Centro de Transferencia de Tecnología en Transportación Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Agrimensura
UPR-‐Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez Call Box 9000 * Mayagüez, PR 00681
Tel. 787-‐834-‐6385 * Fax: 787-‐265-‐5695 * www.uprm.edu/prt2
26 y 27 de marzo de 2015
Instructor
Dr. Benjamín Colucci Ríos Catedrá/co
Departamento de Ingeniería Civil UPR – Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez
29 Años de Excelencia en el Adiestramiento de Oficiales de Transportación a Nivel Municipal, Estatal, y Federal en Puerto Rico e Islas Vírgenes
Día 2
CHAPTERS
6A. General
6B. Fundamental Principles
6C. TTC Elements
6D. Pedestrian & Worker Safety
6E. Flagger Control
6F. TTC Zone Devices
6G. Type of TTC Zone Activities
6H. Typical Applications
6I. Control of Traffic through Traffic Incident ManagementAreas
PART 6. TEMPORARY
TRAFFIC CONTROL
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Remember from yesterday…3
Definitions – quick overview of definitions
especially:
Standard
Guidance
Option
Support
Chapter 6 (Parts A through D)
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Standard4
A. A statement of required, mandatory,
or specifically prohibitive practice
regarding a traffic control device.
All Standard statements are labeled,
and the text appears in bold type.
The verb “shall” is typically used…
http://www.sjroadworks.com/
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Guidance5
B. A statement of recommended,
but not mandatory, practice in
typical situations, with
deviations allowed if engineering
judgment or engineering study
indicates the deviation to be
appropriate. All Guidance
statements are labeled, and the
text appears in unbold type. The
verb “should” is typically used...
• Fulfill a need
• Command attention
• Convey a clear, simple meaning
• Command respect from road users
• Give adequate time for proper response
Guidance:
To be effective, a traffic control device should meet five basic requirements:
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Option6
C. A statement of practice that is
a permissive condition and
carries no requirement or
recommendation. Option
statements sometime contain
allowable modifications to a
Standard or Guidance statement.
All Option statements are
labeled, and the text appears in
unbold type. The verb “may” is
typically used.
http://grace.allpurposeguru.com/
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Support7
D. An informational
statement that does not
convey any degree of
mandate,
recommendation,
authorization,
prohibition, or
enforceable condition.
Support statements are
labeled, and the text
appears in unbold type.
The verbs “shall,”
“should,” and “may” are
not used in Support
statements.http://www.nestechenterprises.com/
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Changeable Message Sign8
28. A sign that is capable of displaying more than one message (one
of which might be a “blank” display), changeable manually, by remote
control, or by automatic control. Electronic-display changeable
message signs are referred to as Dynamic Message Signs in the
National Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Architecture and are
referred to as Variable Message Signs in the National Electrical
Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standards publication.
http://www.interwestsafety.com/ http://www.csppacific.co.nz/
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Channelizing Device9
May be used for general traffic control purposes such as adding emphasis to reversible lane delineation, channelizing lines, or islands. Channelizing devices may also be used along a center line to preclude turns or along lane lines to preclude lane changing, as determined by engineering judgment.
Cones
Tubular markers
Vertical panels
Drums
Lane separators
Raised islandshttp://www.quietzonetech.com/
http://www.pdbrooks.com/
http://www.peytonsbarricade.com/
CHAPTER 3H
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Clear Zone10
33. The total roadside
border area, starting at the
edge of the traveled way,
that is available for an
errant driver to stop or
regain control of a vehicle.
This area might consist of
a shoulder, a recoverable
slope, and/or a non-
recoverable, traversable
slope with a clear run-out
area at its toe.http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/
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Crashworthy11
43. A characteristic of a roadside appurtenance that has been
successfully crash tested in accordance with a national standard
such as the National Cooperative Highway Research Program
Report 350, “Recommended Procedures for the Safety
Performance Evaluation of Highway Features.”
http://www.cbt.com.my/
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Emergency-Vehicle Traffic Control Signal12
62. A special traffic control signal that assigns the right-of-way to an
authorized emergency vehicle.
http://www.elteccorp.com/
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Engineering judgment13
64. The evaluation of available pertinent
information, and the application of
appropriate principles, provisions, and
practices as contained in this Manual and
other sources, for
the purpose of deciding upon the
applicability, design, operation, or
installation of a traffic control device.
