing population
Regular / Periodic / Preventive repairs and maintenance
20
13
– 2
04
3
Replacements/repairs of components & maintenance
Replacements/repairs of components & maintenance
Replacements of components as per the maintenance plan
Finalization of the Annual Phases of the ISWM facility
7.3.2 Financial Options
The implementation of the City Sanitation Plan necessitates substantial financial resources and the corresponding strategic planning for resource generation. The financial strategy shall encompass Capital Investment Plan, Operations & Management (O&M) Expenditure Layout and the financial assessment for the critical support activities like Community Mobilization, Awareness Workshops and Capacity Enhancement to ensure sustainability of the planned sanitation services.
The strategy shall align itself along the paradigm that the resource generation shall broadly target the funds earmarked for water and sanitation development within NNA and the Uttar Pradesh State Government budgets; however, it shall also access the funds from the 13th Finance Commission and other Center and State schemes for sanitation improvement.
7.3.2.1 CAPITAL INVESTMENT PLAN
A conceptual capital investment plan is presented below which is corresponding to the strategic actions in the various sectors that are defined in the earlier sections. The unit rates considered for the calculation purposes are provided as Annexure12. This section outlines the Annual capital expenditure (capex) required, **An Annual inflation factor of 5% is applied for all capital expenditure (from 2013-14 onwards)
TABLE 56: CAPITAL INVESTMENT PLAN
SHORT-TERM MID-TERM LONG-TERM
ACTION PLAN ACTION PLAN ACTION PLAN
(2013-2018) (2019-2030) (2031-2043)
1 Population 11,31,950 13,79,425 18,88,574
2 Incremental Population 2,4,8327 509149
3 Households 1,88,516 2,29,904 3,14,762
4 Incremental Households 41,388 84,858
NEW SERVICES
1 Household Toilets
Strategy Address the deficiency
Address the additional requirement for the incremental
Address the additional requirement for the incremental
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population population
Individual Toilets 9300 12300 25452
Shared Toilets 7750 10250 21214
Capital Investment Estimate 221650000 295150000 606658000
2 Community Toilets
Strategy Address the deficiency
Address the requirement for the incremental population
Address the requirement for the incremental population
Community Toilets 38 20 42
Capital Investment Estimate 3,80,00,000 2,00,00,000 4,20,00,000
3 Public Toilets
Strategy Address the deficiency
Address the additional requirement for the incremental population
Address the additional requirement for the incremental population
Public Toilets 10 3 7
Capital Investment Estimate 2000000 600000 1400000
TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT-TOILETS 261650000 301750000 624858000
4 Centralized Sewerage System
Strategy Address the deficiency
Address the additional requirement for the incremental population
Address the additional requirement for the incremental population
a Household Connections 114694 41388 84858
Capital Investment Estimate 2293880000 827760000 1697160000
5 Septage Management System
Strategy
Address the
deficiency
Address the additional requirement for the incremental
population
Address the additional requirement for the incremental
population
a Vacuum Trucks 45 - -
Capital Investment Estimate 90000000 - -
b Septage Sludge Drying Beds 2000000 - -
Capital Investment Estimate - -
TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT-WASTE WATER 2385880000 827801388 1697244858
7.3.2.2 OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT EXPENDITURE PLAN
In addition to the Capital Investment; recurring financial resources requirement is envisaged to support the O&M of the various sanitation service facilities. The O&M Expenditure layout is presented below; please refer to Annexure 12 for the unit rate analysis for both the CAPEX and the O&M expenditure for all the sanitation service sectors. The Annual O&M inflation is taken at seven
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(5%) percent; all rates are as per 2011 rates for the tasks detailed in the unit rate analysis at Annexure 9.
