IS MATTER AROUND US PURE
IS MATTER AROUND US PURE
Pranav GhildiyalRoll no.
SCIENCE PROJECT
WHAT IS MATTER? Matter is a general term for the substance of which all physical objects are made, however in practice there is no single correct scientific meaning; each field uses the term in different and often contradictory ways. Whereas "matter" originally (in Aristotelian hylomorphism) referred not to an independent thing, but to a co-dependent "principle," the modern conception is that matter is a "substance“ that is to say, it exists even apart from composing something else. Modern science identifies this
"substance" through its physical properties; the most common current
definition of matter is anything that has mass and occupies volume. Matter is commonly said to exist in four states ( or phases) : solid, liquid,gas and plasma. However, advances in experimental technique have realized
other Phases.
PURE SUBSTANCES
The substances which do not have adulteration are known as pure substances. Some are given below.
Milk Bread
MIXTURE
A mixture is when two or more different substances are mixed
together but are not combined chemically. The molecules of two or
more different substances are mixed in the form of mechanical
mixtures, solutions, suspensions, and colloids. While there are no chemical changes to its constituents, the
physical properties of a mixture such as its melting point, may differ
from those of the components. Some mixtures can be separated into
their components by mechanical means.There are two types of mixtures.
(i) Homogeneous (ii) Heterogeneous
TYPES OF MIXTURES HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS
Substances that look the
same throughout. Homogeneous
substances have one phase and
uniform composition.
Example :Alcohol ,wine ,milk
substances in which you can see more than one color or type of matter.
Heterogeneous substances have more than one phase and a non-uniform composition.
Example : Sandy water , orange
juice with pulp in it sugar cornstarch.
SOLUTIONA solution is a homogenous mixture of substances with variable
composition. The substance present in the major proportion is called the solvent, whereas the substance present in the minor proportion is called the solute. It is possible to have solutions composed of several solutes. The process of a solute dissolving in a solute is called dissolution. There are three types of solution :-Solid, Liquid, Gas.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLUTIONA solution is something dissolved in something else. By dissolved it mean it needs to have some partials ionized a solid you place in water that dissociates (ions split apart from each other) makes a solution a good solution you can make in your kitchen is a salt-water solution, Put some regular table salt in a glass and stir it and you will notice the salt "disappears" what happens is the sodium ions and the chloride Ions separate and 'hide' between water molecules.
.
Types of solution
Solid• Solid substance have definite shape,
• Fixed volumes, • Are rigid.
• Cannot be compressed
Liquid• Liquid substances doesn’t have definite shape ,
• Definite volume, are Non -rigid.
• Cannot be compressed.
Gas• No definite
shape.
• No definite volume.
Are not at all rigid.
• Can be easily compressed
.
PROPERTIES OF SOLUTION
•A solution is a homogeneous mixture. The particles of a
solution are smaller then 1nm in diameter, so they cannot be
seen with naked eye.
•Because of very small particle size, they do not scatter a beam
of light passing through the solution. So, the path of the light is
not visible in the solution.The solute particles cannot be
separated from the mixture by the process of filtration. The
solute particles do not settle down when left undisturbed. That
is, a solution is stable.Many reactions do not occur until the
solid reactants are dissolved to make a solution.The solvent is
present in greater amount in greater amount.
COMPONENTS OF SOLUTION
SOLVENT SOLUTE The component of the
solution that dissolves the other component in it (usually the component present in larger amount) is called the solvent.
Present on a greater proportion in the solution.
Dispersed phase.
Solution may or may not be in the same state of matter as the solute.
The component of the solution
that is dissolved in the solvent (usually the component present in lesser quantity ) is the solute.
Present in lesser proportion in the solution.
Medium of dispersion solute.
Solution will be in the same state of matter as the solute.
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION The concentration of a solution refers to the strength of the solution.Concentration = quantity of solute quantity of solution (not solvent)There are 3 basic ways to express concentration: 1) percentages,2) very low concentrations,3) molar concentrations
4) Percentage (%) concentration can be in V/V, W/W, or W/V
2)Expressing concentrations in parts per million (ppm) requires the unit on
top to be 1,000,000 times smaller than the unit on the bottom.
3) Molar concentration is the most commonly used in chemistry. Ensure that units are mol/L.
Suspension
A suspension is a heterogeneous fluid containing solid particles
that are sufficiently large for sedimentation. Usually they must be
larger than 1 micrometer. The internal phase (solid) is dispersed
throughout the external phase (fluid) through mechanical agitation,
with the use of certain excipients or suspending agents. Unlike
colloids, suspensions will eventually settle. An example of a
suspension would be sand in water. The suspended particles are
visible under a microscope and will settle over time if left
undisturbed. This distinguishes a suspension from a colloid, in
which the suspended particles are smaller and do not settle.
Colloids and suspensions are different from solutions, in which the
dissolved substance (solute) does not exist as a solid, and solvent
and solute are homogeneously mixed.
Properties of suspension The particles of suspension can be seen by the naked eye.
The particles of a suspension scatter a beam of light passing through it and makes its path visible
The solute particles settle down when a suspension is left undisturbed, that is, a suspension is unstable
Colloids colloid is a type of mixture in which one substance is
dispersed evenly throughout another. A colloidal system consists of two separate phases: a dispersed phase (or internal phase) and a continuous phase . A colloidal system may be solid, liquid, or gaseous.
