03-KC2017-049 Rev[1] File[1398].hwpClean Technol., Vol. 23, No. 4, December 2017, pp. 364-377
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: kjoh@pusan.ac.kr; Tel: +82 51 510 2417; Fax: +82 51 583 0559
doi: 10.7464/ksct.2017.23.4.364 pISSN 1598-9712 eISSN 2288-0690 This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licences/ by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


1, 2, 3, 3, 3,* 1
46241 63 2 2
46241 63 2 3
51518 51-88
(2017 10 25 ; 2017 11 5 ; 2017 11 5 )
Characteristics on Chemical Activation and VOCs Adsorption of Activated Carbon according to Mixing Ratio of Anthracite and Lignite
Joon-Hyung Cho1, Sung-Kyu Kang2, Min-Kyoung Kang3, Kuk Cho3, and Kwang-Joong Oh3,* 1Division of Creative Low Impact Development and Management for Ocean Port City Infrastructures, Pusan National University
2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea 2Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University
2, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea 3Department of Environmental Chemistry, Korea Polytachnic VII Collage
51-88, Oedongballim-ro, Seongsan-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 51518, Republic of Korea
(Received for review October 25, 2017; Revision received November 5, 2017; Accepted November 5, 2017)

·
, , ,
. , ,
. · , , , ,
1,154 ~ 1,420 m2 g-1 ,
, . , ,
5,640 kcal kg-1 , > >
.
: , , , ,
Abstract : In this study, to improve the low surface area of domestic anthracite as raw materials of activated carbon, characteristics on chemical activation and VOCs adsorption of activated carbon according to mixing ratio of anthracite and lignite. For these, properties of raw materials, parameter characteristics of preparation processes for activated carbon, and VOCs adsorption characteristic of the prepared activated carbon are analyzed. The experimental results showed that, the domestic anthracite had disadvantages of high contents for ash and lead, arsenic, which were exceeded for the heavy metal limits, in the properties of raw materials. To improve these diadvantages, using the mixing ratio of anthracite and lignite, and the optimum conditions for pretreatment, activation, washing, and pellitization process, the activated carbon had a range of BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) surface area of 1,154 ~ 1,420 m2 g-1 with mesopore development and hydrophobic surface property. The carbons were satisfied
364
365
with the quality standard for granular activated carbon, and had similar physicochemical properties with the commercial activated carbon. The minimum mixing condition for commercial VOCs activated carbon performance must have the caloric value of above 5,640 kcal kg-1, and the carbon had higher adsorption capacity with order of xylene > toluene > benzene according to more higher molcular weight and hydrophobic property.
Keywords : Activated carbon, Chemical activation, Anthracite, Lignite, Volatile organic compounds
1.
,

. , , ,

,

[1]. 2015
, , ,
[2],
,


,
. ,
50 ,
10 1,000
· ,
19 ~ 36% [1]. ( , , ) 50,767
99.6%
, , ,
79.8%

[3].
, , , , , ,
4, 5,000

[4]. 3 M, DuPont
,
Calgon, Norit

[5].
, 15 [6], , ,
, 20 .
, 24,300/
38%
, 2014 115,429 2006 13%
[7].



. ,
, , ,
,

.
2 . ,

, 936 2,381
94,600 ~ 197,490

[8,9].

(62 ~ 70%) (33~35%)
.
.
2 ,
,


. ,
, (phosphoric acid), (zinc chloride), (potassium carbonate), (sodium hydroxide), (potassium hydro- xide) [12-14].

, ,
, , ,
[10-12].
,
, Kong et al. [13]

, 920 m2 g-1 . Kim,
366
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of activation process reactor.
et al. [14] 2 , 900 ~ 1,000 m2 g-1 .


1,000 m2 g-1
.

, Yoon et al. [15]
1,014 ~ 1,093 m2 g-1
, Kim et al. [16]
1,039 ~ 1,232 m2 g-1
, Choi et al. [17] ·
1,084 m2 g-1 .

,
,
.


, , ,
, , ,
,
BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) ,
, FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) .

