CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND AND
COLOUR REMOVAL FROM THE
TEXTILE EFFLUENTS BY USING LOW-
COST ECO- FRIENDLY ADSORBENTS
Aravind G
Department of Civil Engineering
SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur- 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
Prasanna k
Department of Civil Engineering
SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur- 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract- Textile Wastewater is a type of wastewater that contain a large variety of dyes and chemicals which pose a
high risk to both Living and Non-Living Environment when discharged untreated. The textile wastewater contains
COD, BOD, Nitrogen, Heavy metals, Dyes and Colorants and for the treatment of any textile wastewater it is
necessary to eliminate these parameters. Fly Ash and Coconut Shells having the largest carbon content has the
tendency to adsorb parameters in any wastewater sample. The adsorption process was Batch Adsorption Process and
it can be explained on the basis of Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. Maximum removal of COD
was 85% and Colour of 89% was found at a mean adsorbent dosage of 400 mg/l for Fly Ash with a contact duration
of 60 minutes and agitator speed of 400 rpm. The Maximum removal of COD was 76% and Colour of 86% was found
at a mean adsorbent dosage of 400 mg/l for Coconut shells with a contact duration of 60 minutes and agitator speed
of 400 rpm. Finally, from the study of two low- cost adsorbents it is found that the Fly Ash has the maximum removal
efficiency. Fly Ash and Coconut Shells are the main key in this study.
Keywords: COD, Colour, Fly Ash, Coconut Shells, Adsorption.
I. INTRODUCTION
The Textile Industry is mainly dealing with the design, production, distribution of yarn, cloth and clothing. The
Raw Materials of any Textile Industry are Natural or Synthetic components. Natural Components include
Cotton, Jute, etc. and the Synthetic components include Nylon, Polyester, etc. India is one of the largest
producers of Textiles in the world and it also produces large amount of wastewater mainly textile wastewater.
Depending upon the locally available raw materials that are used can cause a high impact to the environment
and the main cause of such an impact to the environment is mainly due to the parameters of COD, BOD, Dyes,
TDS, TSS and etc. When compared to other Parameters COD, BOD and Dyes pose a high to not only the
Environment but also to the Living Beings. Colour Removal is risky and hence Colour Removal and COD
Removal is studied.
Currently there are various treatment processes involved for the treatment of any Textile Wastewater.
Oxidation, Coagulation, Filtration, Ozonation, Membrane Filtration, Treatment using Hydrogen Peroxide and
Reverse Osmosis are some of the treatment processes. The above-mentioned process is mostly effective for the
treatment but the major disadvantages are the high cost of treatment and the disposal problems. To overcome
this, Adsorption process is used mostly for the treatment. The Adsorption process poses as an alternative
approach for the treatment of textile wastewater mostly for the removal of COD, BOD and Colour by using Eco-
Friendly Low- Cost Adsorbents. The use of Low- Cost Adsorbents contributes to the Sustainable Environment.
The Fly Ash and Coconut Shells are readily available in the Environment. Coconut shells are mostly discarded
as unwanted and it pose a very good Adsorbing medium. Other readily available Eco- Friendly Adsorbents are
Rice Husk, Saw Dust, Wheat Barn, Almond Shell, Banana Pith, etc. COD and Colour removal is the main target
in this study and Fly Ash and Coconut Shells can easily remove these parameters. In the present study Batch
Adsorption Technique is used by using Fly Ash and Coconut Shells as an Adsorbent with respect to the Effect
of pH, Contact Time, and a mean Adsorbent Dosage of 400 mg/l. The Wastewater was collected from the CETP
and KPR Mills, Tirupur and the Experiment was performed at a Private Laboratory at Coimbatore.
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology
Volume XIII, Issue 6, 2021
ISSN No : 1006-7930
Page No: 120
2.1 Material and Methods -
Materials are very much important to perform any experiment. The
characteristics and the environment they are collected from and it is important to prevent it from any further
substances so need to be stored properly. The naturally available adsorbents are chosen because it’s easi
available in the environment and is of low cost. At times they are used for other purposes and are thrown as
useless or unwanted. Fly Ash was collected at a local Fly Ash producing mill at Coimbatore and the Coconut
shells was collected from a local Farm at Coimbatore (
grinded and sieved through a mesh of size 0.5 mm and then washed and grinded and oven dried for 24 hours for
103°C. Wastewater Samples was collected from four Textile Wastewater Outlets
collected from CETP, Veerapandi, Tirupur and One sample was collected from KPR Mills, Arasoor, Tirupur.