Engineering judgment shall be exercised
by an engineer, or by an individual working
under the supervision of an engineer,
through the application of procedures and
criteria established by the engineer.
Documentation of engineering judgment is
not required.
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Engineering study14
65. The comprehensive analysis and
evaluation of available pertinent
information, and the application of
appropriate principles, provisions, and
practices as contained in this Manual
and other sources, for the purpose of
deciding upon the applicability, design,
operation, or installation of a traffic
control device. An engineering study
shall be performed by an engineer, or
by an individual working under the
supervision of an engineer, through the
application of procedures and criteria
established by the engineer. An
engineering study shall be documented.
http://lx-group.com.au/
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Flashing Beacon15
Provides: traffic control when used
as an intersection control beacon
warning when used in other applications
Highway traffic signal with one or more signal sections that
operates in a flashing mode.
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/
CHAPTER 4L
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Hybrid Beacon16
88. A special type of beacon that is intentionally placed in a dark mode
(no indications displayed) between periods of operation and, when
operated, displays both steady and flashing traffic control signal
indications.
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Speed17
214. Speed is defined based on the following classifications:
(a) Average Speed
• the summation of the instantaneous or spot-measured speeds at a specific location of vehicles divided by the number of vehicles observed.
(b) Design Speed
• a selected speed used to determine the various geometric design features of a roadway.
(c) 85th-Percentile Speed
• the speed at or below which 85 percent of the motor vehicles travel.
(d) Operating Speed
• a speed at which a typical vehicle or the overall traffic operates.
(e) Pace
• the 10 mph speed range representing the speeds of the largest percentage of vehicles in the traffic stream.
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Temporary Traffic Control (TTC) Zone18
229. An area of a highway where road user conditions are
changed because of a work zone or incident by the use of
temporary traffic control devices, flaggers, uniformed law
enforcement officers, or other authorized personnel.
http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/
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Traffic Control Device (TCD)19
238. A sign, signal, marking, or other
device used to regulate, warn, or
guide traffic, placed on, over, or
adjacent to a street, highway, private
road open to public travel, pedestrian
facility, or shared-use path by
authority of a public agency or
official having jurisdiction, or, in the
case of a private road open to public
travel, by authority of the private
owner or private official having
jurisdiction.
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Worker20
256. A person on foot whose
duties place him or her within
the right-of-way of a street,
highway, or pathway, such as
street, highway, or pathway
construction and maintenance
forces, survey crews, utility
crews, responders to incidents
within the street, highway, or
pathway right-of-way, and law
enforcement personnel when
directing traffic, investigating
crashes, and handling lane
closures, obstructed roadways,
and disasters within the right-of-
way of a street, highway, or
pathway.
http://www.highwaysindustry.com/
CHAPTER 6E. FLAGGER CONTROL
21
FLAGGER CONTROL AND TTC
ZONE DEVICES FOR
TEMPORARY WORK ZONES
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Qualifications for Flaggers
Guidance23
Flaggers are responsible for public safety
Flaggers make the greatest number of contacts with the public of all highway workers
Flaggers should be trained in safe traffic control practices and public contact techniques http://accesslaborservice.com/
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Qualifications for Flaggers
Guidance24
Flaggers should be able to satisfactorily demonstrate the following abilities:
Receive and communicate specific instructions clearly, firmly, and courteously;A.
Move and maneuver quickly in order to avoid danger from errant vehicles;B.
Control signaling devices (such as paddles and flags) in order to provide clear and positive guidance to drivers approaching a TTC zone in frequently changing situations;
C.
Understand and apply safe traffic control practices, sometimes in stressful or emergency situations; andD.
Recognize dangerous traffic situations and warn workers in sufficient time to avoid injuryE.
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High-Visibility Safety Apparel
Standards
For daytime and nighttime activity, flaggers shallwear high-visibility safety apparel that meets the Performance Class 2 or 3 requirements of the ANSI/ISEA 107-2004 publication…
The apparel background material color shall be fluorescent orange-red, fluorescent yellow-green, or a combination of the two as defined in the ANSI standard.