As can be assessed from Table 6-4, O&M expenditure for Centralized Sewer System and MSW Management System would be a significant burden on NNA‟s finances. It is evident that NNA would be demanded to introduce tariff structure and charge user fees for the various sanitation services that it would provide, as outlined in the CSP
TABLE 57: O&M EXPENDITURE PLAN
SHORT-TERM ACTION PLAN
MID-TERM ACTION PLAN
LONG-TERM ACTION PLAN
(2013-2018) (2019-2030) (2031-2043)
Population 1131098 1379425 1888579
Incremental population 248327 509149
Households 188516 229904 314762
Incremental households 41388 84858
1 Community Toilets
Total Capital Investment Estimate 3,80,,00,000 2,00,00,000 4,20,00,000
Total O&M Expenditure Estimate @5% annually 19,00,000 10,00,000 21,00,000
2 Public Toilets
Total Capital Investment Estimate 20,00,000 60,00,000 14,00,000
Total O&M Expenditure Estimate @5%annually 1,00,000 30,000 70,000
GRAND TOTAL O&M EXPENDITURE ESTIMATE – TOILETS 20,00,000 10,30,000 21,70,000
3 Centralized Sewerage System
Total Capital Investment Estimate 2293880000 827760000 1697160000
Total O&M Expenditure Estimate @5%annually 114694000 41388000 84858000
GRAND TOTAL O&M EXPENDITURE ESTIMATE – WASTE WATER 116694000 42418000 87028000
7.3.2.3 COST RECOVERY OPTIONS
It is recommended to explore the possibility of levying user charges for the services, globally; user charges for sewerage disposal services are normally based on water charges, i.e., a set percentage of the water charge that has typically varied between 50-80% of user water charges. It is proposed that NNA shall levy a 50% sewage disposal surcharge to the user water charges. As regards MSW services, it is recommended that NNA levy a monthly user fee as indicated in the table below, this fee could vary for users belonging to various economic slabs and would also depend on the land-use category. However, it is recommended that user charges for the urban poor shall be levied with effect from 2014-15, i.e., after the citizens have witnessed a significant improvement in waste water disposal services. With the above indicated user charges, NNA would generate substantial revenue per annum, which shall enable NNA to undertake capital expenditure programs. Refer Annexure 12 for Water Tariff Structure Across India.
It is further proposed that NNA shall investigate the possibility of a judicious alignment of impact benefit fee closely with expected property owner benefits. The total revenues thus generated shall aim to cover Annual O&M expenditure, and also partly/substantially fund capital replacement in the long-term. The recommendations are presented thus –
TABLE 58: PROPERTY BASED TAX OPTIONS
PROPERTY BASED TAX
TAX ID VALUE
1 Solid Waste Benefit Tax 3% of Annual Ratable Value (ARV) of the Property
2 Drainage Benefit Tax 3% of Annual Ratable Value (ARV) of the Property
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7.3.2.4 FINANCING SOURCES
It is established that Government of India (GoI) and Government of Uttar Pradesh (GoUP) are both open to financially supporting the implementation of City Sanitation Plans. The table below presents the several scenarios of financing sources and the options that may be explored with each of the source –
TABLE 59: FINANCING SOURCE AND RELATED OPTIONS
FINANCING SOURCE OPTIONS
13TH FINANCE COMMISSION Pooling of the 13th Finance Commission Grants for Sanitation Services Improvement Projects;
STATE FINANCE COMMISSION
The grants from State Finance Commission support the operational revenue expenses of the corporation while funding the provision of basic services to Urban Population including urban poor;
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL URBAN RENEWAL MISSION (JNNURM), GOI
The Urban Infrastructure and Governance component of JNNURM has fund allocations for developing sanitation services.
URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT OF SCHEME FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM TOWN (UIDSSMT)
The funding supports infrastructure development for water supply, sanitation and solid waste management.
MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND URBAN POVERTY ALLEVIATION (MOHUPA)
The construction of individual and shared toilets finds funding through the schemes of MoHUPA
INTEGRATED LOW COST SANITATION (ILCS), MOHUPA
Funding for the development of basic sanitation services - Central Contribution - 75% of Capital Expenditure; State Contribution - 15% of Capital Expenditure; Beneficiary - 10% of Capital Expenditure; Currently ILCS supports the construction of individual toilets for economically weaker sections of society.
RAJIV AWAS YOJANA (RAY), MOHUPA
RAY assures Central Grants for slum redevelopment and achieves basic sanitary services in an inclusive approach; the possibility of the financial support under the IHSDP/RAY schemes of GoI for waste water disposal and MSW within Aligarh urban poor settlements may well be examined.