The Textile Wastewater contains large variety of colourants which is nothing but the dyes. The presence of
colour in a fabric helps in a good aesthetic view. The presence of colour is the only reason why the COD is in
high amount in any Textile Wastewater Sample.
Figure 1. Coconut Shells.
2.2 General Procedure -
The naturally available adsorbents are chosen because it’s easily available in the environment and is of low cost.
At times they are used for other purposes and are thrown as useless or unwanted. The Textile Wastewater
contains large variety of colourants which is nothing but the dyes. The pres
good aesthetic view. The presence of colour is the only reason why the COD is in high amount in any Textile
Wastewater Sample. The adsorbents were heated, grinded and sieved through a mesh of size 0.5 mm and then
washed and grinded and oven dried for 24 hours for 103
step is the characterization of the textile wastewater under various parameters of pH, BOD, COD, Colour and
TSS. The Second step of the experiment is the
reduce the initial parameters of pH, BOD, COD, Colour and TSS. The Fly ash was collected from a local Fly
Ash mill and the Coconut shells was collected from a local Farm. Initially, the adsorbents
grinded and made to a powder form. They are collected and then sieved through a mesh of size 0.5 mm and then
washed with distilled water in order to remove unwanted impurities. The adsorbents are oven dried for 24 hours
for 103°C. The collected wastewater samples were treated with the adsorbents with an adsorbent dosage of 6 g/l
initially.
The Experiment as per the procedure is followed and the results for the Initial Parameters and the Wastewater is
tested with the adsorbents for various effects of Effect of
Time.
3.1 Initial Parameters of the Collected Textile Wastewater Sample
The testing of the Initial Parameters of any wastewater sample is important as it gives sufficient results for the
Experiment to take place. The various parameters are pH, COD, BOD and TSS
results are tabulated (Table -1).
II. EXPERIMENTAL
Materials are very much important to perform any experiment. The materials that are used depend upon the
characteristics and the environment they are collected from and it is important to prevent it from any further
substances so need to be stored properly. The naturally available adsorbents are chosen because it’s easi
available in the environment and is of low cost. At times they are used for other purposes and are thrown as
useless or unwanted. Fly Ash was collected at a local Fly Ash producing mill at Coimbatore and the Coconut
m at Coimbatore (Figure 1 and Figure 2). The adsorbents were heated,
grinded and sieved through a mesh of size 0.5 mm and then washed and grinded and oven dried for 24 hours for
Wastewater Samples was collected from four Textile Wastewater Outlets of which three samples were
collected from CETP, Veerapandi, Tirupur and One sample was collected from KPR Mills, Arasoor, Tirupur.
The Textile Wastewater contains large variety of colourants which is nothing but the dyes. The presence of
c helps in a good aesthetic view. The presence of colour is the only reason why the COD is in
high amount in any Textile Wastewater Sample.
Coconut Shells. Figure 2. Fly Ash.
chosen because it’s easily available in the environment and is of low cost.
