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Fast moving organisms
What is the fastest land animal?
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Fastest in North America?
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Fastest flying bird?
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Spine tailed swift 106 mph
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Peregrine Falcon
Video
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Fastest biological acceleration?
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Artillery Fungus
180,000 gs, humans die at 50-100 gs, depending on force
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Morus alba
Petals move up to the speed of sound
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Ch 12 DNA Technology
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DNA Technology
Overview of current
methods of how we
use/ modify DNA
This lecture
probably outdated in
5-10 years
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Biotechnology
Manipulation of
organisms or their
components to make
useful products Not a new field
Selective breeding
Agriculture
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Biotechnology Today
Actually DNA
technology
Studying and
manipulating geneticmaterial
Recombinant DNA
DNA from 2 sources
Genetic engineering direct manipulation of
genes
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Genetically Modified Organisms
Organism that hasmodified genesthrough artificial
means Transgenic
organism with genesof another species
of all corn of all soybeans andcotton
Rice daffodil genesto increase nutrition
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Applications of Genetic
Engineering Diabetes Type I Pancreas doesnt
create insulin
B
ody cant absorbglucose
Body starves itself,even ifperson alwayseats
Old treatment Insulin from pigs and
cows
Many allergic reactions
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Diabetes
New treatment
1979 inserted human
insulin gene into
E. coli Extremely easy to
grow
1982 human insulin
available to USpopulation
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Other human proteins
Human Growth
Hormone (HGH)
Old treatment
Cadavers
Expensive and difficult
to extract
Now bacteria produce
HGH
Hepatitis B
Yeast cells make surface
proteins of virus
Allows immune system to
adapt to virus withoutactually being infected
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How to mass produce a protein
Bacteria
Well understood
Easy to grow
Quickly reproduce
Make own nutrients
Only need to add simple
growth media
Insert gene into bacteria
Let bacteria grow Isolate protein of interest
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Protein production
Plasmid small ringof DNA Separate from larger
bacterial chromosome Modifies only smallring, not entirechromosome
Replicates itself
Tiny extrachromosome
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How to cut DNA
Restriction enzyme
Cuts DNA at specific
sequences
i.e. - GAATTC
Matching ends of
DNA fragment can be
spliced with other
DNA
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Gel Electrophoresis
Method to compareDNA from 2 sources
Uses a porous gel
that DNA travels
through
DNA Negatively charged
Larger = slower
Same DNA will cut in
same spot = samepattern
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DNA Profiling
Compares DNA to
determine matches
Tissue collected
DNA isolated
DNA amplified
DNA cut at many
places
Gel Electrophoresis
Patterns compared
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Problems with DNA analyses
What if only a little
DNA is found?
DNA analysis requires
large amounts of DNA To get 2 mg of DNA
Requires about 1 lb of
tissue
How is DNA
amplified?
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Polymerase Chain Reaction
Method to amplify DNA
1. DNA is added to mixcontaining
Nucleotides
DNA polymerase
Few other ingredients
2. Mix heated separates strands
3. Mix cooled DNA polymerase buildsother strand
double strand reformed
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Human Genome Project
Human Genome
3.2 billion base pairs
18 stories of your
textbook 20,000 genes
Same # as roundworm
98% of it noncoding
Promoters
Enhancers
miRNAs
Introns
Most - unknown
purpose
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Human Gene Therapy
Adding normalcopies of a geneinto a mutants
genome Often doesntwork
Unforseen
consequences Gene is inserted
into patientsDNA randomlyby a virus
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Human Gene Therapy
Severe Combined
Immunodeficiency
Disease
Terminal disease
Bubble boy disease
22 people underwent
gene therepy
Removed immune
system cells Infected them with
harmless virus carrying
normal gene
Reinjected cells
4 developed leukemia
Virus activated oncogene
No control over where it
inserts DNA
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Ethics and Safety
Controversial topic
New GM crops banned inEurope
Fear over introduction ofgenes into wildpopulations
US Natl. Acad. ofSci. No evidence that
transgenic crops pose a
threat
20% of human genespatented