The Retroreflective material shall be orange, yellow, white, silver, yellow-green, or a fluorescent version of these colors, and shall be visible at a minimum distance of 1,000 ft.
The retroreflective safety apparel shall be designed to clearly identify the wearer as a person.
Guidance – For nighttime activity, safety apparel for Class 3 risk exposure should be considered
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High-Visibility Safety Apparel
Guidance
For nighttime activity, high-visibility safety apparel
that meets the Performance Class 3 requirements of
the ANSI/ISEA 107-2004 publication… and
labeled as meeting the ANSI 107-2004 standard
performance for Class 3 risk exposure should be
considered for flagger wear.
26
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High-Visibility Safety Apparel
Standards
When uniformed law enforcement officers are used
to direct traffic within a TTC zone, they shall wear
high-visibility safety apparel as described in this
section.
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Hand-Signaling Devices
Guidance:
Primary and preferred device STOP/SLOW paddle
Standard:
Shall have an octagonal shape on a rigid handle
Shall be at least 18 in wide with letters at least 6 in high
The STOP face shall have white letters and border on a red background
The SLOW face shall have black letters and border on an orange background
When used at night, the STOP/SLOW paddle shall be retroreflectorized
28
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Hand-Signaling Devices
Standard:
If flashing lights are used on the STOP face of the paddle, their colors shall be all white or all red.
If flashing lights are used on the SLOW face of the paddle, their colors shall be all white or all yellow.
… the flash rate shall be at least 50, but not more than 60 flashes per minute.
29
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Hand-Signaling Devices
Guidance:
Emergency situations Red Flags
Standard:
Flags shall be red or fluorescent orange/red in color
Shall be a minimum of 24 in square
Shall be securely fastened to a staff that is ~36 in in
length.
When used at nighttime, flags shall be
retroreflectorized red.
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Automated Flagger Assistance Devices
Types of AFADs:
A. An AFAD that uses a
remotely controlled
STOP/SLOW sign on either
a trailer or a movable cart
system to alternately control
right-of-way.
B. An AFAD that uses a remotely
controlled red and yellow
lenses and a gate arm to
alternately control right-of-
way.
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Automated Flagger Assistance Devices
Standard:
AFADs shall only be used in situations where there is only one lane of approaching traffic in the direction to be controlled.
When used at night, the AFAD location shall be illuminated.
Guidance:
AFADs should not be used for long-term stationary work
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Automated Flagger Assistance Devices
Standard:
AFADs shall meet the crashworthy performance criteria.
An AFAD shall be operated only by a flagger who has been trained on the operation of the AFAD.
The flagger(s) operating the AFAD(s) shall not leave the AFAD(s) unattended at any time while the AFAD(s) is being used.
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STOP/SLOW
Automated Flagger Assistance Devices
Standard:
A STOP/SLOW AFAD shall include a STOP/SLOW sign that alternately displays the STOP face and the SLOW face of a STOP/SLOW paddle.
34
Guidance:
The STOP/SLOW AFAD should include a gate arm that descends to a down position across the approach lane of traffic when the STOP face is displayed and then ascends to an upright position when the SLOW face is displayed.
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STOP/SLOW
Automated Flagger Assistance Devices
Standard:
Gate arms shall be fully retroflectorized on both sides and shall have vertical alternating red and white stripes at 16 in intervals measured horizontally.
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Red/Yellow Lens
Automated Flagger Assistance Devices
Standard:
A Red/Yellow Lens AFAD shall alternately display a steadily
illuminated CIRCULAR RED lens and a flashing CIRCULAR
YELLOW lens to control traffic without the need for a flagger in
the immediate vicinity of the AFAD or on the roadway.
A Red/Yellow Lens AFAD shall include a gate arm that
descends to a down position across the approach lane of
traffic when the steady CIRCULAR RED lens is illuminated and
then ascends to an upright position when the flashing CIRCULAR
YELLOW lens is illuminated.
37
38
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Red/Yellow Lens
Automated Flagger Assistance Devices39
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Flagger Procedures
Standard:
Flaggers shall use a STOP/SLOW paddle, a flag, or
an AFAD to control road users approaching a TTC
zone.