.
2.
2.1.
, .
8 ~ 35 mesh .
(Nitric acid, Samchun, KOR, purity 60%), (Hydro- chloric acid, Samchun, KOR, purity 35 ~ 37%), (Phophoric acid, Samchun, KOR, purity 85%), (Sulfuric acid, Junsei, JPN, purity 95%) ,
(Potassium hydroxide, Samchun, KOR, purity 85%) . CMC (Car- boxylmethyl cellulose sodium salt, Samchun, KOR), PVA (Polyvinyl alcohol, Samchun, KOR), (Starch, Samchun, KOR), (Gum arabic, Samchun, KOR) .
2.2.
, , , , , .
(OV-11/CTB-10, Jelo Tech, KOR) -0.1 MPa, 90 , 24 h
,
(SH-820F, Seyoung Scientific, KOR)
, (0.5 ~ 16 M)
(1 ~ 5 mL g-1), (6 ~ 48 h) .
367
Table 1. Proximate, element, caloric value, heavy metal analysis for low-grade anthracite, anthracite, and ligniet as raw material of activated carbon
Items Analyzed items Unit
Ash % 43.0 31.13 14.55 - Fixed carbon % 49.10 60.99 76.28 -
Element
C % 26.20 62.50 80.1 - H % 1.10 0.80 3.00 - O % 1.10 2.00 4.30 - N % 0.40 0.40 1.70 - S % 0.08 0.24 0.43 - Cl % 0.08 0.01 0.00 -
Caloric value
Lower heating value
Heavy metal
Hg mg kg-1 0.00 0.04 0.00 - Cd mg kg-1 0.00 0.61 1.62 1 Pb mg kg-1 39.90 33.90 9.00 10 As mg kg-1 2.20 7.60 0.00 2 Cr mg kg-1 33.20 57.80 47.3 - Co mg kg-1 5.50 8.20 12.9 - Cu mg kg-1 5.20 28.60 0.0 - Mn mg kg-1 24.50 74.50 693 - Ni mg kg-1 11.40 45.30 31.70 - Tl mg kg-1 0.00 0.00 0.00 - V mg kg-1 47.80 20.10 7.40 -

(25 ~ 90 ) (6 ~ 48 h) ,
115 . 24 h . Figure 1 (STF-15/
75/610, Carbolite Ltd., UK) , (Euro- therm 2408CP, Carbolite Ltd., UK) 1,500
, 16

,
. 1,000 mm, 500 mm , 6
. 1,000 mm, 50 mm, 5 mm,
, , 0.5 ~ 5.0 L min-1
.
20 ,
,
. , ,
30 g
,
99.9% (0.5 ~ 2 L min-1)
10 min-1 (700 ~ 900 )
, (2 ~ 5 h)
. ,
,
.
(0.1 ~ 5 M) (1 ~ 4 mL g-1), (0.5 ~ 4 h)
, pH
, ,
-0.1 MPa, 90 , 24 h .

, (5 ~ 15%)
-0.1 MPa, 90 , 24 h .
BET , , FTIR . BET
(Micromeritics ASAP 2020, USA)
90 , 10 min-1, 350 , 4 h
-196 ,
0.05 ~ 0.15 P/P0 5
0.9999 , C . KSM 1802 , , , , FTIT
(IRAffinity-1 Shimadzu, Japan) .

(ASTM D6646-03)
,
,
(50 ppm), (5,000 ppm),
, , (10,050 ppm)
,
(ppbRAE 3000, REA systems, Inc., USA)

. 3
.
368
Figure 2. BET surface area and ash content of activated carbon according to (a) pretreatment agents, (b) HNO3 concentration, (c) HNO3/ anthracite ratio, and (d) pretrement time in pretreatment process.
, , ,
,
. , (%) (8.9) > (6.1)
(6.1)
, (%)
(43.0) > (31.1) > (14.6)
11.9 ~ 28.4% , (%)
(76.3) > (61.0) > (49.1)
.
,
,

