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Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition
Rod R. SeeleyIdaho State UniversityTrent D. StephensIdaho State UniversityPhilip TatePhoenix College
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
*See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.
Chapter 12Chapter 12Lecture OutlineLecture Outline**
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Saraf tunjang dan Saraf spina
Chapter 12
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Saraf Tunjang • Bersambung dari foramen
magnum kepada vertebra lumbar kedua
• Jenis vertebra – Vertebra serviks – Vertebra toraks – Vertebra lumbar – Sakrum
• Menerbitkan 31 pasang saraf spina daripadanya
• Tidak membentuk diameter di keseluruhan panjangnya
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Meninges
• Connective tissue membranes surrounding spinal cord and brain– Dura mater– Arachnoid mater– Pia mater
• Spaces– Epidural: Anesthesia injected– Subdural: Serous fluid– Subarachnoid: CSF
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Cross Section of Spinal Cord
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Cross Section of Spinal Cord
• White matter• Myelinated axons
forming nerve tracts• Fissure and sulcus• Three columns or
funiculi– Ventral – Dorsal– Lateral
• Gray matter• Neuron cell cell bodies,
dendrites, axons• Horns
– Posterior (dorsal)– Anterior (ventral)– Lateral
• Commissures– Gray: Central canal – White
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Reflex Arc• Basic functional unit of
nervous system and simplest portion capable of receiving stimulus and producing response
• Components– Sensory receptor– Sensory neuron– Interneurons – Motor neuron– Effector organ
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• Muscles contract in response to a stretching force applied to them
Stretch Reflex
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Golgi Tendon Reflex• Prevents contracting muscles from applying
excessive tension to tendons
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Withdrawal Reflex• Function is to remove a body limb or other part from a
painful stimulus
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Withdrawal Reflex with Reciprocal Innervation
• Causes relaxation of extensors muscle when flexor muscles contract
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Withdrawal Reflex with Crossed Extensor Reflex
• When a withdrawal reflex is initiated in one lower limb, the crossed extensor reflex causes extension of opposite lower limb
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Peripheral Nerves
• Consist of– Axon bundles – Schwann cells– Connective tissue
• Endoneurium• Perineurium: Surrounds
axon groups to form fascicles
• Epineurium
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Spinal Nerves
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Dermatomal Map• Skin area supplied with sensory innervation by
spinal nerves
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Cervical Plexus
• C1-C4• Phrenic nerve
– From C3-C5 cervical and brachial plexus
– Innervate diaphragm
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Brachial Plexus
• C5-T1• Major nerves
– Axillary– Radial– Musculocutaneous– Ulnar– Median
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Axillary Nerve
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Radial Nerve
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Musculocutaneous Nerve
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Ulnar Nerve
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Median Nerve
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Lumbosacral Plexus
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Obturator Nerve
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Femoral Nerve
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Tibial Nerve
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Fibular Nerve
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PNS Disorders• General disorders
– Anesthesia: Loss of sensation• Hyperesthesia: Increased sensitivity to pain, pressure, light• Paresthesia: Tingling, prickling, burning• Neuralgia: Nerve inflammation causing stabbing pain• Sciatica: Pain radiating down back of thigh and leg
• Infections– Herpes: Skin lesions– Shingles or herpes zoster: Adult disease of chickenpox– Poliomyelitis: Infantile paralysis
• Genetic and autoimmune disorders– Myasthenia gravis: Results in fatigue and muscular
weakness due to inadequate ACh receptors