Chapter 14
Classification of Organisms
• How do we tell the difference between related individuals?
– Different first name
– Same last name
• Science is slightly different
Section 14.1
Categories of Biological Classification
Taxonomy
• Taxonomy– The science of naming and classifying
organisms
• Created to make it easier to tell the difference between all organisms on Earth
• Taxonomy uses Latin language
A Simpler System
• Binomial Nomenclature– Two-word system for naming organisms
• Invented by Swedish scientist, Carl Linnaeus
• First word = genus
• Second word = species
Scientific Names• Binomial nomenclature = scientific name
• Genus– A taxonomic category containing similar
species
• Helps describe the difference between organisms with the same name
• p. 301 – Table 1
Classifying Organisms
• Consists of 8 levels– p. 302 – fig. 2
• Starts with the most broad and ends with most specific descriptive
Classifying Organisms• Domains
– Contain similar kingdoms
• Kingdom– Contain similar phyla
• Phylum– Contain classes with similar characteristics
• Class– Contain orders with similar characteristics
• Order– Contain similar families
• Family– Contain genera with similar characteristics
• Genus – Contains species
• Species
Classifying Organisms• Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Create a Mnemonic
• Create a mnemonic to remember the organization of the levels of classification in the correct order.
• Ex: Do Kids Post Crap On Facebook? Generally So
• Create your own and share with your table partner.
Classification of the Honeybee
• Domain– Eukarya
• Kingdom– Animalia
• Phylum– Arthropoda
• Class– Insecta
• Order– Hymenoptera
• Family– Apidae
• Genus– Apis
• Species– Apis mellifera
Section 14.2
How Biologists Classify Organisms
• With a partner, describe how you would organize a closet full of clothes so things seemed to be in a logical order.– Color– Long-sleeve– Short-sleeve– Fabric– Buttons– No buttons– Hoods– No hoods
What is a Species?
• Biological Species– A group of natural populations that are
interbreeding or could interbreed, and that are reproductively isolated from other similar groups.
• Reproductive Isolation– Occurs when a barrier separates two or more
groups of organisms and prevents them from interbreeding
• Hybrid– Occurs if individuals of different species interbreed
Number of Species• Many more species exist than are described
• New species are being discovered
• There are currently around 1.5 million species
• Scientists believe there are 5 to 10 million species (in the tropics alone) that have not yet been described
• The earth is more diverse than we think
Evolutionary History• Phylogeny
– Evolutionary history of an organism
• Convergent evolution– Organisms may have similar characteristics due to
developing in similar habitats
• Analogous characters– Similarities that occur due to convergent evolution
• Wings of birds and insects
Cladistics
• Cladistics– Method of analysis that reconstructs
phylogenies by inferring relationships based on shared characteristics
• Ancestral character– Occurs when the characteristic is found in
common ancestors• Backbone of birds and mammals
Cladistics• Derived character
– Evolved in an ancestor of one group but not another• Birds have feathers and mammals don’t
• Cladogram– Branching diagram
that shows the
evolutionary
relationships among
groups of organisms
Data Lab – p. 309
• Materials (per group):– Whiteboard– 1 marker– Eraser
• Task– Create a cladogram for the 3 plants.– Answer the 3 Analysis Questions on your
whiteboard