At times they are used for other purposes and are thrown as useless or unwanted. The Textile Wastewater
contains large variety of colourants which is nothing but the dyes. The presence of colour in a fabric helps in a
good aesthetic view. The presence of colour is the only reason why the COD is in high amount in any Textile
Wastewater Sample. The adsorbents were heated, grinded and sieved through a mesh of size 0.5 mm and then
d and grinded and oven dried for 24 hours for 103°C. This study was conducted in two steps. The first
step is the characterization of the textile wastewater under various parameters of pH, BOD, COD, Colour and
TSS. The Second step of the experiment is the treatment of Physicochemical parameters like adsorption to
reduce the initial parameters of pH, BOD, COD, Colour and TSS. The Fly ash was collected from a local Fly
Ash mill and the Coconut shells was collected from a local Farm. Initially, the adsorbents were heated and
grinded and made to a powder form. They are collected and then sieved through a mesh of size 0.5 mm and then
washed with distilled water in order to remove unwanted impurities. The adsorbents are oven dried for 24 hours
cted wastewater samples were treated with the adsorbents with an adsorbent dosage of 6 g/l
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Experiment as per the procedure is followed and the results for the Initial Parameters and the Wastewater is
tested with the adsorbents for various effects of Effect of pH, Effect of Adsorbent Dosage and Effect of Contact
f the Collected Textile Wastewater Sample -
The testing of the Initial Parameters of any wastewater sample is important as it gives sufficient results for the
. The various parameters are pH, COD, BOD and TSSof the wastewater sample
materials that are used depend upon the
characteristics and the environment they are collected from and it is important to prevent it from any further
substances so need to be stored properly. The naturally available adsorbents are chosen because it’s easily
available in the environment and is of low cost. At times they are used for other purposes and are thrown as
useless or unwanted. Fly Ash was collected at a local Fly Ash producing mill at Coimbatore and the Coconut
. The adsorbents were heated,
grinded and sieved through a mesh of size 0.5 mm and then washed and grinded and oven dried for 24 hours for
of which three samples were
collected from CETP, Veerapandi, Tirupur and One sample was collected from KPR Mills, Arasoor, Tirupur.
The Textile Wastewater contains large variety of colourants which is nothing but the dyes. The presence of
c helps in a good aesthetic view. The presence of colour is the only reason why the COD is in
chosen because it’s easily available in the environment and is of low cost.
At times they are used for other purposes and are thrown as useless or unwanted. The Textile Wastewater
ence of colour in a fabric helps in a
good aesthetic view. The presence of colour is the only reason why the COD is in high amount in any Textile
Wastewater Sample. The adsorbents were heated, grinded and sieved through a mesh of size 0.5 mm and then
This study was conducted in two steps. The first
step is the characterization of the textile wastewater under various parameters of pH, BOD, COD, Colour and
treatment of Physicochemical parameters like adsorption to
reduce the initial parameters of pH, BOD, COD, Colour and TSS. The Fly ash was collected from a local Fly
were heated and
grinded and made to a powder form. They are collected and then sieved through a mesh of size 0.5 mm and then
washed with distilled water in order to remove unwanted impurities. The adsorbents are oven dried for 24 hours
cted wastewater samples were treated with the adsorbents with an adsorbent dosage of 6 g/l
The Experiment as per the procedure is followed and the results for the Initial Parameters and the Wastewater is
pH, Effect of Adsorbent Dosage and Effect of Contact
The testing of the Initial Parameters of any wastewater sample is important as it gives sufficient results for the
of the wastewater sample and the
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology
Volume XIII, Issue 6, 2021
ISSN No : 1006-7930
Page No: 121
Table-1 Initial Parameters of the Collected Wastewater Sample
Samples
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 Initial
Parameters
pH 8.9 15 9 13 6 13 7
BOD5 (mg/l) 430 542 630 520 380 530 400
COD (mg/l) 790 1430 890 720 400 1530 650
TSS (mg/l) 3200 1650 1200 1550 2800 1280 1300
Colour Brown Dark
Brown
Brownish
Green Purple Brown
Dark
Brown Brown
3.2 Effect of pH -
pH is defined as the logarithmic of the Hydrogen Ions Concentration. It is the measure of how acidic or basic the
water is. pH of the samples indicate that pH increases COD removal value decreases. Maximum COD removal
occurs at a pH of 14.
3.2.1 Effect of pH by using Coconut Shells as an Adsorbent -
Initially 200 ml of a wastewater sample was collected in a 5 Conical Flask by varying the pH in the order of 3,
6, 9, 12 and 14 by using Coconut Shells as an Adsorbent. Before the process the adsorbents are well maintained
at a constant temperature after treating it with a distilled water. The adsorbent dosage was maintained at 400
mg/l. The samples were stirred with the help of a stirrer and it was placed at an agitator for about an hour at 400
rpm. After 60 mins, the sample was taken out and then filtered by using a filter paper. It is seen that the
optimum COD removal was found at a pH of 14. The maximum COD Removal was around 53% for Coconut
Shells as an Adsorbent (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Effect of pH by using Coconut Shells as an Adsorbent
3.2.2 Effect of pH by using Fly Ash as an Adsorbent -
Initially 200 ml of a wastewater sample was collected in a 5 Conical Flask by varying the pH in the order of 3,
6, 9, 12 and 14 by using Fly Ash as an Adsorbent. Before the process the adsorbents are well maintained at a
constant temperature after treating it with a distilled water. The adsorbent dosage was maintained at 400 mg/l.