SARVA SHIKSHA ABHIYAN (SSA), MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT (MOHRD), GOI
MoHRD is developing a manual on school sanitation under the SSA component. The SSA component has considerable funding for school sanitation.
SARVAJANIK PRASADHAN YOJANA
A state-sponsored scheme that provides 100% grant to ULBs to build public toilets.
INTERNATIONAL DONORS/FUNDING AGENCIES
Funding from World Bank, ADB, WWF and the likes shall be aimed at and considerable efforts made to bring in the funding to develop sanitation projects in an inclusive approach.
URBAN LOCAL BODIES (ULB) EQUITY
ULB shall earmark an explicit budget for the sanitation services improvement; It shall establish tariff structure for the sanitation services provided and levy sanitation cess as part of the property tax; the user charges and the sanitation cess revenues hall be directed to the sanitation department for utilization for funding sanitation improving projects in the long-term besides tackling the operation & maintenance costs.
PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (PPP)
PPP shows greater promise in bringing in major capital investment and finances required to develop basic sanitation services for the urban population including the urban poor. The following PPP options shall be considered to employ their services appropriately - (a) service contracts; (b) performance-based service contract; (c) a management contract for
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FINANCING SOURCE OPTIONS
operations and maintenance (O&M); (d) BOOT/BOT/ROT Contracts; (e)Joint Ventures between State Government/ULB and the private company. In the event of weak financial situation and greater financial burden on the Municipal Finances, PPP model shall be explored to support the equity contribution of ULB in the total capital expenditure.
BENEFICIARY CONTRIBUTION - PUBLIC PRIVATE PEOPLE PARTNERSHIP (PPPP)
PPPP shall be promoted as a sustainability model in order to garner support of the beneficiaries in both the capital investments and the O&M investments. This shall aim at increasing the sense of ownership and hence ensure sustainability of the services; In the event of weak financial situation and greater financial burden on the Municipal Finances, PPPP model shall be explored to support the equity contribution of ULB in the total capital expenditure. This move shall be supported by reforms in the Governance structure that involves greater community participation and hence promote greater accountability and transparency.
NGO
NGO involvement shall be encouraged in the sanitation services sectors especially the access to toilets; Appropriate contract models shall be developed to attract their contributions in both the development and O&M activities.
7.3.3 Institutional & Governance Options
The improvement in the urban infrastructure and hence the quality of urban life is explicitly associated with sound and reliable management and governance practices. The good management is facilitated by a committed and balanced institutional framework while the better governance practices stem from a persuasive policy framework.
It is the goal of the CSP to recommend the promotion of institution structures that provide the platform for management efficiency and the development of the good governance framework that shall effect sustainable and inclusive infrastructure development.
The institutional and governance action plan that shall dictate the accountability of the institution in service delivery vide clear roles and responsibilities. The governance framework shall infuse more accountability, transparency and participatory planning.