The use of hand movements alone without a paddle,
flag, or AFAD to control road users shall be
prohibited except for law enforcement personnel or
emergency responders at incident scenes…
40
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Flagger Procedures41
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Flagger Procedures42
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Flagger Procedures43
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Flagger Stations
Standard:
Flagger stations shall be located such that approaching road users will have sufficient distance to stop at an intended stopping point.
Guidance:
Flagger stations should be located such that an errant vehicle has additional space to stop without entering the work space.
The flagger should identify an escape route that can be used to avoid being struck by an errant vehicle.
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Flagger Stations
Standard:
Except in emergency situations,
Flagger stations shall be preceded
by an advance warning sign or
signs.
Flagger stations shall be
illuminated at night
45
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Flagger Stations, MUTCD 2009 Edition46
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Flagger Safety Tips47
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Flagger Safety Tips48
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Flagger Safety Tips49
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Flagger Safety Tips50
CHAPTER 6F. TEMPORARY TRAFFIC
CONTROL ZONE DEVICES
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Temporary Traffic Control Zones
Devices Definition
Standard
TCD shall be defined as all signs, signals, markings, and other devices used to regulate, warn, or guide road users, placed on, over, or adjacent to a street, highway, private roads open to public travel, pedestrian facility, or bikeway by authority of a public body or official having jurisdiction.
All traffic control devices used for construction, maintenance, utility, or incident management operations on a street, highway, or private road open to public travel shall comply with the applicable provisions of the MUTCD.
52
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Human Factor and Information
Processing in Work Zones 53
People drive normally through work zones, even whenthere are traffic control devices present in the roadway, unless there is evident activity (workers, equipment, etc.)
Lack of driver familiarity
with temporary traffic
control signals
Unexpected conditions
along work zone
http://www.betterroads.com/
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Function of Traffic Control Devices (TCD)
54
Promote highway safety
Provide for the orderly and predictable movement of all
traffic
Provide guidance and warning as needed
Types of TCD
Warning signs
Channelizing devices
Lighting devices
Shadow vehicles / advanced warning truckhttp://www.quietzonesd.info/
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General Characteristics of Signs
Standards
The colors for regulatory signs shall follow the
Standards for regulatory signs in Table 2A-5.
Warning signs in TTC zones shall have a black
legend and border on an orange background except:
Grade Crossing Advance Warning (W10-1) sign which shall
have a black legend and border on a yellow background.
Signs that are required or recommended to have fluorescent
yellow-green backgrounds.
Colors for guide signs shall follow the Standards in
Table 2A-5 and Chapter 2D except:
Guide signs as otherwise provided in Section 6F.55
55
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General Characteristics of Signs
Standards
When standard orange flags or
flashing warning lights are used
in conjunction with signs, they
shall not block the sign face.
For freeways and expressways,
the size of diamond shaped TTC
warning signs shall be a minimum
of 48 x 48 in.
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Temporary Traffic Control Zones
Devices Regulations
Standard
All signs used at night shall be either retroreflective with a material that has a smooth, sealed outer surface or illuminated to show the same shape and similar color both day and night.
The requirement for sign illumination shall not be considered to be satisfied by street, highway, or strobe lighting.
57
http://www.tapconet.com/
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Temporary Traffic Control Zone Sign and Plaque Sizes
58
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Figure 6F-1. Height and Lateral
Location of Signs—Typical Installations59
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Figure 6F-1. Height and Lateral
Location of Signs—Typical Installations60
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Figure 6F-1. Height and Lateral
Location of Signs—Typical Installations61
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Figure 6F-1. Height and Lateral
Location of Signs—Typical Installations62
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Sign Placement
Standards
Signs mounted on barricades and barricade/sign combinations
shall be crashworthy
Where it has been determined that the accommodation of
pedestrians with disabilities is necessary, signs shall be
mounted and placed in accordance with “Americans with
Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and
Facilities (ADAAG)”.
63
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Sign supports shall be crashworthy.
Where large signs having an area exceeding 50 square feet are installed on multiple breakaway posts, the clearance from the ground to the bottom of the sign shall be at least 7 feet.
The bottom of a sign mounted on a barricade, or other portable support, shall be at least 1 foot above the traveled way.
64
Sign Placement
Standards
signs: hole in window
65
Why is it important that the signs be crashworthy?