The samples were stirred with the help of a stirrer and it was placed at an agitator for about an hour at 400 rpm.
After 60 mins, the sample was taken out and then filtered by using a filter paper. It is seen that the optimum
COD removal was found at a pH of 14. pH is defined as the logarithmic of the Hydrogen Ions
Concentration.The maximum COD Removal was around 63% for Fly Ash as an Adsorbent (Figure 4).
3 6 9 12 14
pH (Sample 1) 750 680 539 450 400
pH (Sample 2) 1426.89 1367 1245 935 858.5
pH (Sample 3) 885 780 645 575 430
pH (Sample 4) 710 650 645 530 400
pH (Sample 5) 378 365 280 250 200
pH (Sample 6) 1510.3 1480 1440.35 1380.5 1330
pH (Sample 7) 645 620 580 567 545
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
CO
D (
mg
/l)
pH
pH (Sample 1)
pH (Sample 2)
pH (Sample 3)
pH (Sample 4)
pH (Sample 5)
pH (Sample 6)
pH (Sample 7)
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology
Volume XIII, Issue 6, 2021
ISSN No : 1006-7930
Page No: 122
Figure 4. Effect of pH by using Fly Ash as an Adsorbent
3.3 Effect of Adsorbent Dosage -
Adsorbents used in this study are Fly Ash and Coconut Shells. The Adsorbent Dosage is usually done to know
how the adsorbents are used to adsorb the Wastewater to treat the textile wastewater. This takes place with the
procedure. The following procedure is followed to know the exact amount of These adsorbents were heated,
made into powder form, oven dried and was washed with distilled water and again was oven dried for 24 hours
for about 103°C. The samples show that increase in Adsorbent Dosage will reduce the COD Concentration.
3.3.1 Effect of Adsorbent Dosage by using Coconut Shells as an Adsorbent -
Initially 200 ml of a wastewater sample was collected in a 5 Conical Flask by maintaining at a pH of 14 and
varying the Adsorbent Dosage in the order of 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 for the adsorbent Coconut Shells. The samples
were agitated by placing in an agitator for about an hour at 400 rpm. After 60 mins, the sample was taken out
and then filtered by using a filter paper. It is seen from both the adsorbents that the optimum Adsorbent Dosage
was 12 mg/l for the maximum COD and Colour removal at a constant pH of 14. At the maximum Adsorbent
Dosage, the maximum COD Removal was around 62% for Coconut Shells as an Adsorbent (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Effect of Adsorbent Dosage by using Coconut Shells as an Adsorbent
3 6 9 12 14
pH (Sample 1) 750 680 539 450 400
pH (Sample 2) 1426.89 1367 1245 935 858.5
pH (Sample 3) 885 780 645 575 430
pH (Sample 4) 710 650 645 530 400
pH (Sample 5) 390 370 350 335 275
pH (Sample 6) 1525.35 1485 1450 1400 1367.35
pH (Sample 7) 648 620 590 575 548
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
CO
D (
mg
/l)
pH
pH (Sample 1)
pH (Sample 2)
pH (Sample 3)
pH (Sample 4)
pH (Sample 5)
pH (Sample 6)
pH (Sample 7)
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Adsorbent Dosage (Sample 1) 280 400 580 654 776
Adsorbent Dosage (Sample 2) 825 933.25 1128 1260 1356.46
Adsorbent Dosage (Sample 3) 350 480 590 634 870
Adsorbent Dosage (Sample 4) 320 470 535 610 695.2
Adsorbent Dosage (Sample 5) 230 250.25 290 295.45 320.2 350 365 370
Adsorbent Dosage (Sample 6) 1428.56 1445 1450 1470 1489.2 1505 1518.45 1520
Adsorbent Dosage (Sample 7) 520 540 570 588 602 610 628 640
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
CO
D (
mg
/l)
Adsorbent Dosage (mg/l)
Adsorbent Dosage
