Chapter 31: An Era of Social Change
Section 1: Latinos and Native Americans
Seek Equality –1/7/13
Section 2: Women Fight for Equality- 1/8/13
Section 3: Culture and Counterculture-
1/9/13
Essential Question:How did minority groups in the United States respond to inequality in American society?
“The times they are a-changin’.”
Bob Dylan
Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality
Chapter 31 Section 11/6/14
Key Terms Cesar Chavez
United Farm Workers Organizing Committee
La Raza Unida
American Indian Movement
Key Dates 1966- United Farm Workers Organizing
Committee (UFWOC) started by Cesar Chavez
1968-American Indian Movement formed
1969- Native Americans seize Alcatraz Island
1970- California Grape Boycott ends
1970- La Raza Unida party formed
1973- Native Americans seize Wounded Knee SD
1972- Native American Education Act
1975- Native American Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
Latino Population Grows Large and diverse group:
Mexicans Puerto Ricans Cubans Central and South
Americans
Many came for different reasons: Escape poverty and civil
wars Many Cubans came after
Cuban Revolution of 1959 to escape communism
Many lacked education
Mexicans generally settled in California and American Southwest
Most worked as braceros or temporary laborers
Settled in segregated neighborhoods called Barrios
Puerto Ricans mainly settled on east coast- New York City especially
Cubans fled Castro Many settled in Miami and
southern Florida
The Farm Workers Movement
Many Mexican Americans worked as migrant farm workers Hard work for little pay and no benefits
Cesar Chavez began organizing unions for Farm Workers 1962 -National Farm Workers Association 1966- United Farm Workers Organizing
Committee (UFWOC)
Influenced by MLK- Non-Violent Protest 1965- California Grape Boycott begins 1968- Chavez 3 week hunger strike 1970- Growers finally recognize the union
Cesar Chavez
Growing Influence 1968- Bilingual Education Act passed
Provided instruction in language other than English in public schools
Political Influence 1960- MAPA Mexican American Political Association
formed 1961- 1st Latino elected to Congress- Henry Gonzalez 1962- 2nd Latino elected to Congress- Edward Roybal
1970- La Raza Unida- The United People Party Ran Latino candidates in local elections Focused on issues for the Latino community
Native Americans Struggle for Equality
Hundreds of distinct Native American Groups Poorest group in America High unemployment and little economic opportunity on
reservations
1953- Termination Policy Moved Native Americans from reservations to urban
areas Total disaster- Native Americans did not Assimilate/
remained poor
1965- LBJ creates Council on Indian Opportunity Gives Native Americans more autonomy and promotes
economic opportunity on the Reservations
Native American Reservation Land
The American Indian Movement- AIM
Founded in 1968 Protested for increased Native American Rights Sometimes led to violence
1969- Alcatraz Island Indians of All Tribes, a militant group, seized Alcatraz
island in San Francisco bay Offered to pay $24 in beads and cloth for the island Federal officials removed them after 18 months
1972- Trail of Broken Treaties Protest march in DC- took over Bureau of Indian Affairs
building causing 2 million in damage
1973-Wounded Knee Occupation
AIM led 200 Sioux to Wounded Knee SD
Occupied town and took 11 people hostage
Occupation lasted 71 days
Both sides traded fire continuously
Ended with shootout with FBI and US Marshalls One Native American and one officer were killed in the
fight
Native Americans at Wounded Knee, 1973
Native American Victories
1972- Indian Education Act
1975- Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act Gave Native Americans increased autonomy
Most importantly in education
Many groups sued the government over broken treaties and received millions in reparations Taos in New Mexico were 1st
Others across the country followed in their example
Reflection Question In your opinion, do you believe
the protest methods undertaken by Native Americans were justified to achieve their goals?