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Example of Windshield Penetration
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X-stands w/ vinyl roll-ups
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Sign Placement68
Neither portable nor permanent sign
supports should be located on
sidewalks, bicycle facilities, or areas
designated for pedestrian or bicycle
traffic.
Except as noted in the Option, signs
mounted on portable supports should
not be used for a duration of more
than 3 days.
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Sign Placement69
For mobile operations, a sign may be mounted on a
work vehicle, a shadow vehicle, or a trailer
stationed in advance of the TTC zone or moving
along with it.
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Portable Changeable Message Signs
(PCMS) 70
PCMS are TTC devices installed for
temporary use with the flexibility to
display a variety of messages.
A PCMS should be limited to three lines
of eight characters per line.
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Portable Changeable Message Signs
(PCMS) 71
PCMS shall display only traffic operational,
regulatory, warning, and guidance information, and
shall not be used for advertising messages.
Techniques of message display such as animation,
rapid flashing, …, or other dynamic elements shall
not be used.
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Arrow Boards
Standards72
Shall be a sign with a matrix of elements capable of either
flashing or sequential displays.
Shall provide additional warning and directional information to
assist in merging and controlling road users through or around a
TTC zone.
Arrow boards shall meet the minimum size, legibility distance,
number of elements, and other specifications shown in Figure 6F-6.
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Arrow Boards
Standards73
Type A, B, and C arrow boards shall have solid rectangular appearances.
A Type D arrow board shall conform to the shape of the arrow.
All arrow boards shall be finished in non-reflective black.
The arrow board shall be mounted on a vehicle, a trailer, or other suitable support.
The arrow board shall have suitable elements capable of the various operating modes.
The color presented by the elements shall be yellow.
A vehicle displaying an arrow board shall be equipped with high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights.
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Types of Arrow Boards74
Type A - use on low-speed urban streets.
Type B - for intermediate-speed facilities and for maintenance
or mobile operations on high-speed roadways.
Type C - intended to be used on high-speed, high-volume motor
vehicle traffic control projects.
Type D - intended for use on authorized vehicles.
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Advance Warning Arrow Board
Display Specifications75
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Channelizing Devices
Cones
Tubular Markers
Vertical Panels
Drums
Barricades
Slow
Down!
76
All channelizing devices shall be crashworthy
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Category 1 Devices77
Shall be predominantly orange.
Shall be made of a material that can be struck without causing damage to the impacting vehicle.
For nighttime use - shall be retroreflectorized or equipped with lighting devices for maximum visibility.
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Channelizing Devices
Drums78
Drums used for road user warning or channelization shall be
constructed of lightweight, deformable materials.
Metal drums shall not be used.
Drums shall have closed tops that will not allow collection of
construction debris or other debris.
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Cones - Standards79
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Category 2 Devices
Vertical panels, Type I, II, or III barricades, portable
sign stands
Category 1 devices w/ attachments (< 45 kg (100
lbs) up to 100 kg)
Must be crash tested
by approved agency
80
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Channelizing Devices
Type 1, 2, or 3 Barricades81
A barricade is a portable or fixed device having from one to
three rails with appropriate markings and is used to control
road users by closing, restricting, or delineating all or a portion
of the right-of-way.
Barricades are classified as Type 1, Type 2, or Type 3.
Type 1 or Type 2 Barricades are intended for use in situations
where road user flow is maintained through the TTC zone.
Type 1 Barricades may be used on conventional roads or
urban streets.
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Channelizing Devices
Type 1, 2, or 3 Barricades82
Guidance:
Type 2 or Type 3 Barricades should be used on freeways
and expressways or other high-speed roadways.
Type 3 Barricades should be used to close or partially
close a road.