. , C (%) (80.1) > (62.5) >
(26.2)
, H (%) 3%
. O (%) 5%
, N, S, Cl 0.5%
. (kcal kg-1) , (7,086) > (5,162) > (2,360) .
7,400 kcal kg-1 30.2 ~ 68.1%
, C
. , (mg kg-1) (802.9) >
(276.7) > (169.7) , Pb
(mg kg-1) (39.9) > (33.9) > (9.0) 10 mg kg-1 , As (mg kg-1) (7.6) >
(2.2) > (0.0)
2 mg kg-1 , Cd (mg kg-1) (1.62) > (0.61) > (0.0)
1 mg kg-1 .
, Cd, Pb, As 3

.
3.2.
.
,
.
3.2.1.
Figure 2 (a) , (b)
369
Table 2. Coagulation properties of anion and cation in aqueous solution
Anion→ Cl- NO3 - SO4
Cation↓
Ag+ I S S I Hg+ I S VSS I Ba2+ S S I I Ca2+ S S VSS I Cu2+ S S S I Cd2+ S S S I Co2+ S S S I Fe2+ S S S I Hg2+ S S VSS I Mg2+ S S S I Mn2+ S S S I Ni2+ S S S I Pb2+ I S I I Sr2+ S S VSS I Zn2+ S S S I Al3+ S S S I As3+ S X X X Cr3+ S S S I Fe3+ S S S I V3+ S S S I
Note : S = soluble (>5000 mg L-1), SS = slightly soluble (2000-5000 mg L-1), VSS = very slightly soluble (20-2000 mg L-1), I = insoluble (< 20 mg L-1), X = not compound.
, (c) , (d)

25 24 h, ,
900 , 4 h, 1 L min-1, (KOH/ anthracite, wt% wt%-1) 4 , 0.5 M , , 4 mL g-1, 2 h
. Figure 2(a) , (m2
g-1) (1685.4) > (539.9) > (210.4) > (39.7) .
(SiO2) 49 ~ 57%, (Al2O3) 27 ~ 31%, (Fe2O3) 4 ~ 10%, (CaO) 2 ~ 6%, (MgO) 0.4 ~ 1.3%
[18]. Equation (1)~(13)
, ,

[19-23], Table 2
[24,25]
, , , . ,
, , ,
.

.
Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O (5)
Fe2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2FeCl3(aq) + 3H2O (6)
CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O (7)
Al2O3(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) → Al2[SO4]3(aq) + 3H2O (8)
Fe2O3(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) → Fe2[SO4]3(aq) + 3H2O (9)
CaO(s) + H2SO4(aq) → CaSO4(s) + H2O (10)
Al2O3(s) + H3PO4(aq) → 2Al[PO4](s) + 3H2O (11)
Fe2O3(s) + H3PO4(aq) → 2Fe[PO4](s) + 3H2O (12)
3CaO(s) + 2H3PO4(aq) → Ca3[PO4]2(s) + 3H2O (13)
(%) , (28.1) >
(26.8) > (22.5) > (21.6) 3
.
.

. Figure 2(b) ,
(m2 g-1) 16 M (1830.0) > 10 M (1829.9) > 5 M (1565.4) > 1 M (1194.5) > 0.1 M (1027.0)
, 10 M .
,
.
, 0.5 M (28.6) > 1 M (27.2) > 5 M (23.8) > 10 M (21.6) 16 M (21.6)
.
10 M .
370
Figure 3. BET surface area of activated carbon according to (a) mixing temperature, and (b) mixing time in mixing process.
Figure 2(c) , (m2 g-1) 5 mL g-1 (1832.1) > 4 mL g-1 (1829.9) > 3 mL g-1 (1687.3) > 2 mL g-1 (1431.8) > 1 mL g-1 (423.8)
, 4 mL g-1
.
,

. (%) , 1 mL g-1 (31.55) > 2 mL g-1 (25.0) > 3 mL g-1 (22.5) > 4 mL g-1 (21.6) 5 mL g-1 (21.6) .