(Sample 1)Adsorbent Dosage
(Sample 2)Adsorbent Dosage
(Sample 3)Adsorbent Dosage
(Sample 4)Adsorbent Dosage
(Sample 5)Adsorbent Dosage
(Sample 6)Adsorbent Dosage
(Sample 7)
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology
Volume XIII, Issue 6, 2021
ISSN No : 1006-7930
Page No: 123
3.3.2 Effect of Adsorbent Dosage by using Fly Ash as an Adsorbent -
Initially 200 ml of a wastewater sample was collected in a 5 Conical Flask by maintaining at a pH of 14 and
varying the Adsorbent Dosage in the order of 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 for Fly Ash. The samples were agitated by
placing in an agitator for about an hour at 400 rpm. After 60 mins, the sample was taken out and then filtered by
using a filter paper. It is seen from both the adsorbents that the optimum Adsorbent Dosage was 12 mg/l for the
maximum COD and Colour removal at a constant pH of 14. At the maximum Adsorbent Dosage, the maximum
COD Removal was around 68% for Fly Ash as an Adsorbent (Figure 6).
Figure 6. Effect of Adsorbent Dosage by using Fly Ash as an Adsorbent
3.4 Effect of Contact Time -
Contact Time is an important parameter for an adsorbent to be considered for treating any wastewater including
Textile Wastewater with the presence of Fly Ash and Coconut Shells as an Adsorbent. From the Effect of pH
and the Effect of Adsorbent Dosage, the Contact Time was found to be around 60 minutes. It is also seen that
the contact time increases with the agitator speed for about 400 rpm for both the adsorbents. The Contact Time
will also deal with the colour removal. It will be seen that if Contact Time increases, COD and Colour reduction
increases.
3.4.1 Effect of Contact Time by using Coconut Shells as an Adsorbent -
Initially 200 ml of a wastewater sample was collected in a 5 Conical Flask by maintaining at a pH of 14 and
constant Adsorbent Dosage as 12 mg/l for the adsorbent of Coconut Shells. When compared to Fly Ash,
Coconut Shells have lesser adsorbing capacity as per studies. Contact Time is an important parameter for an
adsorbent to be considered for treating any wastewater including Textile Wastewater with the presence of Fly
Ash and Coconut Shells as an Adsorbent. The samples were agitated by placing in an agitator for different time
intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes at 400 rpm. After the time interval, the samples were taken out and
then filtered by using a filter paper. At Optimum Contact Time, COD Removal occurred at 76% for Coconut
Shells as an Adsorbent and Colour Change from Dark Brown to Moderate Brown for Coconut Shells as an
Adsorbent. And the maximum colour removal was found to be at Sample 2 when using Coconut Shells as an
Adsorbent. It is also seen that the contact time increases with the agitator speed for about 400 rpm for both the
adsorbents. The Contact Time will also deal with the colour removal. Contact Time is an important parameter
for an adsorbent to be considered for treating any wastewater including Textile Wastewater with the presence of
Fly Ash and Coconut Shells as an Adsorbent. From the Effect of pH and the Effect of Adsorbent Dosage, the
Contact Time was found to be around 60 minutes. It is also seen that the contact time increases with the agitator
speed for about 400 rpm for both the adsorbents. The Contact Time poses as the main reason in COD and
Colour Removal. It will be seen that if Contact Time increases, COD and Colour reduction increases (Figure 7).