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Type 2 Type 3
Channelizing Devices
Type 1, 2, or 3 Barricades83
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WZ Category 3 Devices
Temporary barriers
Barrier joints must provide
tensile & moment capacity
New units must meet NCHRP
350 by Oct 2002
Crash cushions & TMA’s
Can be tested to TL-2 or TL-
3
Must be crash tested by
approved agency
84
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Uses for Temporary Longitudinal
Barriers
Prevent Access to Work Zone
Provide Positive Protection for Workers
Separate Two-Way Traffic
Protect Falsework
85
http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/
86
Lane Closure with a
Temporary Traffic Barrier
(TA-34)
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Temporary Traffic Barriers87
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Portable Concrete Barriers (PCB)
Positive protection to road workers
Avoid penetration in work area
Modular design
Impact angle: 15°- 25°
Height: 32”
Base width: 24”
Top width: 6”
Length: 84” (7’)
Maximum deflection: 0 – 5 feet
88
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Portable Concrete Barriers89
90
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Steel Portable Barriers93
Plastic Portable Barriers
94
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Quickchange Moveable Barrier
Chain of modified F-shape barrier segments
T-shape on top to allow pick up of segments
Lateral movement from 4 to 18 ft
Maximum deflection of 28 in at TL-3 design impact
Transfer speed of 5 to 10 mph
95
96
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Work Zone Crash Cushions97
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Triton CET Concrete End Treatment98
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Category 4 Devices
Portable, usually trailer-mounted devices
Lighting supports, flashing arrow panels, temporary
traffic signals, & changeable message signs
Should be delineated or shielded
Use good placement practices
99
Sample Crash Cushions for Work Zones
100
QUESTIONS
101
CHAPTER 6G. TYPE OF TEMPORARY TRAFFIC
CONTROL ZONE ACTIVITIES
102
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Typical Applications:103
Support:
01. Each TTC zone is different. Many variables, such as location of work, highway type, geometrics, vertical and horizontal alignment, intersections, interchanges, road user volumes, road vehicle mix (buses, trucks, and cars), and road user speeds affect the needs of each zone. The goal of TTC in work zones is safety with minimum disruption to road users. The key factor in promoting TTC zone safety is proper judgment.
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Typical Applications:104
Support:
02. Typical applications (TAs) of TTC zones are organized according to duration, location, type of work, and highway type. Table 6H-1 is an index of these typical applications. These typical applications include the use of various TTC methods, but do not include a layout for every conceivable work situation
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Work Duration105
Standard:
The five categories of work duration and their time at a location shall be:
Long-term stationary
• work that occupies a location more than 3 days
Intermediate term
stationary
• work that occupies a location more than one daylight period up to 3 days, or nighttime work lasting more than 1 hour
Short-term stationary
• daytime work that occupies a location for more than 1 hour within a single daylight period
Short duration
• work that occupies a location up to 1 hour
Mobile• work that moves intermittently or
continuously
CHAPTER 6H. DESCRIPTION OF TYPICAL
APPLICATIONS OF ACTIVITIES ASSOCIATED
TO HIGHWAY WORK ZONES
106
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Chapter 6H: Typical Applications
(p 631)
Support
A total of 46 Typical Applications.
Can generally be adapted to a broad range of conditions.
An appropriate TTC plan is achieved by combining features from various typical applications.
Procedures for establishing TTC zones vary with conditions as
road configuration, location of the work, work activity, duration of work, road user volumes, road vehicle mix and road user speeds.
Example
Work at an intersection might present a near-side work zone for one street and a far-side work zone for the other street. These treatments are found in two different typical applications, while a third typical application shows how to handle pedestrian crosswalk closures.
107
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Chapter 6H: Typical Applications
(p 631) (Cont.)108
In general, TA’s represent minimum solutions for the
situations depicted.
Except for the notes, the information presented in the
typical applications can generally be regarded as
Guidance.
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Chapter 6H: Typical Applications
(p 631) (Cont.)109
Option
Other devices may be added to supplement the
devices.
Device spacing may be adjusted to provide additional
reaction time or delineation.
Fewer devices may be used based on field conditions.