4 mL g-1 . Figure 2(d) , (m2
g-1) 48 h (1708.7) 24 h (1685.4) 12 h (1685.4) > 6 h (1156.5) 6 h 12 h . 12 h ,

.
(%) 6 h (30.8) > 12 h (21.6) 24 h (21.5) 48 h (21.3) .
12 h .
3.2.2.
Figure 3 (a) , (b)

10 M , 4 mL g-1, 12 h,
, 900 , 4 h, 1 L min-1, (KOH/anthracite, wt% wt%-1) 4
, 0.5 M , , 4 mL g-1, 2 h .
Figure 3(a) , (m2 g-1) 90 (1685.4) > 55 (1675.2) > 25 (1662.8)

.
,
1.4%
.
25 . Figure 3(b) , (m2 g-1)
48 h (1686.2) > 24 h (1685.4) > 12 h (1495.4) > 6 h (1256.5) , 24 h .
24 h
, 24 h .
3.2.3.
Figure 4 (a) , (b) , (c) , (d)
Figure 4(d)
.
10 M , 4 mL g-1, 12 h, 25 24 h,
0.5 M , , 4 mL g-1, 2 h
. Figure 4(a) , (KOH/anthracite,
wt% wt%-1) (m2 g-1) 4 (1829.9) > 5 (1435.5) > 3 (1329.3) > 2 (791.1)
4
,
. Equation (14) C KOH
1 : 3 [11,26,27],
1 : 4
,
.
4
.
371
Figure 4. BET surface area of activated carbon according to (a) KOH/anthracite ratio, (b) activation temperature and time, (c) nitrone flow rate, and (d) caloric value in activation process [note : the analysis results for ash and carbon content were included in Figure 4(d)].
6KOH + 2C → 2K + 3H2 + 2K2CO3 (14)
Figure 4(b) , 4 h (m2 g-1) 900 (1829.9) > 800 (1740.5) > 700 (1500.5)
, 900 . Equation (14)
Equation (15) ~ (18) 800
[27],
. 900
(m2 g-1) 4 h (1829.9) > 3 h (1685.4) > 5 h (1450.5) > 2 h (1136.4) > 1 h (1025.4)
4 h ,
. 4 h
.
900 , 4 h .
K2CO3 → K2O + CO2 (at 700 ~ 800 ) (15)
CO2 + C → 2CO (16)
Figure 4(c) ,
(m2 g-1) 2.0 L min-1 (1875.9) 1.5 L min-1 (1864.5)
1.0 L min-1 (1829.9) > 0.5 L min-1 (1155.4) 0.5 L min-1
1.0 L min-1
.

, , .
1.0 L min-1 . Figure 4(d) ,
(m2 g-1) 7,086 kcal kg-1 (2073.1) > 6,124 kcal kg-1 (1915.0) > 5,162 kcal kg-1 (1,685.4) > 3,761 kcal kg-1
(1,230.6) > 2,360 kcal kg-1 (633.5)
, . 1,000 m2 g-1
3,300 kcal kg-1 , 39% .
3.2.4.
Figure 5 (a) , (b) , (c) , (d)
372
Figure 5. BET surface area of activated carbon according to (a) washing agents, (b) HCl concentration, (c) HCl/anthracite ratio, and (d) washing time in washing process.
Figure 6. BET surface area and hardness of activated carbon according to (a) binder kinds, and (b) binder content in pelletization process.
HW (hot water), CW (cold water) . 10 M ,
4 mL g-1, 12 h,
25 24 h, ,
900 , 4 h, 1 L min-1, (KOH/anthracite, wt% wt%-1) 4 .
Figure 5(a) , (m2 g-1) HCl-HW-CW (1829.9) HW-CW (425.3) > CW (280.8)
1,400 m2 g-1
. Equation (14) ~ (18)
, ,