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Adsorbent Dosage (Sample 1) 340 450 670 735 780
Adsorbent Dosage (Sample 2) 930 1090 1145 1335 1450
Adsorbent Dosage (Sample 3) 339 450 700 785 887
Adsorbent Dosage (Sample 4) 450 530 645 700 715
Adsorbent Dosage (Sample 5) 250 270 290.5 300 328.2 368.25 375.45 395
Adsorbent Dosage (Sample 6) 1400 1450 1468 1480 1493 1503.45 1510 1527
Adsorbent Dosage (Sample 7) 480 520 550 578 590 610 635 648
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
CO
D (
mg
/l)
Adsorbent Dosage (mg/l)
Adsorbent Dosage
(Sample 1)
Adsorbent Dosage
(Sample 2)
Adsorbent Dosage
(Sample 3)
Adsorbent Dosage
(Sample 4)
Adsorbent Dosage
(Sample 5)
Adsorbent Dosage
(Sample 6)
Adsorbent Dosage
(Sample 7)
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology
Volume XIII, Issue 6, 2021
ISSN No : 1006-7930
Page No: 124
Figure 7. Effect of Contact Time by using Coconut Shells as an Adsorbent
3.4.2 Effect of Contact Time by using Fly Ash as an Adsorbent -
Initially 200 ml of a wastewater sample was collected in a 5 Conical Flask by maintaining at a pH of 14 and
constant Adsorbent Dosage as 12 mg/l for the adsorbent Fly Ash. The samples were agitated by placing in an
agitator for different time intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes at 400 rpm. After the time interval, the
samples were taken out and then filtered by using a filter paper. At Optimum Contact Time, COD Removal
occurred at 80% for Fly Ash as an Adsorbent and Colour Change was found to be from Dark Brown to
Moderate Brown for Fly Ash as an Adsorbent. It is seen that the Sample 2 has the highest Colour Removal for
Fly Ash as an Adsorbent (Figure 8).
Figure 8. Effect of Contact Time by using Fly Ash as an Adsorbent
30 60 90 120 150
Contact Time (Sample 1) 345 480 560 690 720
Contact Time (Sample 2) 780 857.9 990 1225 1385
Contact Time (Sample 3) 400 590 650 780 830
Contact Time (Sample 4) 580 600 675 700 718
Contact Time (Sample 5) 250 253.5 280 300 350
Contact Time (Sample 6) 1460 1490 1508.45 1514 1527
Contact Time (Sample 7) 550 579 598 630 642
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
CO
D (
mg
/l)
Contact Time (mins)
Contact Time
(Sample 1)Contact Time
(Sample 2)Contact Time
(Sample 3)Contact Time
(Sample 4)Contact Time
(Sample 5)Contact Time
(Sample 6)Contact Time
(Sample 7)
30 60 90 120 150
Contact Time (Sample 1) 350 500 580 680 789.67
Contact Time (Sample 2) 810 920 1190 1290 1376.45
Contact Time (Sample 3) 460 635 720 790 880
Contact Time (Sample 4) 460 580 650 710 719
Contact Time (Sample 5) 280 300 350 380 387.25
Contact Time (Sample 6) 1447.3 1480 1505.5 1510 1530
Contact Time (Sample 7) 540 580 600 630 649
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
CO
D (
mg
/l)
Contact Time (mins)
Contact Time
(Sample 1)Contact Time
(Sample 2)Contact Time
(Sample 3)Contact Time
(Sample 4)Contact Time
(Sample 5)Contact Time
(Sample 6)Contact Time
(Sample 7)
Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology
Volume XIII, Issue 6, 2021
ISSN No : 1006-7930
Page No: 125
IV. CONCLUSION
The Outcome of this paper is to reduce the COD and Colour from the collected textile wastewater by using Fly
Ash and Coconut Shells as an Adsorbent. It is seen from the experimental work that the maximum Optimum
COD removal for Fly Ash as an Adsorbent was at 85% and the maximum Optimum COD removal for Coconut
Shells as an Adsorbent was at 76%. The Colour removal was found to be from Dark Brown to Light Brown for
Fly Ash and from Moderate Brown to Light Brown for Coconut Shells as an Adsorbent.
From the experiments using Eco- Friendly Low- Cost Adsorbents such as Fly Ash and Coconut Shells in the
treatment of textile wastewater, it is seen that the experiment is cost effective comparative to other treatment
methods. By comparing two adsorbents it is seen that the Fly Ash has the greatest removal capacity of COD and
Colour.
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Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology
Volume XIII, Issue 6, 2021
ISSN No : 1006-7930
Page No: 126