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Index to Typical Applications (p 632)110
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Index to Typical Applications (p 632)111
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Index to Typical Applications (p 632)112
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Index to Typical Applications (p 632)113
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Index to Typical Applications (p 632)114
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Meaning of Symbols on Typical
Application Diagrams115
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Meaning of Letter Codes on Typical
Application Diagrams116
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Formulas for Determining Taper Lenght117
TTC ZONE EXERCISE:RURAL SETTING
118
118
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Exercise # 1: TTC 4 Lane Rural Divided
Highway
Given:
4 lane rural divided highway (2 lanes per direction)
Posted speed limit or 85th percentile off-peak speed, S = 55 mph
Lane width, W = 12 ft / lane (3.65 m/lane)
Outside shoulder width, w = 10 ft (3 m)
Work space = 0.5 mile (0.8 km)
Duration of work = 2 months
Traffic = 40,000 vpd
119
120
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Exercise # 1: TTC 4 Lane Rural Divided
Highway
Required:
1. Length of advance
warning area
2. Length of shoulder taper
3. Length of transition area
4. Length of activity area
5. Length of longitudinal
buffer
6. Length of termination
area
Calculate using MUTCD
Part 6 Standards and
Guidelines
121
122
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Aspects to Consider in TTC Zones123
Type of work activity
Location and duration (short–term, intermediate-term, long-term)
Daytime / Nighttime / Both periods
Roadway type / functional classification
Traffic volume
Speed differential
Hazard potential
Prevention
Standard of care
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Select MUTCD Typical Application (TA)
(Chapter 6H)124
125
Stationary Lane
Closure on Rural
Divided Highway
(TA-33)
125
126
Stationary
Lane Closure
on Rural
Divided
Highway
(TA-33)
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Transition Area :
Shoulder, Merging and Downstream Taper127
Maximum distance in meters (feet) between devices in a
taper should not exceed 0.2 times the speed limit in km/h
(1.0 times the speed limit in mph).
Merging taper = L
Shoulder taper = 0.33L
L = taper length (feet)
W = width of offset (feet)
S = posted speed limit (mph)
85th perc. speed
anticipated op. speed
Downstream taper
128
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Minimum Taper Lengths129
feetL
feetSWL
taperShoulder
feetSWL
taperMerging
5.18155033.033.0
5505510
_
6605512
_
660 feet
181.5 feet
100 feet
130
660 feet
181.5 feet
Activity
Area =
Work space
+
Buffer space
Long.
buffer
space
Traffic
space
Work
space
100 feet
131
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Length of Activity Area as a Function
of Speed*132
Work space = 2640 feet
Longitudinal buffer = 495 feet
Length of Activity Area
= 2640 + 495 = 3,135 feet
660 feet
181.5 feet
Activity
Area =
3,135 feetLong.
buffer
space
Traffic
space
Work
space
495 feet
100 feet
133
134
135
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V < 40 mph = Low Speed V > 45 mph = High Speed
Table 6C-1. Suggested Advance
Warning Sign Spacing
Distancias en metros (pies)
136
137
660 feet
181.5 feet
Activity
Area =
3,135 feetLong.
buffer
space
Traffic
space
Work
space
495 feet
100 feet
2,640 feet
1,500 feet
1,000 feet
138
TTC ZONE EXERCISE:URBAN SETTING
139
139
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Exercise # 2: TTC Lane Closure on
Urban Minor Street
Given:
Utility work
2 lane urban minor street (1 lane each direction)
Posted speed limit or 85th percentile off-peak speed, S = 25 mph (low speed)
Lane width, W = 10 ft / lane (3.048 m/lane)
Work space = 150 ft (60.96 m)
Duration of work = 1 week
Traffic = 350 vpd (low volume)
140
141
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Exercise # 2: TTC 2 Lane on Urban
Minor Street
Required:
1. Length of advance
warning area
2. Length of transition area
3. Length of activity area
4. Length of longitudinal
buffer
5. Calculate using MUTCD
Part 6 Standards and
Guidelines
142
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Typical Application143
Look for Typical Application #18
Typical Application #18
144
Advance Warning Area
145
Work
Space
Longitudinal
buffer
Work
Truck
Transition
Area
Activity
Area
How long
should the
activity area
be?