,
. ,

85
.
--
.
Figure 6 (a) , (b)
373
Table 3. BET surface area, pore volume, and average pore width of pelletized activated carbons
Sample Low-grade anthracite
Low-grade anthracite + Anthracite
activated carbon
BET surface area (m2 g-1) 433.8 842.7 885.1 1154.2 1191.9 1419.7 1522.3
Micropore area (m2 g-1) 367.4 453.3 437.7 758.8 598.6 827.5 1314.2
External area (m2 g-1) 66.5 389.4 447.4 395.4 593.3 592.2 208.1
Total pore volume (cm3 g-1) 0.242 0.523 0.593 0.608 0.654 0.753 0.692
Micropore volume (cm3 g-1) 0.158 0.208 0.205 0.326 0.271 0.361 0.55
Mesopore volume (cm3 g-1) 0.084 0.314 0.388 0.282 0.383 0.392 0.142
Average pore width () 22.3 24.8 26.7 21.0 21.9 21.2 18.2

10 M , 4 mL g-1, 12 h, 25 24 h,
, 900 , 4 h, 1 L min-1, (KOH/anthracite, wt% wt%-1) 4,
0.5 M , , 4 mL g-1, 2 h
. Figure 6(a) ,
(m2 g-1) CMC (1250.4) > Starch (1173.6) > Guargum (1120.9) > PVA (1040.7) . Lozano-Castello et al. [28] CMC

, PVA
.

. (%) , CMC (94) > PVA (67) > Guargum (51) > Starch (36)
, KSM 1802 90%
-25.8% , CMC
.

CMC , CMC


. Figure 6(b) , (m2
g-1) 0% (1685.5) > 5% (1541.1) > 10% (1379.9) > 15% (1250.4)
. (%)
, 15% (94) > 10% (84) > 5% (77) 0% (10) 5% , 5% 15%
. KSM 1802
90%
15% .
3.4.
,
BET , , FTIR .
3.4.1. BET
BET
(m2 g-1) , Commercial AC (1522.3) > Lignite (1419.7) > Anthracite + Lignite (1191.9) > Anthracite (1154.2) > Low- grade anthracite + Lignite (885.1) > Low-grade anthracite + Anthracite (842.7) > Low-grade anthracite (433.8)
.
31.5%, 33.1%, 30.6% . (m2 g-1) Commercial AC (1314.2) > Lignite (827.5) > Anthracite (758.8) > Anthracite + Lignite (598.6) > Low-grade anthracite + Anthracite (453.3) > Low-grade anthracite + Lignite (453.3) > Low-grade anthracite (367.4) 1.5 ~ 3.5
, (m2 g-1) Anthracite + Lignite (592.2) > Lignite (593.3) > Low-grade anthracite + Lignite (447.4) > Anthracite (395.4) > Low-grade anthracite + Anthracite (389.4) > Commercial AC (208.1) > Low-grade anthracite (66.5)
1.8 ~ 2.9 . , (cm3 g-1) Lignite (0.753)
> Commercial AC (0.692) > Anthracite + Lignite (0.654) > Anthracite (0.608) > Low-grade anthracite + Lignite (0.593) > Low-grade anthracite + Anthracite (0.523) > Low-grade anthracite (0.242)
. (cm3 g-1)
, (cm3/g) Lignite (0.392) > Low-grade anthracite + Lignite (0.388) > Anthracite + Lignite (0.383) > Low-grade anthracite + Anthracite (0.314) > Anthracite
374
Figure 7. Fourier-transform infrared spectra of (a) powdered activated carbons, and (b) pelletized activated carbons.
Table 4. Physical property of pelletized activated carbons
Physical property
Density (g mL-1)
Low-grade Anthracite 1.5 99.2 98.2 0.55 Low-grade Anthracite + Anthracite 1.8 99.5 97.9 0.40
Low-grade Anthracite + Lignite 1.6 99.2 97.9 0.39
Anthracite 1.7 99.6 97.7 0.38 Anthracite + Lignite 1.6 99.1 97.5 0.36 Lignite 1.4 99.4 97.0 0.33 Commercial AC 2.0 95.8 97.1 0.41
Standard (KSM 1802) under 10
above 90
above 90
under 0.56
(0.282) > Commercial AC (0.142) > Low-grade anthracite (0.084) 34.1% ,

2.0 ~ 2.8 . () , Low-grade anthracite + Lignite
(26.7) > Low-grade anthracite + Anthracite (24.8) > Low-grade anthracite (22.3) > Anthracite + Lignite (21.9) > Lignite (21.2) > Anthracite (21.0) > Commercial AC (18.2)
1.8% , 20
,
.
,

.
. ,
, 1.4 ~ 1.8%
,
. 99%
.