Many familiar substances are colloids, as shown in the chart below. As well as these naturally occurring colloids, modern chemical process industries utilize high shear mixing technology to create novel colloids.
Some colloids are translucent because of the Tyndall effect, which is the scattering of light by particles in the colloid. Other colloids may be opaque or have a slight color.
Types of colloid There are many types of colloids :-Aerosol(gas +liquid/solid e.g. fog and smoke)
Foam(liquid +gas e.g. whipped cream)
Emulsion(liquid +liquid e.g. milk)
Sol(liquid + solid e.g. paint)
Solid foam(solid + gas e.g. marshmallow)
Solid emulsion(solid + liquid, e.g. cheese)
Solid Sol(solid + solid e.g. pearl.)
colloidal solution By a colloidal solution one understands a solution, in
which the solved particles are present in such a small grain size
that they cannot be separated by filtration. The solved particles
are larger than molecules, but they are smaller than fillers in suspensions. Therefore these colloidal solutions behave
partly like genuine solutions. In order to keep such colloidal
solutions stable and to prevent precipitations, wetting and dispersing agents as well as other additives are added. In foundries, colloidal graphite solutions are used as die
coatings.
Properties of colloid
One property of colloid systems that distinguishes them from
true solutions is that colloidal particles scatter light. If a beam of
light, passes through a colloid, the light is reflected by the
colloidal particles and the path of the light can i.e., be observed.
A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture.
The size of particles of a colloid is too small to be individually
seen by naked eye.
Colloids do not settle down when left un disturbed, that is, a
colloid is quite unstable.
Common examples of colloids
Dispersed
phase
Liquid
Solid
Gas
Liquid
Solid
Gas
Liquid
Solid
Dispersing
space
Gas
Gas
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Example
Fog, clouds, mist
Smoke, automobile exhaust
Shaving cream
Milk, face cream
Milk of magnesia, mud
Foam, rubber, sponge,
Pumice
Jelly, cheese, butter
Coloured gem stone,glass
Type
Aerosol
Aerosol
Foam
Emulsio
n
Sol
Foam
Gel
Solid Sol
Difference between pure substance and mixture
A pure substance is a substance where there is only one kind
of matter present and only one kind of particles. Where as a
mixture is an impure substance that has two or more kinds of
matter present and two or more kinds of particles present. Also
a pure substance has fixed, sharp melting and boiling points
and a mixtures varies.
chemical element Substance consisting of atoms which all have the same
number of protons – i.e. the same atomic number. Elements are
chemically the simplest substances and hence cannot be broken down further
using chemical methods. At 75 percent, hydrogen is the most
abundant element in the universe, followed by helium at 23 percent
and oxygen at 1 percent. The other elements make up the
remaining 1percent. In the earth's crust, oxygen (47 %) is the most
abundant element, followed by silicon (28 %) and aluminum (8 %).
75%
23%
1% 1%Elements in the universe
hydrogen
helium
oxygen
others
Compounds In chemistry, a compound is a substance that results from
a combination of two or more different chemical element s, in
such a way that the atoms of the different elements are held
together by chemical bonds that are difficult to break. These bonds form
as a result of the sharing or exchange of electron s among the
atoms. The smallest unbreakable unit of a compound is called a
molecule.
Types of compoundIONIC COMPOUNDS MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
Ionic compounds are formed
when metallic elements from
The left-hand side of the Periodic Table react with non metallic elements from
the right-hand side of theTable. Ionic compounds
have high melting and boiling points. Many ionic
compounds are soluble in water.
Molecular compounds form edwhen two or more nonmetal
atoms form units that are called molecules. Molecular compounds generally have low melting and boiling points. Molecular compounds do not conduct electricity in the solid form or in the liquid form. Some molecular compounds dissolve in water and some do not.
Difference between mixture and compounds
MIXTURES COMPOUNDSA mixture is when two or more different substances are mixed together but are not combined chemically. The molecules of two or more different substances are Mixed In the form of mechanical mixtures, solutions, suspensions, and colloids. While there are no chemical changes to its
constituents, the physical properties of a
mixture such as its melting point, may
differ from those of the components.
In chemistry, a compound is a substance that results from a combination of two or more different chemical element s, in such a way that the atom s of the different elements are held together by chemical bonds that are difficult to break. These bonds form as a result of the sharing or exchange of electron s among the atoms. The smallest unbreakable unit of a compound is called a molecule .
Conclusion
Some extra informationAlloys
Alloys are mixture of two or more metals or a non metal and cannot be separated into their components by physical methods. But still,
an alloy is considered as a mixture because it shows properties of its
constituents and can have variable composition. For example, brass is a mixture of approximately 30% zinc
and 70% copper
Elements The number of elements known at present are more than
Hundred. Ninety-two elements are naturally Occurring and the rest are man-made. Majority of elements are solid. Eleven elements are in
gaseous state at room temperature.Two elements are liquid at room Temperature – mercury and
Bromine. Elements, gallium and cesium become liquid at a temperature slightly above room temperature
(303K)