The following diagram illustrates the broad instrumental outcomes of the detailed action plan that follows:
FIGURE 43: Broad Instrumental Outcomes of the Detailed Action Plan
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TABLE 60: INSTITUTIONAL AND GOVERNANCE ACTION PLAN
PHASE COMPONENTS
Short-Term
2014-2019
Initiate the restructuring of the institutional framework as per the
recommendation in the CSP with the help of institutional development
expert and streamline the operations
Corporatize the various sectors under the sanitation department – „Ring
Fence‟ the sectors (WSS, Solid Waste and Toilets) with supporting technical
services and O&M units
Water Supply & Sewerage (Water Supply, Sewerage & Storm
Water Units)
Solid Waste and
Toilets
Establish Sectoral Budgets
Create Business Plans for each sector
Develop Costing systems (costs & tariff structures) in collaboration
with the Finance & Accounts Department, Strategic Communication
Cell working with communities
Develop Asset Management system
Establish a dedicated „Policy Reforms‟ unit to continually implement policy
reforms that will support accountable governance and regulatory oversight
of the local bodies, service providers and the citizens as well to achieve
sustainability of the ever dynamic infrastructure development
Achieve the objectives of Model Municipal Law through
incentivized transition plan resulting in devolution of fiscal powers
and authority
Achieve the E-Governance using GIS/MIS
Initiate Property Tax Management System using GIS
Sector Regulations – Quality & Fiscal Standards
Monitoring & Evaluation performance
Enforcement Mechanisms - of rules, by-laws, municipal codes &
building codes
Realize transparency, disclosure and citizen education
Promote Private Sector participation and investment
Revamp the business processes and the financial management order of the
„Finance & Accounts Department‟ by putting in place new accounting
standards as per the directive of C&AG – ‘Accounting and Budget Formats
for Local Bodies’
Implement Double Entry Accounting System (DEAAS)
Revamp Audit & Account Procedures for each sector
Adopt Budgeting and Accounting Formats for each sector
Set up quality management information systems (MIS)
Set up & develop contract management team
Develop financial operating Plans (FOP) for each sector
Develop the design manuals, best management practices (BMP) manual,
system operating procedures, O&M Manuals, Condition Assessment
Programs (CAPs‟), sustainability rating tools for each sector in collaboration
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PHASE COMPONENTS
with the technical and O&M experts;
Initiate the empanelment process for technical experts, third party technical
review agencies to assist with the preparation of design manuals/BMP
manual/O&M Manuals/SOP/CAP and periodic reviews of the efficiency
of the systems
Develop the strategic communication cell that shall ensure community
participation and implement participatory planning –
Confederate community representatives and link to city Ward
committees;
Form neighborhood groups;
Organize focused group discussions regularly and steer meetings
to plan area upgrading solutions;
Promote community oversight committees and community
contracting arrangements to involve the community in
implementation activities – means of livelihood, sense of
ownership and sustainability of systems in the corresponding
areas;
Pave way for community O&M systems;
Promote system to utilize community to collect user charges;
Establish Monitoring Cell and develop the M&E mechanisms and the
coordination framework with parastatal and State agencies
Establish the training cell and implement capacity enhancement strategy
Establish Capacity, Management, Operation & maintenance Program
(CMOM)
Initiate the staffing plan for the various sectoral units through re-
organization of existing staff, new-hires and transfers from state agencies :
Fill the top hierarchical level of both the technical services and O&M
unit
Initiate the staffing upto 50% at the mid-hierarchical level and
supplement with the private consultants
Initiate the staffing upto 70% at the low-hierarchical level and
supplement with the staff of the private service
provider/concessionaire
Complete the staffing plan for the Finance & Accounts departments –
Financial Analyst
Accounts Specialist
Tax Expert
Public Finance & Legal Advisor – Financing arrangements/Concession
Agreements
Infrastructure Insurance Experts
Micro-credit Product Development Specialists
Complete the staffing plan for the Strategic Communication Cell –
Social Development Experts
Community Organizers
Finalize the staffing plan for the Policy Reform unit –
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PHASE COMPONENTS
Planners
Policy Advisors
Legal Advisors / Retired Judges / Policy Analysts
Finalize the staffing Plan for monitoring cell which will work with external
sector specific experts and third party agencies
Establish the sanitation cells at the city level as part of the state sanitation
strategy
Mid-Term
2019 - 2030
Finalization of the staffing plan across all sectors and departments
Review the procedures and implement amendments
Review the Policy Reforms and implement amendments
Reprocess the empanelment
Review and update the various manuals and operating procedures
Review and reengineer the M&E mechanisms
Long-Term
2031 - 2043
Finalization of Review and update mechanisms
Finalization of successful Institutional Structure and business operations &
processes
Achievement of Municipal Model Law objectives in totality
Successful implementation of City Financial Viability Mechanism
Establishment of Participatory Planning Process
Establishment of accountable governance framework
7.3.4 Capacity Enhancement & Awareness Generation Options
The assessment of NNA institutional set up has identified a major shortfall both in terms of resources and staff skills. The deficiency necessitates a thorough planning to develop forceful mechanisms that will enhance the capacities of NNA.
Participation from stakeholders throughout the city ensures good governance by augmenting the limited capacity of NNA by community based resources; awareness generation campaigns shall impart the education and the knowledge sharing vital for local capacity building.