,
,
.
,
,

.
Figure 7 (a) , (b) FTIR
. Figure 7(a) , O-H (3,700 ~ 3,800 cm-1), C=O (1,550 cm-1), C-H (1,430 cm-1), C-O (978 cm-1) [29],

.
,
,
. Figure 7(b) , CMC
O-H (3,000 ~ 3,500 cm-1), -COOH (1,600 cm-1), C-H (1,430 cm-1), -CH2 (1,320 cm-1), C-O (1,000 cm-1)
[29],
. 15%
.

,

,
.
375
Figure 8. Breakthrough curve of activated carbon for (a) single benzene, (b) single xylene, and (c) combined benzene, toluene, and xylene.
3.5.
(a) , (b) , (c) ,
,
short term exposure limit (STEL) , . ,

. Figure 8(a) , (STEL 5 ppm)
(min) Lignite (320) > Anthracite (254)
Commercial AC (252) > Anthracite + Lignite (240) > Low- grade anthracite + Anthracite (207) > Low-grade anthracite + Lignite (207) > Low-grade Anthracite (100) ,

1.3 . Table 3


. , STEL 5 ppm ,
.
,

. Figure 8(b) , (STEL 150 ppm)
Lignite (160) > Anthracite + Lignite (133) > Anthracite (120) > Low-grade anthracite + Lignite (79) > Commercial AC (70) > Low-grade anthracite + Anthracite (60) > Low-grade Anthracite (22) ,

1.1 ~ 2.3 .
Table 3

, ( >
> ),
. Figure 8(c) , , ,
(STEL 305 ppm) (min) Lignite (115) > Anthracite + Lignite (70) > Commercial AC (67) > Anthracite (65) > Low-grade anthracite + Anthracite (56) > Low-grade anthracite + Lignite (55) > Low-grade Anthracite (31)
, ,
1.7
.
,
, , ,

.
4.


376
,
, . , (%) (43.0) >
(31.1) > (14.6)
,
(kcal kg-1) (7,086) > (5,162) >
(2,360) 30.2 ~ 68.1%
.
, 3.3 ~ 3.9, 1.1 ~ 3.8 .

,
,
. , 10
M , 4 mL g-1, 12 h,
25 24 h,
4, 900 , 4 h, 1 L min-1,
0.5 M --, 4 mL g-1, 2 h,
CMC 15% .

4,290 kcal kg-1 , 35%
, 1,154 ~ 1,420 m2 g-1
. ( 1,000 m2 g-1) 15 ~ 42% .
, BET
0.8 ~ 0.9 , 0.6 ,
1.9 ~ 2.8 ,
. FTIR ,
,
.

.
,
1.0 ~ 1.3, 1.1 ~ 2.3, 1.0 ~ 1.7 , (87.5%) > (11.2%) > (-9.3%) . , ,
5,640 kcal kg-1 , > >

