Cell Types and Physiology in the CANS
Major Components of the Central Auditory Nervous System (CANS)
• VIIIth cranial nerve• Cochlear Nucleus• Superior Olivary Complex• Lateral Lemniscus• Inferior Colliculus• Medial Geniculate Body• Primary Auditory Cortex
Brainstem
Thalamus
Mid-brain
Temporal Lobe
Trapezoid body
• MedGen Body• Inf Coll • Lat Lemn• SOC• Coch Nuc• VIIIth CN
VIIIth Nerve Afferents
• Bipolar Neurons• Primary Response Type• Synapse in:
– AVCN– PVCN– DCN
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Sound On Sound Off
Section Thru Brainstem Shows Cochlear Nucleus
Cochlear Nucleus
• Wide variety of cell types• AVCN >>to ipsi and contra SOC• PVCN >>to contra Lat. Lemniscus & IC• DCN>>contra to Lat Lemniscus
CN Response Types
• Primary-like cell- spherical (bushy) cells of the AVCN
• Chopper cell- identification with any particular cell type is not possible because responses are found throughout the cochlear nucleus
• Onset- located in octopus cells• Pauser cell/ Build up cell- located in the fusiform
layer of the DCN
Pauser cell
Primary-like cell
Chopper cell
Onset cell
Buildup cell
CN Response Types
DCN Networking
• Intranuclear connex– (largely inhibitory)– Enhancing tuning?
• Outputs rising in lateral lemniscus– Predominantly contralateral
The Superior Olivary Complex
Connections To the Superior Olivary Complex
Superior Olivary Processing Supports Localization
• Lateral SO-- Interaural Intensity Differences
• Medial SO-- Interaural Time Differences(These are the two primary acoustic cues for
localizing sounds)
SOC Physiology
• Lateral SOC (EI and predominantly high freq)– Max Response to large SPL diffs between ears– Equal SPLs produce little activation– Larger in animals with smaller heads
• Medial SOC (predominantly EE and low freq)– Max Response to specific interaural time diffs– Larger in man than in animals with smaller heads
Interaural Delay affects MSO Synchronous Firing Rate
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IpsiContra
Lateral Lemniscus
• Tract of axons from just above SOC to IC(originating from cell bodies in several
different structures)• Has a Nucleus (Nucleus of LL)
– Good Temporal Resolution• Involved in Startle Reflex
– Connection from CN to Pontine Reticular Formation
– PRF >>motor neurons and spinal interneurons
Dorsal (back) Side of Brainstem
• Thalamus(medial geniculate)• Inferior Colliculus• 4th Ventricle• Area of Pons
Inferior Colliculus
Inferior Colliculus• Cells respond to characteristic:
– Interaural delays– Interaural amplitude differences– Amplitude modulations– Frequency modulations
• Integration of multi-modal sensory inputs– Adjacent visual nuclei– Proprioception of head and neck– Outputs include oculomotor nuclei– IC stim modifies activity in brain areas involved
in attention and learning.
Medial Geniculate BodyThalamus
• Last Sensory Relay Station prior to Cortex• Complex of nuclei• MGB is mainly auditory
– But has other inputs as well– AND– Some other nuclei respond to aud. stim.
MGB• Three Sub-divisions:
– Ventral MGB – True Auditory Relay nucleus– Medial MGB – Auditory with Somatosensory– Dorsal MGB –Somatosensory
Ventral MGB:
• Relay cells with overlapping dendritic “nests”• Interneurons inhibit relay cells & other
interneurons• Tonotopic Lows-lateral, highs-medial.• Most (90%) Cells are binaural (EE or EI)• 10% Monaural cells: contralateral excitation
Medial MGB:• Cells have CF,
– Some show broad tuning– Some have TWO CFs
• “Characteristic Intensity” in some cells• EE, EI, IE• All respond for duration of stim
– Little Adaptation– But show Habituation
• Influenced by somatosensory inputs
Dorsal MGB
• Inputs– From IC Both Aud. & Mixed– From Superior Colliculus– Somatosensory Afferents
• “Nonspecific” responses
Auditory Radiations Connect
• Medial Geniculate Body (in purple)
to• Primary Auditory
Cortex (in blue)
Primary Auditory Cortex (AI):superior surface of the temporal lobe
6 Cortical Layers• Thalamic inputs >IV• project to pyramidal cells
in layer III• Divergence from III
– within AI– other cortical areas– contra AI
• V and VI >>thalamus &IC
Cortical Neurons• Tonotopic
– Lows lateral– Highs medial
• Spatiotopic– (best responses from contralateral hemifield)
• Strong Habituation/Learning• Sensitive to CHANGES in Frequency and
Intensity
Cortical Processing
• Pattern Recognition• Duration Discrimination• Localization of Sounds• Selective Attention
Cerebral Dominance
• Most right-handed individuals show distribution of language processing in the left hemisphere.
(Remember the right ear has the strongest connections to the left hemisphere)
• Most people show a right-ear advantage in processing linguistic stimuli