Download pdf - Chemistry Investigatory Project On Bio-diesel made by Kamal/Kishan

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Chemistry Investigatory Projects ( -

Myself Kamal Preet Singh Saluja acknowledge sincere

devotion for valuable guidance provided to me in

Chemistry by my Chemistry teacher, “Miss. Anjubala

Madam”. Her suggestion and guidance provided me to

form this project. I am also thankful to Mr. N.L. Sharma

who was yet affective source of inspiration. I also

acknowledge to other staff members who directly or

indirectly contribute in my work. At last I take

opportunity to express my thanks & gratitude for all my

friends.

Name: Kamal Preet Singh Saluja Class: XI Science Roll No. : 11338


This is to certify that Ma. Kamal Preet Singh Saluja, student of class XI-Science, KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA, NEEMUCH

has satisfactorily completed the chemistry project entitled:

“ Formation Of Biodiesel ” himself and under my guidance The progress of the project has

been continuously reported and has been in my knowledge consistently.

Internal Examiner Principal Sir




Biodiesel refers to a non- petroleum-based diesel fuel consisting of short chain alkyl (methyl or ethyl) esters, made by transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fat (tallow), which can be used (alone, or blended with conventional petrol diesel) in unmodified diesel-engine

vehicles. Biodiesel is distinguished from the straight-vegetable oil (SVO) (sometimes referred to as “waste vegetable oil” “WVO” “used vegetable oil” “UVO” “pure plant oil”, “PPO”) used(alone, or blended) as fuels in some converted diesel vehicles. Biodiesel is standardized as mono-alkyl ester and other kinds of diesel-grade fuels of biological origin are not included.


Fuel-cells have power-generation

applications that could utilize biodiesel. Biodiesel can be used in backup systems where the substantial reduction in emissions really matters: hospitals, schools, and other facilities usually located in residential areas. It can also be used to supplement solar power in off-the grid homes.

Fuel cell vehicles turn hydrogen

fuel and oxygen into electricity.

The electricity then powers an

electric motor, just like

electricity from batteries

powers the motor of an electric

vehicle. Fuel cells combine

oxygen from the air with

hydrogen from the vehicle's fuel tank to produce electricity.

When oxygen and hydrogen are combined they give off

energy and water (H2O). In fuel cells this is done without any

burning (combustion).


Biodiesel has been tested as

potential cleaning agent for shorelines contaminated with

crude oil, and has been found to increase the recovery of

crude oil from artificial sand columns (i.e. the beach). It’s also

been used in commercial biosolvents shown to be effective in

coagulating crude oil and allowing it to be skimmed off the

surface of water.

All diesel fuels are

required to reduce their sulfur concentration from 500 ppm

to 15 ppm. Since sulfur provided most of the fuel’s lubricity, a

substitute is required to keep diesel engines functioning

properly and avoid premature injection pump wear (i.e.

failure). Biodiesel naturally has less than 15 ppm sulfur

concentration anyway, and adding just 1 to 2% biodiesel can

restore the lubricity to diesel fuel.

Apart from these uses, biodiesel can be used in heating our

homes, cleaning up tools & grease, removing paint and

adhesives, can extend the life of catalytic converters, can be

used as the best alternative for the other fuels as it doesn’t

produces toxic &harmful substances as compared to other

fuels.


Vegetable Oil

Antifreeze (Methanol)

Lye (NaOH)

Blender

Scales

Plastic Containers

Funnels

Plastic Bottle with lid

Duct Tape

Thermometer


Measure out 200 ml of antifreeze and put it in one plastic container.

Add in lye so that the antifreeze is absorbed.

Cover container and mix well by shaking it. It is mixed when it starts to feel warm and is foamy. The mixture has now become sodium methoxide.

Blend 1 liter of vegetable oil with the sodium methoxide in a blender for 20 minutes.