.
.
References
1. Korea Labor Institute, “Problem and Preventative Control for Recent Chemical Accident Occurrence,” Report No. 7 (2013).
2. Ministry of Environment, “Environment Description Develop- ment for Maneuver of Chemical Accident,” Press release (2015).
3. National Institute of Chemical Safety, “Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR) Information System,” Statistical data (2016).
4. Ministry of Environment, “Preparation Personal Protective Equipment Standard for Accident of Harmful Chemical Sub- stance,” Press Release (2014).
5. Ministry of Knowledge Economy, “Research of Present Con- dition and Raising Plan in C-industry,” Report (2012).
6. Statistics Korea, “Number of Businesses for Item Categorization in Mining Industry,” Statistical Data (2014).
7. Statistics Korea, “Results of Import and Export for Item Categorization,” Statistical Data (2016).
8. Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, “Production of Mineral Resources,” Report (2016).
9. Korea Coal Corporation, “Anthracite Sale Price List,” Press Release (2016).
10. Lozano-Castello, D., Lillo-Rodenas, M. A., Cazorla-Amoros, D., and Linares-Solano, A., “Preparation of Activated Carbons from Spanish Anthracite I. Activation by KOH,” Carbon., 39(5), 751-759 (2001).
11. Lillo-Rodenas, M. A., Cazorla-Amoros, D., and Linares-Solano, A., “Understanding Chemical Reactions between Carbons and NaOH and KOH An Insight into the Chemical Activation Mechanism,” Carbon., 41(2), 267-275 (2003).
12. Lozano-Castello, D., Calo, J. M., Cazorla-Amoros, D., and Linares-Solano, A., “Carbon Activation with KOH as Explored by Temperature Programmed Techniques, and the Effects of Hydrogen,” Carbon., 45(13), 2529-2536 (2007).
13. Kong, S.-H., and Kim, J.-H., “Adsortpion Characteristics of Activated Carbons Made from Domestic Coals,” B. Environ. Sic., 22, 39-52 (2001).
14. Kim, J.-H., “Improvement of Physical Properties of Domestic Anthracite using two Step Activation by Chemical Treatment,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Hanyang University, Seoul (2002).
15. Yoon, H.-S., Sung, J.-S., and Park, J.-H., “The Effect of Pro- perties of China Coals on the Activated Carbon Characteristics,” J. Korea Inst., Chem. Eng., 34, 263-269 (1996).
16. Kim, S.-C., Park, K.-A., Lee, S. B., and Hong, I. K., “Physical Properties of Activated Carbon with Coal Blend Ratios and Manufacturing Conditions,” J. Korean Ind. Eng. Chem., 9, 835-841 (1998).
17. Choi, D. H., “A Study on Manufacture of Activated Carbon and Adsorption Characteristics of Organic Matter Based Coal,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Donga University, Busan (2001).
18. Saha, B., “Removal of Ash Content from Indian Coal by
377
using Solvents,” Int. J. Mod. Eng. Res., 3, 133-138 (2013). 19. Ahn, J.-W., Chung, D.-W., Lee, K.-W., Ahn, J.-G., and Sohn,
H.-Y., “Nitric Acid Leaching of base Metals from Waste PDP Electrode Scrap and Recovery of Ruthenium Content from Leached Residues,” Mater. Trans., 52(5), 1063-1069 (2011).
20. Ajemba, R. O., and Onukwuli, O. D., “Dissolution Kinetics and Mechanisms of Reaction of Udi Clay in Nitric Acid So- lution,” Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 3(3), 115-121 (2012).
21. Khamhom, P., “Reduction of Impurities in Lignite from Mae Moh Mine using Chemical Cleaning,” Master Dissertation, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima (2013).
22. Gulfen, G., Gulfen, M., and Aydin, A. O., “Dissolution Kinetics of Iron from Diasporic Bauxite in Hydrochloric Acid Solution,” Indian J. Chem. Technol., 13(4), 386-390 (2006).
23. Havlik, T., Friedrich, B., and Stopi, S., “Pressure Leaching of EAF Dust with Sulphuric Acid,” Erzmetall, 57(2), 83-90 (2004).
24. Kermmer, F. N., The Nalco Water Handbook, 2nd ed., McGraw- Hill Book Company, New York (1988).
25. https://en.wikidipia.org. (Accessed Jan. 2016). 26. Lillo-Rodenas, M. A., Juan-Juan, J., Cazorla-Amorós, D., and
Linares-Solano, A., “About Reactions Occurring during Che- mical Activation with Hydroxides,” Carbon., 42(7), 1371- 1375 (2004).
27. Wangm, J., and Kaskel, S., “KOH Activation of Carbon-Based Materials for Energy Storage,” J. Mater. Chem., 22, 23710- 23725 (2012).
28. Lozano-Castello, D., Cazorla-Amoros, D., Linares-Solanoa, A., and Quinn, D. F., “A Ctivated Carbon Monoliths for Methane Storage: Influence of Binder,” Carbon., 40(15), 2817-2825 (2002).
29. Kang S.-K., “Characteristics on Chemical Activation and VOCs Adsorption of Activated Carbon according to Mixing Ratio of Anthracite and Lignite,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Pusan National University, Busan (2016).
