8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 1/43
Ecosystem andWatershed Management
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 2/43
Ecosystem and watershed management share some
common themes. They both aim to:
• integrate science and politics,• consider variable scales, zooming out to landscapes andzooming in to sites,
• have a long-term time perspective,
• be scientifically based, using the “best science” andscientific learning,
• focus on ecological integrity along with social and
economic objectives,• consider a wide range of integrated solutions,
• engage stakeholders to tap local knowledge and values
• use monitoring and adaptive management to learn and
fine-tune strategies.
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 3/43
Ecosystem and Watershed
Management both operateat a multiple scales
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 4/43
Ecosystem Management Criteria
• Ecological Orientation
• Time and Spatial Scale
• Scientific Basis• Role of Humans and Society:
Collaborative decisionmaking
• Management Actions: Adaptive and Integrative solutions
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 5/43
Adaptive Management
• Passive Adaptive Management:
– managers use historical or comparative analysis to determine a “best
guess” hypothesis of outcomes from a preferred action, and then
monitor real outcomes the results of which are then used to revise the
hypothesis and management action.• Active Adaptive Management:
– managers generally define competing hypotheses of outcomes and then
design experiments to test them.
• With multiple experiments, active AM can provide moremeaning data on outcomes in a shorter time frame than passive
AM, but it is generally more costly to implement.
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 6/43
Adaptive Management
Appropriate whensituation has highuncertainty and
high controllability
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 7/43
Applicability of Active & Passive
Adaptive Management
Applicability Criteria:
• Spatial & temporal scale• Dimensions of uncertainty
• Evaluation of costs, benefits, risks
• Institutional/stakeholder support
Hypothetical Ecosystem
Management Cases:
• Field test of tree-fertilizer options
• Alternative river restoration plans
for endangered salmon• Efficacy of forest management
treatments in urban wildfire
• Effect of climate change on landuse designations in regional plan
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 8/43
U.S. Department of Interior’s
Guide to Adaptive Management (2009)
1. Is some kind of management decision to be made? YES
• Decision analysis and monitoring are unnecessary when no decision options exist.
2. Can stakeholders be engaged? YES
• Without active stakeholder involvement an adaptive management process is unlikely to be effective.
3. Can management objective(s) be stated explicitly? YES
• Adaptive management is not possible if objectives are not identified.
4. Is decision making confounded by uncertainty about potential management impacts? YES
• In the absence of uncertainty adaptive management is not needed.
5. Can resource relationships and management impacts be represented in models? YES
• Adaptive management cannot proceed without the predictions generated by models.
6. Can monitoring be designed to inform decision making? YES
• In the absence of targeted monitoring it is not possible to reduce uncertainty and improve management.
7. Can progress be measured in achieving management objectives? YES• Adaptive management is not feasible if progress in understanding and improving management is
unrecognizable.
8. Can management actions be adjusted in response to what has been learned? YES
• Adaptive management is not possible without the flexibility to adjust management strategies.
