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ObjectivesObjectives Definition of termsDefinition of terms Use of supertype/subtype relationshipsUse of supertype/subtype relationships Use of generalization and specialization Use of generalization and specialization
techniquestechniques Specification of completeness and disjointness Specification of completeness and disjointness
constraingsconstraings Develop supertype/subtype hierarchies for Develop supertype/subtype hierarchies for
common business situationscommon business situations Develop entity clustersDevelop entity clusters Name categories of business rulesName categories of business rules Define operational constraints graphically and in Define operational constraints graphically and in
EnglishEnglish
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Supertypes and SubtypesSupertypes and Subtypes
Subtype:Subtype: A subgrouping of the entities in an A subgrouping of the entities in an entity type which has attributes that are entity type which has attributes that are distinct from those in other subgroupingsdistinct from those in other subgroupings
Supertype:Supertype: An generic entity type that has An generic entity type that has a relationship with one or more subtypesa relationship with one or more subtypes
Attribute Inheritance:Attribute Inheritance: Subtype entities inherit values of all Subtype entities inherit values of all
attributes of the supertypeattributes of the supertype An instance of a subtype is also an instance An instance of a subtype is also an instance
of the supertypeof the supertype
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Different modeling tools may have different notation for the same modeling constructs
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Figure 4-2 – Employee supertype with three subtypes
All employee subtypes will have emp nbr, name, address, and date-hired
Each employee subtype will also have its own attributes
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Relationships and SubtypesRelationships and Subtypes
Relationships at the Relationships at the supertypesupertype level level indicate that all subtypes will indicate that all subtypes will participate in the relationshipparticipate in the relationship
The instances of a The instances of a subtypesubtype may may participate in a relationship unique to participate in a relationship unique to that subtype. In this situation, the that subtype. In this situation, the relationship is shown at the subtype relationship is shown at the subtype levellevel
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Figure 4-3 – Supertype/subtype relationships in a hospital
Both outpatients and resident patients are cared for by a responsible physician
Only resident patients are assigned to a bed
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Generalization and Generalization and SpecializationSpecialization
Generalization:Generalization: The process of The process of defining a more general entity type from defining a more general entity type from a set of more specialized entity types. a set of more specialized entity types. BOTTOM-UPBOTTOM-UP
Specialization:Specialization: The process of The process of defining one or more subtypes of the defining one or more subtypes of the supertype, and forming supertype, and forming supertype/subtype relationships. TOP-supertype/subtype relationships. TOP-DOWNDOWN
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Figure 4-4a – Example of generalization
Three entity types: CAR, TRUCK, and MOTORCYCLE
All these types of vehicles have common attributes
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Figure 4-4b – Generalization to VEHICLE supertype
So we put the shared attributes in a supertype
Note: no subtype for motorcycle, since it has no unique attributes
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Figure 4-5a – Example of specialization
Entity type PART
Only applies to manufactured
parts
Applies only to purchased parts
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Figure 4-5b – Specialization to MANUFACTURED PART and PURCHASED PART
Note: multivalued attribute was replaced by a relationship to another entity
Created 2 subtypes
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Constraints in Supertype/ Constraints in Supertype/ Completeness ConstraintCompleteness Constraint
Completeness ConstraintsCompleteness Constraints: Whether : Whether an instance of a supertype an instance of a supertype mustmust also be a also be a member of at least one subtypemember of at least one subtype Total Specialization Rule: Yes (double line)Total Specialization Rule: Yes (double line) Partial Specialization Rule: No (single line)Partial Specialization Rule: No (single line)
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Figure 4-6a – Examples of completeness constraints
Total specialization rule
A patient must be either an outpatient or a resident patient
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Figure 4-6b – Partial specialization rule
A vehicle could be a car, a truck, or neither
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Constraints in Supertype/ Constraints in Supertype/ Disjointness constraintDisjointness constraint
Disjointness ConstraintsDisjointness Constraints: : Whether an instance of a supertype may Whether an instance of a supertype may simultaneouslysimultaneously be a member of two (or be a member of two (or more) subtypesmore) subtypes Disjoint Rule: An instance of the supertype Disjoint Rule: An instance of the supertype
can be only ONE of the subtypescan be only ONE of the subtypes Overlap Rule: An instance of the supertype Overlap Rule: An instance of the supertype
could be more than one of the subtypescould be more than one of the subtypes
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Disjoint rule
Figure 4-7a – Examples of disjointness constraints
A patient can either be outpatient or resident, but not both
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Figure 4-7b Overlap rule
A part may be both purchased and manufactured
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Constraints in Supertype/ Constraints in Supertype/ Subtype DiscriminatorsSubtype Discriminators
Subtype DiscriminatorSubtype Discriminator: An attribute : An attribute of the supertype whose values determine of the supertype whose values determine the target subtype(s)the target subtype(s) DisjointDisjoint – a – a simplesimple attribute with alternative attribute with alternative
values to indicate the possible subtypesvalues to indicate the possible subtypes OverlappingOverlapping – a – a compositecomposite attribute whose attribute whose
subparts pertain to different subtypes. Each subparts pertain to different subtypes. Each subpart contains a boolean value to indicate subpart contains a boolean value to indicate whether or not the instance belongs to the whether or not the instance belongs to the associated subtypeassociated subtype
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Figure 4-8 – Introducing a subtype discriminator (disjoint rule)
A simple attribute with different possible values indicating the subtype
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Figure 4-9 – Subtype discriminator (overlap rule)
A composite attribute with sub-attributes indicating “yes” or “no” to determine whether it is of each subtype
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Figure 4-17 – Data model segment for class scheduling