<< /ASCII85EncodePages false /AllowTransparency false /AutoPositionEPSFiles true /AutoRotatePages /All /Binding /Left /CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20%) /CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CalCMYKProfile (U.S. Web Coated \050SWOP\051 v2) /sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Warning /CompatibilityLevel 1.4 /CompressObjects /Tags /CompressPages true /ConvertImagesToIndexed true /PassThroughJPEGImages true /CreateJDFFile false /CreateJobTicket false /DefaultRenderingIntent /Default /DetectBlends true /DetectCurves 0.0000 /ColorConversionStrategy /LeaveColorUnchanged /DoThumbnails false /EmbedAllFonts true /EmbedOpenType false /ParseICCProfilesInComments true /EmbedJobOptions true /DSCReportingLevel 0 /EmitDSCWarnings false /EndPage -1 /ImageMemory 1048576 /LockDistillerParams false /MaxSubsetPct 100 /Optimize true /OPM 1 /ParseDSCComments true /ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true /PreserveCopyPage true /PreserveDICMYKValues true /PreserveEPSInfo true /PreserveFlatness true /PreserveHalftoneInfo false /PreserveOPIComments false /PreserveOverprintSettings true /StartPage 1 /SubsetFonts true /TransferFunctionInfo /Apply /UCRandBGInfo /Preserve /UsePrologue false /ColorSettingsFile () /AlwaysEmbed [ true ] /NeverEmbed [ true ] /AntiAliasColorImages false /CropColorImages true /ColorImageMinResolution 300 /ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleColorImages true /ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /ColorImageResolution 300 /ColorImageDepth -1 /ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1 /ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeColorImages true /ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterColorImages true /ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /ColorACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /ColorImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000ColorImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasGrayImages false /CropGrayImages true /GrayImageMinResolution 300 /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /GrayImageDict << /QFactor 0.15 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /JPEG2000GrayImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 30 >> /AntiAliasMonoImages false /CropMonoImages true /MonoImageMinResolution 1200 /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200 /MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict << /K -1 >> /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None ] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfile () /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () /PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName () /PDFXTrapped /False /Description << /CHS <FEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000500044004600206587686353ef901a8fc7684c976262535370673a548c002000700072006f006f00660065007200208fdb884c9ad88d2891cf62535370300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002> /CHT <FEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef653ef5728684c9762537088686a5f548c002000700072006f006f00660065007200204e0a73725f979ad854c18cea7684521753706548679c300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002> /DAN <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> /DEU <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> /ESP <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> /FRA <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> /ITA <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> /JPN <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> /KOR <FEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020b370c2a4d06cd0d10020d504b9b0d1300020bc0f0020ad50c815ae30c5d0c11c0020ace0d488c9c8b85c0020c778c1c4d560002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002e> /NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken voor kwaliteitsafdrukken op desktopprinters en proofers. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.) /NOR <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> /PTB <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> /SUO <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> /SVE <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> /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents for quality printing on desktop printers and proofers. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.) >> /Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ << /AsReaderSpreads false /CropImagesToFrames true /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false /IncludeGuidesGrids false /IncludeNonPrinting false /IncludeSlug false /Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (4.0) ] /OmitPlacedBitmaps false /OmitPlacedEPS false /OmitPlacedPDF false /SimulateOverprint /Legacy >> << /AddBleedMarks false /AddColorBars false /AddCropMarks false /AddPageInfo false /AddRegMarks false /ConvertColors /NoConversion /DestinationProfileName () /DestinationProfileSelector /NA /Downsample16BitImages true /FlattenerPreset << /PresetSelector /MediumResolution >> /FormElements false /GenerateStructure true /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false /IncludeProfiles true /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /NA /PreserveEditing true /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling /LeaveUntagged /UseDocumentBleed false >> ] >> setdistillerparams << /HWResolution [2400 2400] /PageSize [612.000 792.000] >> setpagedevice