9. Does the whole process fit within the appropriate legal framework? YES
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 9/43
Major Ecosystem Management
Programs• Everglades Ecosystem Restoration Project
• Chesapeake Bay Program
• Sacramento Delta• Upper Mississippi
• others
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 10/43
Everglades Restoration Project
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 11/43
CERP
• Re-establish pre-drainage hydrologicpatterns
• Increase water storage
• Reduce water loss
• Apply 44,000 storm- water treatment areas
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 12/43
Chesapeake Bay Program
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 13/43
Chesapeake Bay Restoration Progress:
views of CBP and CBF
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 14/43
Chesapeake Bay TMDL:“pollution diet”
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 15/43
The Nature Conservancy’s
Ecoregional Planning and Management
• Set priorities through ecoregional planning
• Develop conservation strategies for
conservation targets • Take direct conservation action in functional
“landscape platforms”
• Measure conservation success through
monitoring
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 16/43
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 17/43
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 18/43
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 19/43
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 20/43
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 21/43
Basic Concepts in Watershed Planning
1. The Tiered Approach: Nest your watersheds
Think Globally (Basin), Act Locally (Catchment)
2. Classify your sub-watershed
3. Take care of precious Headwaters4. Employ eight watershed management tools
5. Focus on impervious cover in urban watersheds
6. Make technical choices about mapping, modeling,
monitoring, and management measures
7. Reach broad consensus among stakeholders
8. Focus on action: implement your watershed plan
9. Monitor and Evaluate your watershed program
N t d
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 22/43
Nested
Watersheds
from
catchments
to river
basins
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 23/43
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 24/43
Powhatan Creek Watershed
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 25/43
WatershedManagementFor PowhatanCreek
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 26/43
Building A Cleaner James RiverGreater Richmond Convention Center
April 21, 2006
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 27/43
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 28/43
VT UVA
VCU
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 29/43
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 30/43
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 31/43
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 32/43
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 33/43
Vulnerable DevelopingRockbridge CountyCOW: 29 + 22005 Pop: 21,500
2020 Pop: 22,700 (+6%)
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 34/43
Upper James: Vulnerable Developing 42
37 35
25
40
18
29
118 7
2
85
2
0
5
10
1520
25
30
3540
45
A l l e
g h a n y
A m h e
r s t
A u g u
s t a
B e d f o r d
B o t e t o u r t
C a m p b
e l l
R o c k b r i d
g e
COW score Addendum scoreCOW Based on 100 point scale
Addendum A based on 20 point scale
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 35/43
Vulnerable ImpactedLynchburg
COW: 46 + 112005 Pop: 68,000
2020 Pop: 65,300 (-4%)
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 36/43
Upper James: Vulnerable Impacted
21
56
46
1 2
11
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Buena Vista Lexington Lynchburg
COW score Addendum scoreCOW Based on 100 point scale
Addendum A based on 20 point scale
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 37/43
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 38/43
Middle James: Vulnerable Developing
COW Based on 100 point scale
Addendum A based on 20 point scale
66
45
66
1912
7 6 20
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Albermarle
County
Greene
County
Amelia
County
Prince
EdwardCounty
COW Score Addendum Score
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 39/43
Middle James: Vulnerable Developing Rapidly
43 42
32
95 2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Goochland Fluvanna Powhatan
COW Score Addendum Score
COW Based on 100 point scale
Addendum A based on 20 point scale
Middl J
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 40/43
General Description
• Adjacent to developed areas: Richmond Metropolitan Area (Goochland and Powhatan) and Charlottesville
(Fluvanna)• Few remaining working farms
• Portions of each county are experiencing rapid
growth while other areasare largely rural andunprotected
Middle James: Vulnerable Developing Rapidly
Goochland County Courthouse
Middl J
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 41/43
Middle James:
Vulnerable Developing Rapidly Challenges
• Rural lands vulnerable to residential and commercialdevelopment
• Codes and ordinances do not adequately address waterquality impacts of projected growth
• Subdivision ordinances lack Low Impact Development(LID) provisions
• Rural land preservation programs limited in Powhatanand Fluvanna County
• Cluster developments allowed but not fully implemented in Powhatan and Fluvanna County
Middl J
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 42/43
Middle James:
Vulnerable Developing Rapidly Opportunities
• Protection of existing rural lands
• Early stages of rapid growth
• Ability to codify water quality best managementpractices before stream degradation occurs
• Preservation of existing
stream buffers
Healthy Stream Buffer
Middl J
8/3/2019 Ch 19 Ecosystem-Watershed Management
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ch-19-ecosystem-watershed-management 43/43
Middle James:
Vulnerable Developing Rapidly Strategies
• Expand portfolio of rural land conservation tools
• Adopt LID-themed stormwater management plan
• Revise subdivision ordinance to reduce street width andparking space requirements
• Incorporate Geographical Information System planning
to track land use and impervious surface changes• Revise site plan review process to limit clearing and
grading and preserve existing vegetation