Pour mixture into a bottle and wait 8 hours until the byproduct, glycerin, separates form the biodiesel. The glycerin will be on the solid on the bottom.

Separate out the biodiesel by pouring into a glass bottle.

Prepare a wash bottle by poking a small hole in the corner of the bottle and covering it with duct tape.


Wash the biodiesel by pouring it into the wash bottle

and adding in ½ a liter of water. Roll the bottle around to mix it and then remove the duct tape and drain the water.

Repeat the washing process until the biodiesel is clear. This may need to be done numerous times over the course of a week to complete the process. Store the biodiesel in a glass container until ready to use.


Jatropha

Seed

Oil Extraction Unit Oil Cake Manure

Jatropha curcas

oil

Detoxification Animal

Feed Lamp/ Stoves

Transesterification

Reactor

Alcohol & Catalyst

Crude Glycerol

Refined Glycerol

Soap/Candle

Crude Biodiesel

Washing Tank Water Washed water

Pure Biodiesel

Diesel Engine


One of the major advantages is the fact that

it can be used in exiting engines & fuel injection

equipment (no modification required) without negative

impact to operating performance.

Virtually the same

MPG rating as petrol-diesel & the only alternative fuel for heavyweight vehicles requiring no special dispensing & storage equipment.

Can be done at home

(wasted veggie oil) & farms (virgin oils from seeds), being the only alternative fuel that can boost of a zero total emissions production facility. By selling the simultaneously produced glycerol, the cost of BD is basically the same cost of the oil used to make it.

Readily blends & stays blended with

petrol-diesel so it can be stored & dispensed wherever diesel is stored or sold.

Biodiesel has a very

high flash point (300⁰F) making it one of the safest of all alternative fuels.

The only alternative fuel that can

actually extend engine life because of its superior lubricating & cleaning properties. The present “low Sulphur” diesel fuel is badly wearing the injection pumps of not protected diesel engine.

Biodiesel fuel can generally be used in

existing oil heating systems and diesel engines without modification, and it can be distributed through existing diesel fuel pumps. Biodiesel provides almost the same energy per gallon as petroleum diesel.

The use of biodiesel reduces the following emissions:

carbon monoxide, ozone-forming hydrocarbons, hazardous diesel particulate, acid rain-causing Sulphur dioxide, lifecycle and carbon dioxide.

Bio Diesel is much

cleaner fuel than any

conventional fossil-fuel

petroleum diesel

It burns up to 75%

cleaner and reduces

unused hydrocarbons to

a larger extent than any

other petrol-diesel fuel.

Sulphur dioxide

eliminations are

eliminated.

Its exhaust is not

offensive & doesn’t cause

eye irritation.

It adds no CO2 to the

atmosphere.

With slight variations,

performance and fuel

economy with biodiesel is

same with petrol-diesel.


Biodiesel is currently about one and a half times more expensive than petroleum diesel fuel. Part of this cost is because the most common source of oil is the soybean, which only is only 20% oil. However, the costs of biodiesel can be reduced by making biodiesel from recycled cooking oils rather than from new soy beans, or by making it from plant matter with higher oil content.

It takes energy to produce biodiesel fuel from soy crops,

including the energy of sowing, fertilizing and harvesting.

Biodiesel fuel can damage rubber hoses in some engines, particularly in cars built before 1994. You should check with the manufacturer before using biodiesel to see if you need to replace any hoses or rubber seals.

Biodiesel cleans the dirt from the engine. This dirt then collects in the fuel filter, which can clog it. Clogging occurs most often when biodiesel is first used after a period of operation with petroleum diesel, so filters should be changed after the first several hours of biodiesel use.


All the information is gathered from the internet.

Websites Referred:

htpp://www.icbse.com/

http://www.sciencedaily.com/

http://www.biodiesel.org/

http://www.gas2.org/

http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/

http://www.digg.com/

http://www.sciencedaily.com/%20cars_of_tomorrow.htm

http://www.biodiesel.org/

http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/