146
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Length of Activity Area as a Function
of Speed*147
Work space = 150 feet
Longitudinal buffer = 155 feet
Length of Activity Area
= 150 + 155 = 305 feet
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Minimum Taper Length148
Where:L = taper length (feet)W = width of offset (feet)S = posted speed limit (mph)
85th percentile speedanticipated op. speed
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Calculate A149
A=100 feet
V < 40 mph = Low Speed V > 45 mph = High Speed
150
Work Space
= 150 ft
Longitudinal
Buffer = 155 ft
Work
Truck
Transition Area
(Taper Length, L) = 105 ft
Activity
Area = 305 ft*
Advanced Warning Area, A = 100 ft
* 305 feet
plus length
of work
truck
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Roadside Design Guide151
Obtain more information regarding work trucks and other safety features for work zones from AASHTO’s Roadside Design Guide, 4th Edition 2011
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Shadow Vehicle Priority Guidelines152
Based on:
Facility Type (freeway or non-freeway)
Activity Type (stationary or mobile)
Type of Closure (lane closure, shoulder closure)
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Truck and Trailer Mounted Attenuators (TMAs)
153
Priority of use of protective vehicle:
A-very highly recommended
B-highly recommended
C-recommended
D-desirable
E-may be justified under special conditions
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Truck and Trailer Mounted Attenuators (TMAs)
154
Priority of use of TMA on protective vehicle:
1-very highly recommended
2-highly recommended
3-recommended
4-desirable
5-may be justified under special conditions
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Truck and Trailer Mounted Attenuators (TMAs)
155
Shadow Vehicle – Very Highly Recommended
TMA – Desirable (Use Engineering Judgment)
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Guidelines for Spacing of Shadow Vehicles
156
Spacing of shadow
vehicles depending of
weight of the vehicle:
• 9,900 lb – 22,000 lb
• >22,000 lb
Operating Speed
(Traffic)
Recommended Spacing for Vehicles
Weighing <22,000 lbs and >9,900 lbs (ft)
Stationary Moving
Greater than
55mph172 222
45mph to 55mph 123 172
Less than 45mph 100 100
Source: AASHTO Roadside Design Guide
Operating Speed
(Traffic)
Recommended Spacing for Vehicles
Weighing >22,000 lbs (ft)
Stationary Moving
Greater than 55mph 150 172
45mph to 55mph 100 150
Less than 45mph 74 100
Source: AASHTO Roadside Design Guide
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Recommended Spacing157
http://www.globalsources.com/
Length: 31 ft
Weight
without load:
50,000 lb
158
Work Space
= 150 ft
Longitudinal
Buffer = 155 ft
Work
Truck = 131 ft
Transition Area
(Taper Length, L) = 105 ft
Activity
Area = 436 ft
Advanced Warning Area, A = 100 ft
Truck = 31 ft
Roll ahead distance = 100 ft
Activity Area (length) without truck length=305 ft
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Typical Application 18 Notes159
Use your Engineering Judgment…
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Examples of TMAs160
TMA with Energy-Absorbing
Cartridge
TMA with Telescoping Steel Frame and
Cutter Assembly
Several types of TMAs have met the requirements of National
Cooperative Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350 or Manual for
Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH)
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Examples of TMAs161
TMA with Steel Frame and Burster or
Kinker Assembly
TMA with Steel Frame or
Polyethylene Cylinder
Assembly and Arrowboard
Mobile Barrier Trailer
http://www.ct.gov/dot
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Impacted Truck Mounted Attenuators162
https://www.traffixdevices.com
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NCHRP? MASH?163
Roadside Design Guide
Table 5-3: Provides the
minimum test levels
required for barrier
systems. Similar tables
are available for other
work zone safety systems
with their corresponding
required test levels.
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Approved Test Levels: Barriers164
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Approved Test Levels: Barriers continued
165
What Typical Application is best suited for a lane
closure with a temporary traffic barrier?166
167
Lane Closure with
Temporary Traffic
Barrier (TA-34)
167
660 feet
181.5 feet
Activity
Area =
3,135 feet
Long.
buffer
space
Traffic
space
Work
space
495 feet
100 feet
168
Long.
buffer
space
Lat.
buffer
space
169
CHAPTER 6I. CONTROL OF TRAFFIC
THROUGH TRAFFIC INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT AREAS
170
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Incident Management171
Support:
01 The National Incident
Management System
(NIMS) requires the use of
the Incident Command
System (ICS) at traffic
incident management
scenes.
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Incident Management172
Support:
02 A traffic incident is an emergency road user occurrence, a natural disaster, or other unplanned event that affects or impedes the normal flow of traffic.
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Incident General Classes of Duration173
Traffic incidents can be divided into three general classes of duration, each of which has unique traffic control characteristics and needs.
A. Major
• expected duration of more than 2 hours,
B. Intermediate
• expected duration of 30 minutes to 2 hours, and
C. Minor
• expected duration under 30 minutes.
QUESTIONS
174
175