The action plan details the approaches and technologies adopted and the new roles and responsibilities defined to improve the service delivery system.
TABLE 61: CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT & AWARENESS GENERATION ACTION PLAN
PHASE CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT AWARENESS GENERATION
Short-term 2013-2018
The Environmental Vision for Moradabad agar Nigam can be jointly drafted in a workshop supported by ASCI and subsequently approved by the Council;
Initiate the establishment of a permanent management representative responsible for environmental management;
Finalize the Inventory of all
Pilot awareness campaign to be conducted in two (2) wards
Awareness Campaign strategy to be developed
Initiate the Knowledge Exchange between ULB‟s and communities using either the web based knowledge platform or focused group discussions
Prepare effective IEC material
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PHASE CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT AWARENESS GENERATION
relevant regulations;
Initiate the assessment of the training needs regularly and to develop training calendar and program to impart trainings to staff across all categories;
Budget allocation for training and environmental activities;
Initiate the creation of a training database capturing a record of the name, position and function of the employee as well as the content, duration and date of the training programme participated in including participant feedback about the relevance and efficiency of the course to the roles and responsibilities;
To implement an internal and external communication protocol and train the ULB staff in accordance to the plan;
Establish HR Working Group
Initiate the formation of HR Department, and design of HR Policies, Performance linked Incentive Programs; Induction Program;
Finalize the Formulation of HR Policy for the ULB and Finalize the Induction Training Curriculum;
Develop Staffing Plan & Strategy and initiate recruitment in accordance;
Initiate the development of HR Information System
Initiate the development of Knowledge Exchange Mechanism among cities using the web based knowledge platform
Environmental Awareness Workshop for the ULB staff and elected representatives resulting in identification and prioritisation of all environmental aspects;
Create a State Level Steering Committee on Human Resource Development (HRD)
Prepare a City level Urban
for awareness campaign
Initiate School Sanitation Workshops
Initiate workshops on sanitation and related infrastructure
Involve NGOs to work continuously with the community to bring about change.
The consultants have a local partner who is involved from land use and infrastructure survey, stakeholder consultations, issue and target group identification, deciding the strategies for awareness campaign and pilot awareness campaign in 2 wards. There are other NGOs who are also involved as part of the CSTF. Thus several local NGOs are oriented to local sanitation issues and awareness needs.
Institutionalize the role of CSTF to disseminate the information on sanitation issues, projects undertaken and progress of each component
Press release of sanitation scenario of the city
Involve media in demonstrating healthy sanitation practices
Finalize school sanitation program – train school children and make them aware of the sanitation situation and need for healthy sanitation practices
Social mobilization by creating women‟s group and sensitise them about sanitation related issues
Create area sabhas/community groups specifically targeting their sanitation needs
Interpersonal Communication (IPC) to be used to reach out larger public
Build up institutional capacity of NNM to conduct awareness campaigns as part of their agenda
Address the tenure security issues of urban poor which in turn help them build basic
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PHASE CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT AWARENESS GENERATION
Management Plan;
Training Programme and training on Urban Management for the ULB
Establishment of a State level Urban Management Institute
Monitoring of cities with the ICD
services of permanent nature
Develop Information Management System
Mid-Term 2019 - 2030
Lateral recruitment of key positions
Update and upgrade Training Calendar and Training Programs
Update the HR Policies and Incentive programs
Conduct Environmental Workshops
Update the City level Urban Management Plan
Update and upgrade Monitoring & Evaluation Systems
NNA and the CSTF have to periodically take feedback from the community groups and provide necessary support.
Update IEC material and the sanitation awareness programs
Update Information Management System
Long-Term 2031 - 2043
Lateral recruitment of key positions
Update and upgrade Training Calendar and Training Programs
Update the HR Policies and Incentive programs
Conduct Environmental Workshops
Update the City level Urban Management Plan
Update and upgrade Monitoring & Evaluation Systems
A long term and permanent effect on awareness can be made by sustained effort from the NNA and community.
The CSTF is recognized as a body holding the sanitation campaign for Moradabad. The CSTF will also ensure long term influence in the sanitation scenario of Aligarh
NNA and the CSTF have to periodically take feedback from the community groups and provide necessary support.
7.3.5 Inclusive Approach
Traditionally, the net of service providers has excluded the urban poor, weaker sections, migrants, and the like. The CSP shall advocate an approach that shall ensure infrastructure planning shall serve all irrespective of the diverse situation of income, education and use. Participatory Planning processes shall be emphasized upon as critical elements of the sanitation infrastructure planning. This shall provide a strong impetus to sustain projects. The approach shall ensure regular and meaningful community participation to foster community ownership and consensus
The action plan shall detail the propositioned approaches and corresponding mechanisms to achieve inclusiveness in infrastructure planning at the city-level –
TABLE 62: INCLUSIVE APPROACH ACTION PLAN
PHASE COMPONENTS
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PHASE COMPONENTS
IMMEDIATE TERM 2013-2016
Community Mobilization Strategy shall be defined by the Strategic Communication Cell, NNA;
Implement the Community Mobilization Mechanism to enable the inclusion of the needs & demands of the community in the CSP –
Task 1. Transect Walks and Ward & Slum Profiling; Task 2. Social and Gender Audits; Task 3. Confederating Community Groups & Linking to Ward Committees Task 4. Development of a SHG for each ward Task 5. Form Neighborhood Groups
Initiate GIS based information management systems to create central repository of community ideas, needs and prioritization of projects information
Institute Community Oversight Committees & Community Contracting Cell to involve communities in construction & O&M activities;
Design & Implement Participatory Planning Process in line with the Participatory Law, JNNURM Reforms, MoUD;
Initiate the institutionalization of the periodic meetings between Local Government and the community as part of participatory planning and review;
Identify NGO‟s with community mobilization skills, planning & implementation experience and establish contracting mechanism to institutionalize their participation;
Establish guidelines to translate the community participation into budget allocations and formalize the participatory budgeting; Task 6. Allocate budgets to implement pilot scale projects with Community
based organizations; Task 7. Allocate budgets to establish and institutionalize CBOs‟
Initiate the development of microfinance model to enable the urban poor to extend services within their areas; Task 8. Awareness Campaign to encourage households to invest in
connections and in-situ work of basic services; Task 9. SHG to help with group loans and savings accounts of individuals
that serve as collaterals; Task 10. NGO‟s and the Strategic Communication cell to help State owned
Banks to establish community mobilization cells to help design interventions and ensure high repayment rates;
Initiate the development of a revolving fund for poor through State Urban Infrastructure Fund to help with the micro-financing options;
Establish Guidelines and Initiate the Microenterprise Models in the service delivery Task 11. Provide Basic Services as microenterprises Task 12. O&M shall be the SHG/CBO‟s responsibility Task 13. Livelihood Mechanism
Cross-subsidy mechanisms to finalize the connection fees and tariff structures/user charges;
Establish capacity building initiatives to train the communities in the construction and O&M of the facilities
Citizen Report Cards and feedback mechanism to be institutionalized and formalized;
Short-Term 2017 - 18
Finalize the Microfinance Model; Finalize the Microenterprise Model; Institutionalize the mechanisms of participatory planning and budgets; Establish the City Community Vocational Training Unit(s) engaging the skilled
professionals from within community; Finalize GIS based information management systems to create central repository of
community ideas, needs and prioritization of projects information Establish the Revolving Fund Mechanism
Mid-Term 2019 - 30
Update and upgrade the mechanisms; Improve the participatory planning process & participatory budget mechanisms
based on monitoring and evaluation;
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PHASE COMPONENTS
Review and reengineer the City Vocational Training Units and Curriculum;
Long-Term 2031 - 43
Update and upgrade the mechanisms; Improve the participatory planning process & participatory budget mechanisms
based on monitoring and evaluation; Review and reengineer the City Vocational Training Units and Curriculum;
Achievement of Municipal Model Law objectives in totality Successful implementation of City Financial Viability Mechanism Establishment of Participatory Planning Process Establishment of accountable governance framework
The Annexure 15 gives three best practices in sanitation across India.
……………………………….x…………………………………..